Secretary of Labor v. Lehigh Anthracite Coal, LLC and Secretary of Labor v. Shane T. Wetzel, emp. by Lehigh Anthracite Coal, LLC

Plain-English summary

A dragline bucket became buried under fallen coal at Lehigh's Tamaqua Mine in June 2013. Rather than clear it mechanically, the company sent hourly employee Erik Osenbach down a steep path into the pit twice, without fall protection, to hook chains to the bucket. The highwall above him had cracks from prior blasting and a recent rock fall. Second-shift foreman Shane Wetzel first volunteered to go himself, then accepted Osenbach's offer to go instead. Judge L. Zane Gill found Lehigh violated the standard barring work near a dangerous highwall, called injury highly likely and potentially fatal, and found the violation significant and substantial and an unwarrantable failure. He also found a separate significant and substantial violation of the safety belt standard. He held Wetzel personally liable under section 110(c) for knowingly authorizing the highwall violation. He reduced the negligence from reckless disregard to high and cut the highwall penalty from $23,229 to $6,996, ordering Lehigh to pay $7,281 total and Wetzel $1,000. The Commission later reversed the negligence reduction and remanded the penalties.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 30 C.F.R. § 77.1006(a); 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g)
• Outcome: Both citations were affirmed as significant and substantial, negligence on the highwall citation was reduced from reckless disregard to high, and penalties of $7,281 against Lehigh and $1,000 against Wetzel were assessed.
• Key point: A supervisor who knowingly authorizes a miner to work below an unstable highwall can be held personally liable under section 110(c), separate from the operator's own penalty.

Full text (FMSHRC public release)

FEDERAL MINE SAFETY
AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA
AVE., N.W., SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC
20004-1710

TELEPHONE:
202-434-9950 / FAX: 202-434-9949

SECRETARY
OF LABOR

MINE
SAFETY AND HEALTH   

ADMINISTRATION
(MSHA),

Petitioner

v.

LEHIGH
ANTHRACITE COAL, LLC,

Respondent

SECRETARY
OF LABOR

MINE
SAFETY AND HEALTH   

ADMINISTRATION
(MSHA),

Petitioner

v.

SHANE
T. WETZEL, EMPLOYED BY LEHIGH ANTHRACITE COAL, LLC,

Respondent.

CIVIL
PENALTY PROCEEDINGS

Docket
No. PENN 2014-0108

A.C.
No. 36-01761-340312

Docket
No. PENN 2014-0109

A.C.
No. 36-01761-340312

Mine:
Tamaqua Mine

CIVIL
PENALTY PROCEEDING

Docket
No. PENN 2016-0135

A.C.
No. 36-01761-402886A

Mine:
Tamaqua Mine

DECISION AND
ORDER

Appearances:               Jennifer
L. Bluer, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,
Philadelphia, PA for Petitioner;

R.
Henry Moore, Esq., Jessica M. Jurasko, Esq., Jackson Kelly, PLLC, Pittsburgh,
PA for Respondents.

Before:                        Judge
L. Zane Gill

These
proceedings arise under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (“the
Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. (1994). This case involves two citations
issued by the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”) to Respondent Lehigh Anthracite
Coal, LLC (“Lehigh”) pursuant to sections 104(a) and 104(d)(1) of the Act, 30
U.S.C. § 814(a), 814(d)(1), and a civil penalty issued to Respondent Shane
Wetzel pursuant to section 110(c), 30 U.S.C. § 820(c). The Secretary seeks to
impose a total penalty of $23,514.00 against Lehigh for two alleged violations
of health and safety standards and an individual civil penalty of $2,900.00 against
Shane Wetzel in his capacity as an employee and agent of Lehigh for his
involvement in one of the alleged violations.

The
sole matter at issue in Docket No. PENN 2014-108 is Citation No. 8000958, which
alleges that Lehigh violated 30 C.F.R. § 77.1006(a) by allowing an employee to
work near or under a dangerous highwall and bank. The Secretary seeks a
$23,229.00 penalty against Respondent Lehigh for this alleged violation. In
addition, the Secretary seeks a $2,900.00 penalty against Respondent Wetzel in
Docket No. PENN 2016-135 for his involvement in this alleged violation. In the
sole matter at issue in Docket No. PENN 2014-109, Citation No. 8000959, the
Secretary seeks a $285.00 penalty for Lehigh’s alleged violation of 30 C.F.R. §
77.1710(g), which requires employees to wear safety belts and lines in
situations where there is a danger of falling.

Counsel
for Respondent initially filed a motion to dismiss the 110(c) proceeding for
delay and prejudice, which I denied on April 8, 2016. The matter proceeded to
hearing, and the parties presented testimony and evidence on April 12-13, 2016,
in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

For
the reasons discussed below, after considering all the evidence, I conclude
that:

·         
For
Citation No. 8000958, Lehigh violated Section 77.1006(a), injury was highly
likely, the injury could reasonably be expected to be a fatality, the violation
was significant and substantial and the result of the operator’s unwarrantable
failure to comply with the mandatory safety standard, one person was affected,
and there was high negligence. I assess a penalty of $6,996.00 against Lehigh
for the violation and a penalty of $1,000.00 against Wetzel for his knowing
authorization of the violation.

·         
For
Citation No. 8000959, Lehigh violated Section 77.1710(g), injury was reasonably
likely, the injury could reasonably be expected to result in lost workdays or
restricted duty, the violation was significant and substantial, one person was
affected, and there was moderate negligence. I assess the proposed penalty of
$285.00 for the violation.

I.                   
STIPULATIONS

The
parties have entered into the following stipulations of law and fact, which
were listed in the parties’ Joint Prehearing Statement:

1. At
   all relevant times, Lehigh Anthracite is/was an “operator” as defined in § 3(d)
   of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended (hereinafter
   referred to as “the Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. § 803(d), of the Tamaqua Mine.

2. These
   proceedings are subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Mine Safety and
   Health Review Commission and its designated Administrative Law Judges pursuant
   to Sections 105 and 113 of the Mine Act.

3. The
   individual whose name appears in Block 22 of the citations in contest was
   acting in an official capacity and as an authorized representative of the
   Secretary of Labor when the Citations were issued.

4. The
   Citations were served by a duly authorized representative of the Secretary of
   Labor, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, upon an agent of Respondent
   on the date and place stated therein.

5. Shane
   T. Wetzel was the second-shift foreman at the times relevant to these matters.

6. The
   assessed penalties, if affirmed, will not impair Lehigh Anthracite’s ability to
   remain in business.

7. The
   assessed penalty, if affirmed, will not affect Shane Wetzel’s personal
   financial obligations.

8. In
   2014, Lehigh Anthracite Coal, LLC, produced 705,963 tons of coal, of which
   212,922 tons were produced from the Tamaqua Mine.

9. The
   penalty, if any, should be based in part upon the violation history summarized
   in Exhibit A to the penalty petitions in these dockets.

Jt.
Prehearing Statement at 2-4.

II.                
FACTUAL
BACKGROUND

The
Mine and the Extraction Process

Lehigh’s
Tamaqua Mine is a 9000 acre open pit anthracite coal mine in Tamaqua,
Pennsylvania, with several distinctive and noteworthy features. (Tr. 368:17-20)
The pit that is the subject of these proceedings resembles the shape of a
modified “V.” (Tr. 26:16-17) On the north side there is a nearly vertical
highwall, roughly 55 feet deep – but only 40 feet deep at the time of the cited
conduct due to the presence of coal in the pit. (Tr. 26:16-17; 45:6-16;
48:22-24; 78:4 - 79:19) On the south side, forming the other side of the V,
there is a coal seam and bottom rock (where the coal lies) at a slope of 50
degrees. (Tr. 26:18 - 27:11) The distance between the walls of the pit at the
top is approximately 50-60 feet, but the distance narrows considerably further
down such that the floor of the pit is only 10-30 feet wide. (Tr. 45:8-12;
469:9-17) Unlike a typical open pit mine containing a flat bed of coal
extending out horizontally, there is not a large open area at the bottom of
this pit capable of safely accommodating large vehicles and regular traffic in
and out. (Tr. 159:5-17) Accordingly, the mine’s ground control plan prohibits
haulage roads from traveling through the pit. [1]
(Tr. 222:20-23)

In
order to extract coal, the company first blasts open the pit with explosives, mucks
out overburden (rock covering the coal) to expose the coal seam, and digs out
the coal from the pit with an excavator, which gradually increases the depth of
the high wall. (Tr. 26:9-13; 357:25 - 358:3; 365:3-6) All loose rock dug from
the pit is deposited in a spoil pile at the top found on both the north and
south sides. (Tr. 29:6-14; 52:7-13) Coal, some of which falls from the southern
seam, is then collected and retrieved at the bottom of the pit with the use of
a dragline when the high wall becomes too unstable to keep an excavator in the
pit. (Tr. 357:25 – 358:4)

The
dragline is a track-mounted vehicle situated at the top of the pit — in this
instance, on the west side — with a boom crane that extends out and a bucket
attached to the boom which is lowered into the pit. (Tr. 25:25 - 26:15) A lift
line moves the bucket closer or farther away from the crane operator. The
operator drops the bucket down into the pit and then pulls it back with the
dragline so that the bucket digs into and scoops up coal as it scrapes across
the floor. (Tr. 26:3-6) Eventually, the bucket is lifted and withdrawn
horizontally out of the pit area. The coal is ultimately deposited into a
collection pile at the side of the pit. (Tr. 26:6-7) The bucket for the
dragline involved in this matter is approximately nine feet long, six feet
wide, four feet deep, and capable of holding seven cubic yards of material.
(Tr. 345:8 - 346:2)

The
Alleged Violations

On
the night of June 19, 2013, in the middle of the process described above, a
dragline operator stepped out of his cab briefly while the dragline was
extended and the bucket was resting at the bottom of the pit. Conditions being
dark at that time of the night, the dragline operator paused his work and
exited the vehicle in order to replace a dying light bulb on the boom. While he
was out of the cab, he felt a vibration which indicated that coal had fallen
off the face of the seam and struck the bucket. On his way back to the cab, he
felt a second vibration. By the time he returned to the cab, enough coal had
fallen off the face to bury the entire bucket. This presented a problem for the
company because the dragline operator was no longer able to retrieve the bucket
through the normal operation of the dragline. The bucket would not budge as the
operator attempted to raise or move it. (Tr. 60:14-20; 108:17-22; 110:11 -
111:7; 344:17 - 345:1; 431:8-16; Sec’y Ex. 10)

Mine
management, specifically second-shift foreman Shane Wetzel, and hourly
personnel arrived on the scene and (after trying again unsuccessfully to remove
the bucket with the dragline) had an extended discussion regarding how to
retrieve the bucket. (Tr. 431:17 - 433:16) One option was to abandon the bucket
and sacrifice production for the day. Other options involved creating a new
road to access the bucket, but such options were dismissed as infeasible or requiring
too much time and loss of production. (Tr. 86:20 - 87:24; 433:21 - 434:7)
Another option, which was apparently not considered initially but which
eventually succeeded the following day, was to use another drag bucket to scoop
down and unbury the first bucket. All of these options had the advantage of not
placing any miners in harm’s way. (Tr. 73:4-8; 206:2-210:15)

Instead,
the company decided to allow an hourly employee, Erik Osenbach, to descend by
foot, unsecured, down a steeply inclined path into the bottom of the pit from
the southwest side to hook a chain around the “crow’s foot” attached to the
buried bucket. (Tr. 330:17 - 331:5; 335:3-13; 348:9-17) The crow’s foot was the
point at which the two control chains for the dragline attached to the bucket
converged. ( See Sec’y Ex. 11; Resp’t Ex. 3) The company then attempted to
use an excavator to pull the bucket out from under the muck using the chain it
had attached to the crow’s foot. However, the chain broke when the excavator
attempted to pull it. (Tr. 59:17-19) Osenbach went down into the pit a second
time and hooked a cable to the buried bucket’s control chains in order to carry
out the same plan. This attempt was equally unsuccessful. (Tr. 59:19-22)

Foreman
Wetzel initially volunteered to enter the pit and carry out the attempt. (Tr. 331:6-10)
However, Osenbach, an hourly employee, told Wetzel, “[You have] a wife and kids,”
and volunteered to go in his place. [2]
Wetzel accepted Osenbach’s suggestion, and Osenbach ended up going into the pit
on both attempts instead. (Tr. 82:12-20; Sec’y Ex. 4 at 2) Osenbach was not
provided with standard fall protection, but he did hold on to the drag rope as
he descended. (Tr. 65:12-16) Lehigh turned on the dragline lights and provided
the dragline operator with a horn to monitor conditions in the pit and to alert
Osenbach if hazards developed. (Tr. 398: 17-20) As a part of the retrieval plan,
Osenbach attempted to stay close to the side of the pit with the coal seam and
tried to keep his distance from the highwall for his own safety. (Tr. 399: 1-4)
The highwall contained cracks from prior blasting and a recent rock fall that
indicated the possibility of additional rock falls. (Tr. 272:13 - 273: 24) Since
the bucket was at the bottom of the pit and closer than the crow’s foot to the
most severe highwall hazard, the miners involved recognized that Osenbach
should not venture past the crow’s foot as far as the bucket. (Tr. 398: 22:25)
Whether Osenbach actually did avoid travelling to the bottom of the pit is
disputed by the parties. See Resp’t Br. at 3; Sec’y Reply Br. at 3.

There
is conflicting testimony about whether the company took any other safety
precautions before sending Osenbach into the pit. Wetzel told an MSHA inspector
that the area where Osenbach entered the pit was “benched,” that is
purposefully filled with material, to decrease the slope of the path down to
the pit. (Tr. 38:14 – 39:19) In contrast, another employee told the inspector,
and Osenbach testified at hearing, that the area was filled in to allow the
excavator tasked with pulling out the bucket room to move closer to the buried
bucket so that the chain attached to the excavator could reach the bucket. (Tr.
40:1-5; 344:10-13) And Osenbach and the excavator operator on the scene at the
time, Richard Rudinsky, both informed MSHA, and testified at hearing, that the
area was not benched until Osenbach had already descended into the pit once. (Tr.
103:4-16; 240:10-15; 340:16-25; 361:19 - 362:1)

An
unidentified individual called MSHA on June 24 to report the hazardous
condition described above. [3]
(Tr. 22:20 - 23:3) That same day, MSHA supervisor Tom Yencho called the mine
and issued a verbal imminent danger order over the phone, and then MSHA
Inspector David Labenski traveled out to the mine and conducted interviews with
Lehigh employees primarily to discover whether the situation still posed an
imminent danger to anyone at the mine. (Tr. 31:6-16; 67:18-21; 183:1 - 185:9) When
Labenski arrived, he learned that the situation had actually occurred five days
earlier, on June 19, and that the bucket had been successfully removed from the
area on June 20, four days earlier. (Tr. 67:18-19; 71:3-5) This was
accomplished by first detaching the buried drag bucket from the dragline
machine, attaching another bucket from another dragline machine to the dragline
over the pit, and using that bucket to scoop down and unbury the bucket. (Tr.
72:19-25; 246:11-17) Further, during that time, the company had conducted its
own thorough investigation into the matter, which included photographing the
condition and taking statements from the individuals involved. Indeed, much of
the evidence at hearing derived from this investigation. (Tr. 138:11-14) At the
conclusion of its investigation, the company sanctioned and gave written
counseling to four individuals involved in the situation, including Wetzel. [4] (Tr. 73:12 -
74:6)

After
informing Lehigh that there was no imminent danger at the mine, Labenski returned
to the mine with MSHA supervisors Tom Yencho and George McIntyre, and MSHA
continued its investigation over the next several days. (Tr. 67:9-69:6) MSHA
ultimately concluded that the company had violated multiple surface coal health
and safety standards in sending Osenbach into the pit under or near dangerous
highwalls and banks without sufficient fall protection. MSHA also determined
that Wetzel should be held individually liable for knowingly authorizing
Osenbach’s entry into the pit.

III.             
LEGAL
PRINCIPLES

Section 110(c) Liability

Section 110(c) of the Mine Act provides
that “[w]henever a corporate operator violates a mandatory health or safety
standard … any director, officer, or agent of such corporation who knowingly
authorized, ordered or carried out such violation shall be subject to the same
civil penalties” as the corporate operator. 30 U.S.C. § 820(c).

Thus, as a threshold matter, section
110(c) requires a showing that the individual respondent is a director,
officer, or agent of a corporate operator. A necessary predicate for 110(c)
liability is a finding that the operator violated the Mine Act.  Kenny
Richardson , 3 FMSHRC 8, 9-11 (Jan. 1981),  aff’d on other grounds ,
689 F.2d 632 (6th Cir. 1982),  cert. denied , 461 U.S. 928 (1983).

Importantly, section 110(c) also requires a showing that the
individual respondent knowingly authorized, ordered, or carried out the
violation. The Commission has construed “knowingly” to include both actual and
constructive knowledge, explaining that 110(c) liability is triggered whenever
a person “in a position to protect employee safety and health fails to act on
the basis of information that gives him  knowledge or reason to know  of
the existence of a violative condition.”  Kenny Richardson , 3 FMSHRC
at 15-16 (emphasis added);  accord Sumpter v. Sec’y of Labor , 763
F.3d 1292, 1299-1300 (11th Cir. 2014);  Freeman United Coal Mining Co.
v. FMSHRC , 108 F.3d 358, 362-64 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Specific intent is not
required. The Secretary must prove only that the individual knowingly acted,
not that the individual knowingly violated the law.  McCoy Elkhorn Coal
Corp. , 36 FMSHRC 1987, 1996 (Aug. 2014)   (citing  Warren
Steen Constr.   Co. , 14 FMSHRC 1125, 1131 (July 1992)). Although
a showing of willfulness is not required either, “section 110(c) liability is
generally predicated on aggravated conduct constituting more than ordinary
negligence.”  Ernest Matney , 34 FMSHRC 777, 783 (Apr. 2012)
(citing  BethEnergy Mines, Inc. , 14 FMSHRC 1232, 1245 (Aug.
1992));  see also Freeman United , 108 F.3d at 360.

Whether conduct is “aggravated” is determined by looking at all
the facts and circumstances of the case to see if any aggravating or mitigating
factors exist.  Manalapan Mining Co. , 35 FMSHRC 289, 293 (Feb.
2013);  IO Coal Co. , 31 FMSHRC 1346, 1351 (Dec. 2009);  Consolidation
Coal Co. , 22 FMSHRC 340, 353 (Mar. 2000);  Big Ridge, Inc ., 34
FMSHRC 119, 125 (Jan. 2012) (ALJ Zielinski). These include: (1) the extent of
the violative condition; (2) the length of time that the violative condition
existed; (3) whether the violation posed a high degree of danger; (4) whether
the violation was obvious; (5) the respondent’s knowledge of the existence of
the violation; (6) the respondent’s prior efforts in abating the violative
condition; and (7) whether the respondent had been previously placed on notice
that greater efforts were necessary for compliance.  Sierra Rock
Products, Inc ., 37 FMSHRC 1, 4 (Jan. 2015);  ICG Hazard, LLC , 36
FMSHRC 2635, 2637 (Oct. 2014);  Manalapan , 35 FMSHRC at 293;  IO
Coal , 31 FMSHRC at 1351-57;  Consolidation Coal , 22 FMSHRC at
353;  Cyprus Emerald Res. Corp. , 20 FMSHRC 790, 813 (Aug.
1998),  rev’d on other grounds , 195 F.3d 42 (D.C. Cir. 1999);  Midwest
Material Co. , 19 FMSHRC 30, 34 (Jan. 1997);  Mullins & Sons Coal
Co. , 16 FMSHRC 192, 195 (Feb. 1994);  Peabody Coal Co. , 14
FMSHRC 1258, 1261 (Aug. 1992);  BethEnergy Mines, Inc ., 14 FMSHRC
1232, 1243-44 (Aug. 1992);  Quinland Coals, Inc. , 10 FMSHRC 705, 709
(June 1988);  see also Ernest Matney , 34 FMSHRC at 783-87 (analyzing
aggravated conduct in 110(c) case by discussing unwarrantable failure factors).

Assuming that 110(c) liability applies, the gravity of the
violation and negligence must also be evaluated in accordance with the
Commission’s well-established legal principles, summarized below, in order to
determine the appropriate penalty.

Significant and Substantial (S&S)      

Two of the citations at issue in this case have been designated by
the Secretary as significant and substantial (“S&S”). A violation is
properly designated S&S “if, based upon the particular facts surrounding
that violation, there exists a reasonable likelihood that the hazard
contributed to will result in an injury or illness of a reasonably serious
nature.”  Cement Div., Nat’l Gypsum Co. , 3 FMSHRC 822, 825 (Apr.
1981). The question of whether a particular violation is S&S must be based
on the particular facts surrounding the violation.  Texasgulf, Inc. ,
10 FMSHRC 498 (Apr. 1988);  Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co. , 9
FMSHRC 2007 (Dec. 1987). S&S enhanced enforcement is applicable only to
violations of mandatory health and safety standards. Cyprus Emerald Res.
Corp. v. FMSHRC ,   195 F.3d 42, 45 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The
Secretary bears the burden of proving all elements of a citation by a
preponderance of the evidence.  In re: Contests of Respirable Dust
Sample Alteration Citations: Keystone Coal Mining Corp. ,   17
FMSHRC 1819, 1838 (Nov. 1995),  aff’d ,   151 F.3d 1096
(D.C. Cir. 1998);  Jim Walter Res., Inc. , 30 FMSHRC 872, 878 (Aug.
2008) (ALJ Zielinski) (“The Secretary’s burden is to prove the violations and
related allegations, e.g., gravity and negligence, by a preponderance of the
evidence.”).

In  Mathies Coal Co. , the Commission established the
standard for determining whether a violation was S&S:

In
order to establish that a violation of a mandatory safety standard is
significant and substantial under  National Gypsum , the Secretary of
Labor must prove: (1) the underlying violation of a mandatory safety standard;
(2) a discrete safety hazard – that is, a measure of danger to safety –
contributed to by the violation; (3) a reasonable likelihood that the hazard
contributed to will result in an injury; and (4) a reasonable likelihood that
the injury in question will be of a reasonably serious nature.

6 FMSHRC 1, 3-4 (Jan. 1984).

The second prong addresses the extent to which the violation
contributes to a particular hazard, and is primarily concerned with the “ likelihood
of the occurrence of the hazard….” Newtown Energy, Inc., 38 FMSHRC 2033,
2037 (Aug. 2016) (citing Knox Creek Coal Corp. v. Sec’y of Labor , 811
F.3d 148, 162 (4th Cir.)) (emphasis added). By contrast, the third prong is
“primarily concerned with gravity –the seriousness of the expected
harm.” Knox Creek Coal Corp. , 811 F.3d 148 at 162. The
‘hazard’ at issue is the relevant concept tying together the second prong’s
“likelihood” analysis and the third prong’s “gravity analysis.” Newtown
Energy, Inc. , 38 FMSHRC at 2037. The Commission has made explicit that an
ALJ must “adequately define the particular hazard to which the violation
allegedly contributes.” Id. at 2038 . The ‘hazard’ must be
“clearly defined” and defined in terms of “the prospective danger the cited
safety standard is intended to prevent.” Id .

After first “[h]aving clearly defined the hazard,” the ALJ’s next
task at the second prong is to assess “whether, based upon the particular facts
surrounding the violation, there exists a reasonable likelihood of the
occurrence of the hazard against which the mandatory safety standard is
directed.” Id. If the Judge concludes, based upon the evidence, that the
violation sufficiently contributes to the ‘hazard’ defined in the second prong,
the Judge then assumes the occurrence of the hazard in analyzing the
third prong. Id . (citing Knox Creek Coal Corp ., 811 F. 3d at
161-62; Peabody Midwest Mining, LLC , 762 F.3d at 616; Buck Creek Coal ,
52 F.3d at 135).

In the third prong of the  Mathies  test, the Judge
must assess whether the assumed hazard would be reasonably likely to result in
an injury. The Secretary, however, “need not prove a reasonable likelihood that
the violation itself will cause injury.”  Cumberland Coal Res. , 33
FMSHRC 2357, 2365 (Oct. 2011) (citing  Musser Eng’g, Inc. , 32 FMSHRC
1257, 1281 (Oct. 2010)),  aff’d , 717 F.3d 1020 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
Further, the Commission has found that “the absence of an injury-producing
event when a cited practice has occurred does not preclude a determination of
S&S.”  Id . (citing  Elk Run Coal Co. , 27 FMSHRC 899,
906 (Dec. 2005) and  Blue Bayou Sand & Gravel, Inc. , 18 FMSHRC
853, 857 (June 1996)). This evaluation is also made in consideration of the
length of time that the violative condition existed prior to the citation and
the time it would have existed if normal mining operations had continued.  Elk
Run Coal Co. , 27 FMSHRC at 905;  U.S. Steel Mining Co. , 6
FMSHRC 1573, 1574 (July 1984). In its recent Knox Creek
opinion, the Fourth Circuit also found that “[e]vidence of intended but not-yet
begun abatement efforts ought not be considered when making an S & S
determination.” 811 F.3d at 166.

Gravity

The gravity penalty criterion under section 110(i) of the Mine
Act, 30 U.S.C. § 820(i), “is often viewed in terms of the seriousness of the
violation.”  Consolidation Coal Co. , 18 FMSHRC 1541, 1549 (Sept.
1996) (citing  Sellersburg Stone Co. , 5 FMSHRC 287, 294-95 (Mar.
1983),  aff'd , 736 F.2d 1147 (7th Cir. 1984) and  Youghiogheny
& Ohio Coal Co. , 9 FMSHRC 673, 681 (Apr. 1987)). The seriousness of a
violation can be examined by looking at the importance of the standard which
was violated and the operator’s conduct with respect to that standard, in the
context of the Mine Act’s purpose of limiting violations and protecting the
safety and health of miners.  See   Harlan Cumberland Coal Co. ,
12 FMSHRC 134, 140 (Jan. 1990) (ALJ Fauver). The gravity analysis focuses on
factors such as the likelihood of an injury, the severity of an injury, and the
number of miners potentially injured. The Commission has recognized that the
likelihood of injury is to be made assuming continued normal mining operations
without abatement of the violation.  U.S. Steel Mining Co. , 7 FMSHRC
at 1130.

Negligence

“Negligence” is not defined in the Mine Act. The Commission, has,
however,

recognized
that “[e]ach mandatory standard … carries with it an accompanying duty of care
to avoid violations of the standard, and an operator’s failure to meet the
appropriate duty can lead to a finding of negligence if a violation of the
standard occurs.”  A.H. Smith Stone Co. , 5 FMSHRC 13, 15 (Jan.
1983). In determining whether an operator met its duty of care, we consider
what actions would have been taken under the same circumstances by a reasonably
prudent person familiar with the mining industry, the relevant facts, and the
protective purpose of the regulation.  See generally U.S. Steel Corp. ,
6 FMSHRC 1908, 1910 (Aug. 1984).

Brody Mining, LLC , 37 FMSHRC 1687, 1702 (Aug.
2015);  Jim Walter Res., Inc. , 36 FMSHRC 1972, 1975 (Aug.
2014);  Spartan Mining Co. , 30 FMSHRC 699, 708 (Aug. 2008). “Thus in
making a negligence determination, a Judge is not limited to an evaluation of
allegedly ‘mitigating’ circumstances. Instead, the Judge may consider the
totality of the circumstances holistically.” Brody Mining, LLC , 37
FMSHRC at 1702.

Indeed, the Part 100 regulations “apply only to the  proposal  of
penalties by MSHA and the Secretary of Labor; under both Commission and court
precedent, the regulations do not extend to the independent Commission, and
thus the MSHA regulations are not binding in any way in Commission
proceedings.”  Id.  at 1701-02 (citing  Jim Walter Res.,
Inc. , 36 FMSHRC at 1975 n.4, and  Sellersburg Stone Co. v. FMSHRC ,
736 F.2d 1147, 1151-52 (7th Cir. 1984) (“[N]either the ALJ nor the Commission
is bound by the Secretary’s proposed penalties … we find no basis upon which to
conclude that [MSHA’s Part 100 penalty regulations] also govern the
Commission.”),  aff'g  5 FMSHRC 287 (Mar. 1983)). Although the
Secretary’s part 100 regulations are not binding on the Commission, the
Secretary’s definitions of negligence in those provisions are illustrative.

Mitigation
is something the operator does affirmatively, with knowledge of the potential
hazard being mitigated, that tends to reduce the likelihood of an injury to a
miner. This may include actions taken by the operator to prevent or correct
hazardous conditions.

Unwarrantable Failure

In  Lopke Quarries, Inc.,  23 FMSHRC 705, 711 (July
2001), the Commission reiterated the law applicable to determining whether a
violation is the result of an unwarrantable failure:

The
unwarrantable failure terminology is taken from section 104(d) of the Act, 30
U.S.C. § 814(d), and refers to more serious conduct by an operator in
connection with a violation. In  Emery Mining Corp ., 9 FMSHRC 1997
(Dec. 1987), the Commission determined that unwarrantable failure is aggravated
conduct constituting more than ordinary negligence.  Id . at 2001.
Unwarrantable failure is characterized by such conduct as “reckless disregard,”
“intentional misconduct,” “indifference,” or a “serious lack of reasonable
care.”  Id . at 2003-04;  Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co. ,
13 FMSHRC 189, 194 (Feb. 1991) (“ R&P ”);  see also Buck Creek  [ Coal,
Inc. v. FMSHRC , 52 F.3d 133, 136 (7th Cir. 1995)] (approving Commission's
unwarrantable failure test).

See Manalapan Mining Co. , 35 FMSHRC 289, 293 (Feb.
2013). Whether conduct is “aggravated” in the context of an unwarrantable
failure analysis is determined by looking at all the facts and circumstances of
each case to see if any aggravating factors exist.  Big Ridge, Inc .,
34 FMSHRC 119, 125 (Jan. 2012) (ALJ Zielinski). These include:

(1)
the extent of the violative condition, (2) the length of time that the
violative condition existed, (3) whether the violation posed a high degree of
danger, (4) whether the violation was obvious, (5) the operator's knowledge of
the existence of the violation, (6) the operator's efforts in abating the
violative condition, and (7) whether the operator had been placed on notice
that greater efforts were necessary for compliance.  See IO Coal Co. ,
31 FMSHRC 1346, 1351-57 (Dec. 2009);  Cyprus Emerald Res. Corp. , 20
FMSHRC 790, 813 (Aug. 1998),  rev'd on other grounds , 195 F.3d 42
(D.C. Cir. 1999).

Manalapan Mining Co. , 35 FMSHRC at 293;  ICG
Hazard, LLC , 36 FMSHRC 2635, 2637,

(Oct. 2014);  Sierra Rock Products, Inc ., 37 FMSHRC 1,
4 (Jan 2015);  Consolidation Coal Co. , 22 FMSHRC 340, 353 (Mar.
2000);  Cyprus Emerald Res. Corp. , 20 FMSHRC 790, 813;  Midwest
Material Co. , 19 FMSHRC 30, 34 (Jan. 1997);  Mullins & Sons Coal
Co. , 16 FMSHRC 192, 195 (Feb. 1994);  Peabody Coal Co. , 14
FMSHRC 1258, 1261 (Aug. 1992);  BethEnergy Mines, Inc ., 14 FMSHRC
1232, 1243-44 (Aug. 1992);  Quinland Coals, Inc. , 10 FMSHRC 705, 709
(June 1988) All of the relevant facts and circumstances of each case must be
examined to determine if an actor's conduct is aggravated, or whether
mitigating circumstances exist.  Consolidated Coal , 22 FMSHRC at
353;  IO Coal , 31 FMSHRC at 1351;  Manalapan Mining Co. ,
35 FMSHRC at 293. “Because supervisors are held to a high standard of care,
another important factor supporting an unwarrantable failure determination is
the involvement of a supervisor in the violation.”  Big Ridge, Inc .,
34 FMSHRC at 125;  REB Enters., Inc. , 20 FMSHRC 203, 225 (Mar.
1998).

Penalties

The principles governing the authority of Commission
administrative law judges to assess civil penalties  de novo  for
violations of the Mine Act are well established. Section 110(i) of the Mine Act
delegates to the Commission and its judges the “authority to assess all civil
penalties provided in [the] Act.” 30 U.S.C. § 820(i). The Act delegates the
duty of proposing penalties to the Secretary. 30 U.S.C. §§ 815(a), 820(a). When
an operator notifies the Secretary that it intends to challenge a penalty, the
Secretary petitions the Commission to assess said penalty. 29 C.F.R. § 2700.28.
Thus, the Commission alone is responsible for assessing final penalties.  See
Sellersburg Stone Co. v. FMSHRC , 736 F.2d at 1151-52;  American Coal
Co. , 35 FMSHRC 1774, 1819 (June 2013) (ALJ Zielinski).

Under Section 110(i) of the Mine Act, the Commission is to
consider the following when assessing a civil penalty: (1) the operator's
history of previous violations; (2) the appropriateness of such penalty to the
size of the business of the operator charged; (3) whether the operator was
negligent; (4) the effect on the operator's ability to continue in business;
(5) the gravity of the violation;
and (6) the demonstrated good faith in abatement of the violative
condition.  30 U.S.C § 820(i) . Thus, the Commission alone is
responsible for assessing final penalties.  See Sellersburg Stone Co. v. FMSHRC , 736 F.2d at 1151-52  (“[N]either the ALJ nor the
Commission is bound by the Secretary's proposed penalties. … [W]e find no basis
upon which to conclude that [MSHA's Part 100 penalty regulations] also govern
the Commission.”).

These six criteria also apply, with appropriate revisions, to the
assessment of penalties against individuals under section 110(c).  Mize
Granite Quarries, Inc. , 34 FMSHRC 1760, 1764 (Aug. 2012). Specifically, the
Commission has indicated that judges should consider the following criteria
when assessing a penalty against an individual: (1) the individual’s history of
previous violations; (2) the appropriateness of the penalty to the individual’s
income and net worth; (3) the effect of the penalty on the individual’s ability
to meet his financial obligations; (4) whether the individual was negligent;
(5) the gravity of the violation; and (6) the demonstrated good faith in
abatement of the violative condition.  Id. ;  Ambrosia Coal
& Constr. Co. , 19 FMSHRC 819, 823-24 (May 1997);  Sunny Ridge
Mining Co. , 19 FMSHRC 254, 271-72 (Feb. 1997).

The Commission has repeatedly held that substantial deviations
from the Secretary’s proposed assessments must be adequately explained using
the Section 110(i) criteria.  E.g. , Sellersburg Stone Co. , 5
FMSHRC at 293;  Hubb Corp. , 22 FMSHRC 606, 612 (May 2000);  Cantera
Green , 22 FMSHRC 616, 620-21 (May 2000). A judge need not make exhaustive
findings but must provide an adequate explanation of how the findings
contributed to his or her penalty assessments.  Cantera Green , 22
FMSHRC at 621.

Although all of the statutory penalty criteria must be considered,
they need not be assigned equal weight.  Thunder Basin Coal Co. , 19
FMSHRC 1495, 1503 (Sept. 1997). Generally speaking, the magnitude of the
gravity of a violation and the degree of negligence are important factors,
especially for more serious violations for which substantial penalties may be
imposed. Musser Eng’g, Inc. , 32 FMSHRC 1257, 1289 (Oct. 2010)   (judge
justified in relying on utmost gravity and gross negligence in imposing
substantial penalty);  Spartan Mining Co. , 30 FMSHRC 699, 725 (Aug.
2008) (appropriate for judge to raise a penalty significantly based upon
findings of extreme gravity and unwarrantable failure);  Lopke Quarries,
Inc. , 23 FMSHRC 705, 713 (July 2001) (judge did not abuse discretion by
weighing the factors of negligence and gravity more heavily than the other four
statutory criteria). For example, violations involving “extreme gravity” and/or
“gross negligence,” or, as stated in the former section of 105(a), “an
extraordinarily high degree of negligence or gravity, or other unique
aggravating circumstances,” may dictate higher penalty assessments.  See  30
C.F.R. Part 100, Final Rule, 72 Fed. Reg. 13592-601, 13621.

IV.             
FINDINGS
AND DISCUSSION

Citation
No. 8000958

MSHA
Inspector David Labenski issued Citation No. 8000958 to Lehigh at its Tamaqua
mine on July 3, 2013. It alleges a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.1006(a). The
regulation states: “Men, other than those necessary to correct unsafe
conditions, shall not work near or under dangerous highwalls or banks.” 30
C.F.R. § 77.1006 (a). Section 77.1006 is a mandatory safety standard. The
citation narrative alleges:

The second shift
foreman knowingly allowed a miner to enter into the westerly end of Bank #8 Pit
to attempt to retrieve the [. . . ] bucket on the [. . .] Dragline [. . .]
stuck in the pit on 6/19/2013 at approximately 2300 hrs. The bucket [. . .] was
buried when the coal slid down the pitch to the bottom of the pit. The miner
accessing the dragline bucket at the bottom of the pit was situated between an
undercut highwall which consisted of previously shot, unconsolidated rock on
the north side of the pit, and an undercut spoil pile on top of the south side
of the pit. The highwall measured 55 ft. in height on the north side of the pit
and 70 ft. high at the spoil pile on the south side. Miners, other than those
necessary to correct unsafe conditions, shall not work near or under dangerous
highwalls or banks. Contact with falling and or sliding material would result
in fatal injuries. The foreman engaged in aggravated conduct constituting more
than ordinary negligence by allowing the employee to enter the pit and work
under a dangerous highwall and spoil bank without the hazardous conditions
being corrected. This violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply with a
mandatory standard.

Sec’y
Ex. 5. The violation was designated as significant and substantial, highly
likely to lead to a fatal injury to one person, and the result of the
operator’s reckless disregard for the safety of miners. The violation was
abated on July 8, 2013, when the mine’s safety director conducted a safety talk
with miners and discussed the new procedure for retrieving a buried dragline
bucket, which had been successfully implemented on June 20. The company also
incorporated this new procedure into its Ground Control Plan. Id.

Violation

Citation
No. 8000958 alleges that Lehigh violated 30 C.F.R. § 77.1006(a) by allowing an
employee to work near or under dangerous highwalls and banks. While section
77.1006(a) is inapplicable in situations where it is necessary for a miner to
subject himself to danger in order to correct unsafe conditions, Inspector
Labenski determined that this exception did not apply to the cited condition because
leaving the dragline bucket buried would not endanger miners’ safety. (Tr.
164:10 - 166:2) Labenski then concluded that Osenbach’s entry into the pit
subjected him to multiple hazards contemplated by the standard. I agree with
the inspector’s conclusions on both of these points.

Based
on Labenski’s credible testimony, which was supported by photographic evidence
and testimony from Lehigh employees, I find that the northern highwall, the
spoil piles at the top of the pit, and the loose coal on the south side of the
pit presented multiple hazards for any miners working in the pit, even briefly. [5] The
highwall was cracked and contained unconsolidated material that could fall at
any time on a miner below. (Tr. 100:25 - 101:4; 107:10-12; 194:20 - 195:11;
273:5-18; Sec’y Exs. 7, 12) The spoil banks at the top of the pit on the south
side were undercut, meaning over-steepened, and also posed a falling hazard. (Tr.
98:24 - 99:4; 107:16-21; 274: 7-17; Sec’y Exs. 8-9) The coal seam on the south
side was cracked and fractured, and coal had fallen twice a few hours before
Osenbach entered. (Tr. 98:15-23; 108:3-7; Sec’y Exs. 8-9) This collapse not
only indicated a high risk of further collapse, but also removed much of the
lateral support for the remaining coal and spoil pile that had yet to fall and
therefore increased the risk of a repeat fall. (Tr. 202:8-13)

Not
only did the pit’s highwall and banks pose a serious danger to Osenbach upon
his entry, but the limited space for safe travel in the pit ensured that he
would inevitably be “near” if not “under” those dangerous conditions at some
point in his attempt to retrieve the buried bucket. According to Labenski’s
credible testimony, the crow’s foot that Osenbach reached was within 10 feet of
both the northern highwall and southern bank hazards. (Tr. 167:6-17) Osenbach entered
an area of the pit where a coal collapse had already occurred hours earlier. Photographs
taken by Lehigh during the course of the company’s investigation into the
matter confirm that Osenbach was subsequently under or near the cracked
highwall. (Sec’y Exs. 6-7)

The
Respondent argues that the inspectors’ findings were colored by their incorrect
assumption that any entry into the pit would have given rise to a violation. Resp’t
Br. at 18-19. Although I cannot envision many circumstances in which entry by
foot into this particular steep and narrow pit would ever be safe, my findings
are based on the specific conditions and numerous hazards in the pit at the
time of the retrieval effort. Conditions were especially hazardous immediately
after a collapse of the coal seam and shortly after blasting that had left
cracks in the highwall.

For
the reasons above, I find the Secretary has established a violation of the
standard.

S&S
and Gravity

Inspector
Labenski marked this violation as S&S and highly likely to result in a
fatal injury to one miner. (Sec’y Ex. 5) Labenski’s S&S and elevated
gravity findings were based not only on the highwall and bank hazards
establishing a violation of the standard, but also on the surrounding
conditions and circumstances. These included the inadequate lighting at night,
Osenbach’s multiple trips into the pit, and the steep and uneven terrain of the
pit which posed tripping hazards that could further prolong exposure to
dangerous highwall and bank conditions. (Tr. 116:3 – 120:12)

I
have already found a violation of the mandatory safety standard at section 77.1006(a),
satisfying the first element of the Mathies test for S&S.

The
second Mathies element, as clarified by Newtown , requires a
determination of whether, based upon the particular facts surrounding the
violation, there exists a reasonable likelihood of the occurrence of the hazard
against which the mandatory safety standard is directed. The discrete safety
hazard against which section 77.1006(a) is directed is the possibility of a
rock fall or a collapse of material from a highwall or bank directly above a
working miner. In this case, I find it more than reasonably likely that
material could have fallen from the highwall, spoil bank, or coal seam while
Osenbach was down in the pit, directly below those hazards, retrieving the
dragline bucket.

My
findings are based on both photographic evidence and witness testimony. First,
photographs of the pit confirm the presence of highwall cracks, loose coal,
undercut spoil banks, and Osenbach’s likely presence underneath these hazards. (Sec’y
Exs. 7-9) Although the photographs do not indicate whether the crow’s foot to
which Osenbach attached a chain and cable was directly below a hazard, they
indicate enough hazards in a narrow area to persuade me that Osenbach would
have likely passed underneath one during his retrieval effort. Second, all
witnesses agreed that the highwall contained unconsolidated material that posed
a danger to miners standing underneath. Wetzel himself believed that the
highwall posed a “moderate risk” or “somewhat likely possibility[ . . .] of
some rocks coming down into the pit if someone was in there.” (Tr. 461:3-12) The
narrow dimensions of the pit and diminished lighting would have made it
difficult to avoid the highwall hazard, and indeed first shift foreman Lou
Mitchalk concluded that Osenbach would have been exposed to that hazard. [6] (Tr.
238:17-19; 239:18-21) Third, all MSHA personnel present at the hearing
testified to the severe coal and spoil hazards on the south bank. (Tr. 98:15 -
99:4; 107:16 - 108:7; 274:7-17) Lehigh agents Hadesty and Wetzel agreed that
Osenbach was under the southern spoil pile. (Tr. 420: 21-23; 458:4-10) Mitchalk
also agreed that Osenbach was exposed to the remaining coal on the southern
bank that had not yet fallen. (Tr. 238:13-16) I find that Osenbach’s multiple
trips into the pit, each one lasting at least two minutes, created a high
likelihood of exposure to these numerous hazards.

The
Respondent argues that the crow’s foot was only a short distance down the
western wall, far enough from the hazards at the bottom of the pit to protect a
miner sent in to attach a chain. Resp’t Br. at 19-20. However, Osenbach
testified that he went all the way down to the bottom of the pit. (Tr.
348:15-17; 349:7-9) Hadesty and Wetzel agreed that Osenbach reached the bottom
of the pit, which Hadesty added was a dangerous area. (Tr. 413:8-21; 458:8-10) Photos
of the crow’s foot appear to confirm that it was situated at the bottom of the
pit, close enough to both the highwall and south bank hazards to pose a high
safety risk. (Sec’y Ex. 6; Tr. 468: 5-24) Consequently, I find that Osenbach
did venture to the bottom as a part of his retrieval effort.

Next,
the Respondent contends that the highwall was scaled by the dragline in order
to prevent rock from contaminating the coal below, that the upper part of the
highwall was sloped back, and that the coal that had fallen from the south bank
hours earlier would have subsequently buttressed the south side of the pit. Resp’t
Br. 20-23. Combined, these facts indicate to the Respondent that any loose
material from the highwall and coal seam would have either remained in place or
not made it very far down and would not have reached Osenbach. Id. In
that vein, the Respondent also highlights testimony from Lehigh personnel
denying the presence of falling or trickling highwall material or undercut
spoil piles, arguing that if they were truly undercut they would have fallen
already. Id. However, I credit the testimony of MSHA inspectors and
first-shift foreman Mitchalk in identifying the numerous hazards in the pit and
Insepctor Labenski’s testimony explaining that the only reason that the
undercut spoil bank had not already resulted in falling material was that the bank
was being precariously supported by coal seams that had already proved unstable
immediately prior to the retrieval attempt. (Tr. 141:10-14; 157:11 - 158:7)

While
conditions in the pit were hazardous enough on their own, I note that the
retrieval effort occurred at night, with insufficient lighting, increasing the
likelihood that Osenbach and Lehigh personnel would fail to observe developing
hazards in the area as Osenbach descended into the pit. (Tr. 115:11-15) Although
the Respondent notes that light bulbs on the dragline boom did provide some
lighting, MSHA personnel credibly testified that they would be inadequate for
illuminating large portions of the pit. (Tr. 90:6-25; 117:12 - 118:6; 216:1-24;
277:4-14) Given these factors, I find that this violation contributed to a
discrete safety hazard. Accordingly, the second Mathies element is satisfied.

The
third and fourth Mathies elements inquire into whether the hazard would
be reasonably likely to result in a reasonably serious injury. As noted above,
the hazard presented by this violation was the possibility of a rock fall or a
collapse of material from a highwall or bank directly above a working miner. If
rock or coal had fallen from above while Osenbach was working below, I find it
highly likely that an injury would have occurred. This is due to the height and
slope of the walls and banks from which material would have fallen, along with
the inadequate lighting, narrow dimensions, and steep and uneven terrain of the
pit that would have made it extremely difficult to promptly exit the area once
material began falling. (Tr. 118:16-20; 120:3-12) Consistent with Inspector Labenski’s
testimony, I find that even a small rock falling from the wall of a pit of this
height could reasonably be expected to injure a miner. (Tr. 102:4-22) I also
find that coal or spoil sliding down a steeply sloped bank would be equally
likely to injure a miner below.

Further,
any injury resulting from a rock fall on the north highwall or a collapse on
the south bank could have reasonably been expected to be fatal to Osenbach. (Tr.
198:1-8) This conclusion is supported not only by common sense but also by the
fact that the previous collapse of coal into the pit was sufficient to bury a
large bucket capable of holding seven cubic yards of material. (Tr. 345:8 -
346:2) Inspector Yencho testified that there was somewhere between a few
hundred pounds and 10 tons of coal still hanging on the south bank when
Osenbach descended the pit. (Tr. 200:17-25) This amount of coal could easily
crush and kill a miner standing below. Therefore, the Secretary has satisfied
all the elements necessary for an S&S finding.  

Based
on my findings above, I also find that the gravity of this violation was
serious because it was highly likely to result in a fatal injury to a miner.

Unwarrantable
Failure

Unwarrantable
failure requires a showing of aggravated conduct - significantly more than
ordinary negligence - characterized by “reckless disregard,” “intentional
misconduct,” “indifference,” or a “serious lack of reasonable care.” Emery
Mining Corp. , 9 FMSHRC 1997, 2001, 2003-04 (Dec. 1987). Relevant factors to
consider in determining whether the operator is guilty of aggravated conduct
include the extent of the violative condition, the length of time a violating
condition has existed, the operator's efforts to abate the condition prior to a
citation, whether the operator has been placed on notice that greater efforts
are necessary to assure compliance, the operator's knowledge of the violating
condition (or lack thereof), and whether the violation is obvious and poses a
high degree of danger. Consolidation Coal Co. , 23 FMSHRC at 593; IO
Coal , 31 FMSHRC at 1351.

The
Secretary and the Respondent both focus much of their attention on one factor
in particular: the degree of danger posed by the highwall and south bank when
Osenbach entered the pit. For the reasons discussed in my S&S and gravity
analysis, I find that the cited conduct posed a high degree of danger. This
finding also has important implications for how I evaluate the duration and
extent of the violating condition in my unwarrantable failure analysis. In this
case, Osenbach was exposed to the hazard for at least four minutes over the
course of two separate trips into the pit, and the hazard was confined to a
single pit. (Tr. 119:2-16) This would be a relatively short duration of time
and a limited extent for a condition posing little danger. However, the
Secretary correctly notes that the Commission has relied on the high degree of
danger posed to support an unwarrantable failure finding even when the duration
of the exposure was relatively short. Sec’y Br. at 24 (citing Lafarge
Construction Materials and Theodore Dress , 20 FMSHRC 1140, 1145-48 (Oct.
1998)). Accordingly, I find the high degree of danger to be an aggravating
factor, even considering Osenbach’s limited exposure to the pit hazards, and I
do not find the limited duration or extent of the hazard to be mitigating
factors.

I
also find, based on the photographic and testamentary evidence, that these
dangers were obvious and known to the company. Hadesty, the safety director at
the mine, conceded that the two retrieval attempts were “dangerous” and that
because of that danger it should have been common knowledge not to go down into
the dragline pit. (Tr. 411:2 - 412:9; 413:2-7) Lehigh and Wetzel were both
aware that a coal collapse had occurred in the pit just hours earlier, and
nearly all witnesses including Wetzel acknowledged the hazards in the northern
highwall due to blasting which had left cracks in the wall. (Tr. 85:16 - 86:12;
461:3-12) The highwall, spoil bank, and coal seam hazards were all clearly
visible in the photos submitted into evidence and all MSHA witnesses credibly
testified to their obviousness. The narrow dimensions of the pit would have
also been visibly obvious to all miners working in the area and would have
consequently made the risks of entering the pit under or near the above hazards
obvious as well. Additionally, the company’s own incident report at the
conclusion of its investigation into the matter identified “two risky attempts”
and “unsafe acts” warranting discipline, and this conclusion was supported by
the testimony of first shift foreman Mitchalk, who said that the dangers were
obvious and that all involved should have known not to enter the pit. (Tr.
247:8-13; Sec’y Ex. 20 at 11)

As
a supervisor, Wetzel’s involvement in the decision to send Osenbach down into
the pit not only establishes the company’s knowledge of the violation but
constitutes in itself an aggravating factor that weighs in favor of an
unwarrantable failure finding. Newtown Energy, Inc. , 38 FMSHRC at 2046. Wetzel
was specifically alerted to the danger by Osenbach, who told him not to enter
the pit because he had a wife and children. (Tr. 82:12-20; Sec’y Ex. 4 at 2) While
the statement may have been made half in jest as the Respondent argues, I find
that it was also in part a recognition of the high level of danger associated
with the retrieval effort and that Wetzel should have understood this.

Lehigh
was not necessarily placed on notice of the need for greater compliance efforts
largely because bucket retrieval efforts are rare; Wetzel had not attempted
anything of the sort before and therefore would not have been previously
sanctioned by MSHA for similar conduct. (Tr. 249:14-21; 251:9-15; 379:19-25) I
find this to be an insignificant mitigating factor. Although MSHA had not
alerted Lehigh to the risks of the cited conduct, it had never condoned such
behavior either, and the obviousness of the hazard by itself should have been
enough to put the operator on notice that greater efforts at compliance were
needed.

Additionally,
I do not find that Lehigh engaged in any effort to abate the violative
condition that could be deemed a mitigating factor for an unwarrantable
finding. Lehigh violated the act by sending Osenbach into the pit to retrieve
the buried bucket, and then repeated the violative conduct when the first
retrieval effort failed. Osenbach was permitted to complete both attempts
without any intervening effort to abate the violation.

In
summary, I find that the violation was obvious, directly involved a
supervisor’s knowing conduct, posed a high degree of danger, and that these are
aggravating factors for an unwarrantable failure finding. I also do not find
the extent and duration of the violation, the operator’s abatement efforts, or
the lack of notice of greater efforts necessary for compliance to be
significant mitigating factors. Such factors could be relevant aggravating or
mitigating factors for a violative condition that developed over time and could
have escaped the notice of management personnel, and where the danger to miners
would depend on lengthy and pervasive exposure to hazards. However, I find
these factors to be less relevant in a case such as this where a supervisor
directed a miner into a situation that posed an immediate and appreciable risk
to the safety of that miner. Therefore, I find that the Secretary has met his
burden for establishing an unwarrantable failure.

Although
the Commission has found that an operator’s good faith and reasonable belief
that it engaged in the safest means of complying with a standard does not
support an unwarrantable failure finding, I do not find this exception
applicable in this case. See Consolidation Coal Co. , 23 FMSHRC at 594. My
finding that the danger was obvious undermines the Respondent’s claim that its
belief in the safety of its conduct was reasonable. Furthermore, I find that
the Respondent considered several safer alternatives for complying with the
standard but dismissed them because they would have taken too long and forced
the company to sacrifice production. (Tr. 86:20 – 87:24) Therefore, I do not
find that Lehigh genuinely believed it had chosen the safest means of complying
with the standard.

Negligence

For
many of the reasons stated above, I also find that both Lehigh and Wetzel were
negligent in allowing Osenbach entry into the pit near or under dangerous
highwall and bank conditions. Once again, Wetzel was aware of the numerous
hazards in the pit and should have been aware of the risks in permitting
Osenbach near those hazards. This failure of judgment from a supervisory
official is imputed to the company and establishes an aggravated lack of care. Wilmont
Mining Co. , 9 FMSHRC 684, 687 (Apr. 1987) (holding that the negligent
actions of an operator’s foremen, supervisors, and managers may be imputed to
the operator), aff’d in part , 848 F.2d 195 (6 th Cir. 1988). However,
I do not find that Wetzel’s actions, and Lehigh’s by extension, rise to the
level of reckless disregard designated by MSHA on the face of the citation.

The
Commission has stated that “‘reckless disregard’ is often provided as a
definition of unwarrantable failure,” which equates to “aggravated conduct
constituting more than ordinary negligence,” Sierra Rock Products, Inc. ,
37 FMSHRC 1, 4-6 (Jan. 2015) (citing Emery Mining Corp. , 9 FMSHRC 1997,
2001-03 (Dec. 1987)), but that “high negligence [also] suggests an aggravated
lack of care that is more than ordinary negligence.” Brody Mining, LLC ,
37 FMSHRC 1687, 1703 (Aug. 2015) (quoting Topper Coal Co. , 20 FMSHRC
344, 350 (Apr. 1998)). Therefore, “reckless disregard” and “high negligence”
are closely related concepts. However, “reckless disregard” is the highest
level of negligence that MSHA may attribute to an operator for the purpose of
assessing a penalty under the Secretary’s Part 100 regulations, and the
Commission has likewise recognized reckless disregard as the highest degree of
negligence the judge can take into account when assessing a penalty. See
Brody Mining , 37 FMSHRC at 1703 n.17 (“When a Judge finds an operator
negligent, the Judge would take the degree of negligence, which would be on a
scale between low negligence and reckless disregard, into account in assessing
an appropriate penalty.”) MSHA defines “reckless disregard” to mean that the
“operator displayed conduct which exhibits the absence of the slightest degree
of care.” [7]
30 C.F.R. § 100.3.

Wetzel’s
initial willingness to enter the pit to retrieve the bucket before Osenbach
intervened indicates that his decision to send Osenbach into the pit was not
the product of reckless indifference to the safety of Lehigh employees. (Tr.
449:2-5) Instead it reflected poor judgment and a failure to properly evaluate
the obvious health and safety risks around him. As Wetzel stated, he would not
have initially volunteered to enter the pit if he had felt that it was
dangerous. (Tr. 457:5-11) While he recognized some of the hazards in the pit,
he failed to grasp the extent of the risk involved in his plan. Accordingly, he
testified that he believed the southern slope did not pose any hazard because
the soil was strong enough to support itself and that likewise the hazardous
portion of the northern highwall was far enough from Osenbach’s intended route
and destination not to pose any risks either. (Tr. 438: 2 - 440:9; 443:24 -
444:1; 445:1-9) While I do not find this belief to be reasonable, I credit from
his testimony that his misunderstanding was genuine. Further, the efforts taken
to ensure that Osenbach stayed away from the northern highwall and did not
linger in the pit , while wholly inadequate, do demonstrate some degree of care
to comply with the standard. (Tr. 437:4-9; 448:12-23) Again, I find it credible
from witness testimony that these efforts were undertaken in good faith.
Therefore, I find Lehigh’s and Wetzel’s negligence to be “high” rather than
“reckless.”

Respondent
Wetzel’s Individual Liability and Negligence

Wetzel
may be held individually liable for a penalty under section 110(c) if he is
found to be a “director, officer, or agent” of a “corporate operator,” and if
he is found to have “knowingly authorized, ordered or carried out” a violation.
As a preliminary matter, I find that Lehigh is a “corporate officer.” Lehigh is
a Limited Liability Corporation (“LLC”), and the Commission has held that LLC’s
are “corporate operators” for purposes of section 110(c) of the Act. Bill
Simola, employed by United Taconite, LLC , 34 FMSHRC 539, 550-51 (Mar.
2012). Further, I find that Wetzel was an agent of Lehigh at all times relevant
to this matter. Wetzel was the “second-shift foreman” at the Tamaqua Mine,
responsible for assigning work and enforcing safety during his shift. (Tr.
455:23 - 456:9; 457:16-19) This type of managerial responsibility has been held
by the Commission to establish agency status for the purpose of section 110(c).
See Nelson Quarries, Inc. , 31 FMSHRC 318, 328 (Mar. 2009).

Next,
I find that Wetzel authorized the violation for which Lehigh was cited, since
Wetzel admitted to Inspector Labenski that it was ultimately his decision to
send Osenbach into the pit. (Tr. 84:12-16). Most importantly, I find that
Wetzel knowingly authorized this violation. The Act’s “knowing” standard does
not require intent to violate the standard, knowledge that the standard was
being violated, or willfulness. See Freeman United Coal Mining Co. v. FMSHRC ,
108 F.3d 358, 362-64 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (actual knowledge or specific intent not
required); Ernest Matney , 34 FMSHRC 777, 783 (Apr. 2012) (willfulness
not required). Instead, it is sufficient to find that Wetzel acted or failed to
act “on the basis of information that [gave] him knowledge or reason to know of
the existence of a violative condition.” Kenny Richardson , 3 FMSHRC at
15-16. I have already found that the hazards in the pit were obvious, and that
Wetzel was aware of the dangerous northern highwall cracks and the recent
southern bank collapse. Wetzel even recognized that there was a “moderate level
of risk” involved in sending Osenbach into the pit because of the “somewhat
likely possibility . . . of some of the rocks coming down into the pit if
someone was in there.” (Tr. 461:3-12) These facts gave Wetzel more than
sufficient reason to know that sending Osenbach into the pit was a violation.

Although
a showing of willfulness is not required, “section 110(c) liability is
generally predicated on aggravated conduct constituting more than ordinary
negligence.” Ernest Matney , 34 FMSHRC 777, 783 (Apr. 2012) (citing BethEnergy
Mines, Inc. , 14 FMSHRC 1232, 1245 (Aug. 1992)); see also Freeman United ,
108 F.3d at 360. The same factors that are relevant to an aggravated conduct
finding in the context of an unwarrantable failure are equally applicable here.
For the reasons stated in my unwarrantable failure analysis, including the
obvious and high degree of danger involved in the retrieval attempts, I find
aggravated conduct on Wetzel’s part constituting more than ordinary negligence.
However, for the same reasons mentioned in my analysis of Lehigh’s negligence,
I find that Wetzel’s level of negligence was “high” instead of “reckless.”

Penalties

The
Secretary proposes a penalty of $23,229.00 against Respondent Lehigh and $2,900.00
against Wetzel for these violations.

The
first penalty criterion considered when assessing a penalty is the history of
previous violations. Wetzel does not have a prior history of 110(c) violations.
Exhibit A of the Secretary’s penalty petition indicates that Lehigh’s violation
history is quite clean.

In
the case of Respondent Lehigh, the parties have stipulated that the penalty
will not affect its ability to remain in business. Exhibit A shows that Lehigh
is a moderately large operator and that the Tamaqua Mine is a moderately large
mine. In the case of the individual penalty assessed against Respondent Wetzel,
the comparable penalty criteria are intended to account for factors such as the
Respondent's income and family support obligations, the appropriateness of the
penalty in light of his job responsibilities, and his ability to pay. Sunny
Ridge , 19 FMSHRC at 272. The Commission has encouraged ALJs to make
specific findings as to the Respondent's net worth and income and the nature
and extent of his financial obligations. Ambrosia , 19 FMSHRC at 824. In
this case, the parties have stipulated that the proposed penalty will not
affect Wetzel’s personal financial obligations. (Stip. 7) I also find the
proposed penalties appropriate in light of Wetzel’s job responsibilities as a
second shift foreman, which included assigning work and enforcing safety during
his shift.

The
remaining penalty criteria are negligence, gravity, and good faith abatement
efforts. The citation states that the violation was promptly abated in good
faith when the mine’s safety director conducted a safety talk with miners and
discussed the new procedure for retrieving a buried dragline bucket, which had
been successfully implemented and incorporated into the company’s Ground
Control Plan. My findings on gravity and negligence are discussed at length
above. While I found the gravity of the violation to be serious based on the high
likelihood of a fatal injury, I found the negligence for both Lehigh and Wetzel
to be “high” rather than “reckless,” as designated on the face of the citation.
After considering the statutory penalty criteria, I find that $1,000.00 is an
appropriate penalty to assess against foreman Wetzel for this violation, and
that $6,996.00 is an appropriate penalty to assess against Respondent Lehigh.

Citation
No. 8000959

MSHA
Inspector David Labenski issued Citation No. 8000959 to Lehigh at its Tamaqua
mine on July 3, 2013. It alleges a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g). The
regulation states: “Each employee working in a surface coal mine or in the
surface work areas of an underground coal mine shall be required to wear
protective clothing and devices as indicated below: (g) Safety belts and lines
where there is danger of falling; a second person shall tend the lifeline when
bins, tanks, or other dangerous areas are entered.” 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g).
Section 77.1710 is a mandatory safety standard. The citation narrative alleges:

[A] miner
descended into the Bank #8 Pit to attach a chain to the [. . .] dragline bucket
from the [. . .] Dragline. [. . .] The miner who climbed down the western end
of the pit was not provided with any means of fall prevention equipment when
climbing into the pit. The pit measured 55 ft. deep from top of the northerly
highwall to the pit floor. [. . .] Employees working in a surface coal mine
shall be required to wear safety belts and lines where there is danger of
falling.

Sec’y
Ex. 15. The violation was designated as significant and substantial, reasonably
likely to lead to lost workdays or restricted duty, and the result of the
operator’s moderate negligence. The violation was abated on July 8, 2013, when
the mine’s safety director conducted a safety talk with miners and “discussed
the proper use of Personal Protective Equipment when working where there is
danger of falling.” Id.

Violation

Citation
No. 8000959 alleges that Lehigh violated 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g) by not providing
Osenbach with sufficient fall prevention equipment when he entered into the
pit. Since it is undisputed that Osenbach was not wearing a safety belt and
line when he entered the pit, the primary dispute among the parties is whether
the situation at issue posed the sort of “danger of falling” contemplated by
the standard. Id. The Respondent argues that this type of standard is
“generally considered to address the hazard of falling from a height,” while
the hazard in this case was Osenbach losing his footing on the sloped, uneven
terrain, and fall protection would do nothing to address or mitigate that risk.
Resp’t Br. at 25. While the Respondent appears to be arguing that fall
protection is only required when there is a risk of falling from a purely vertical
drop, I find that fall protection may be just as necessary on a sufficiently
steep slope descending to sufficient depths.

In
this case, the western bank descended to depths of at least 40 feet on a slope
containing unconsolidated material. (Tr. 134:14 - 135:3) While the inspector
could not measure the exact angle of the slope because it was no longer present
when he arrived on the scene, he concluded that it was steeper than the angle
of repose based on Osenbach telling him that rock had slid down to the bottom
of the pit from the top. (Tr. 144:15-23) Additionally, Danny Baer, the dragline
operator at the time, told the inspector that he would not walk down that slope
because it was too steep to go down. (Tr. 77:4-15) And in a deposition, the
mine’s lead foreman Lou Mitchalk acknowledged that he believed fall protection
was required in this situation. (Tr. 241:18 – 242:6) Photographic evidence also
appears to depict a dangerously steep slope on the west side of the pit. ( See
Sec’y Ex. 16.) I find these facts and the inspector’s reasonable conclusions to
be sufficient to trigger the requirements of this standard. Whether Osenbach
had been standing near the vertical highwall or the sloped western bank, he
would have been at risk of dangerously falling or tumbling to the bottom of the
pit without sufficient fall protection. (Tr. 144:11-14)

For
the reasons above, I find the Secretary has established a violation of the
standard.

Gravity
and S&S

Inspector
Labenski designated this violation as S&S and reasonably likely to result
in lost workdays or restricted duty. (Sec’y Ex. 15) I have already found a
violation of the mandatory safety standard at section 77.1710(g), satisfying
the first element of the Mathies test for S&S.

Regarding
the second Mathies step, Labenski concluded that the violation
contributed to the hazard of a fall, and I agree. Without fall protection,
Osenbach was reasonably likely to fall down a steep slope containing
unconsolidated material. (Tr. 129:11-18; 134:10-21) While a miner could still
lose his footing and hit the ground with fall protection, he would not roll to
the bottom of the pit. (Tr. 144:11-14) Additionally, the fact that Osenbach’s
attempts were conducted at night with inadequate lighting increased the
likelihood of a fall.

Under
the third and fourth Mathies elements, I find that, assuming the
occurrence of the fall hazard, a reasonably serious injury such as a sprain or
broken bones was reasonably likely to result from Osenbach’s unsecured entry
into the pit. (Tr. 134:10-13) This is primarily due to the 40 foot height of
the pit and the steepness of the slope.

Based
on my findings above, I find that the gravity of this violation was moderately
serious because it was reasonably likely to lead to a bruise or sprain for
Osenbach.

Negligence

I
find Lehigh’s negligence to be moderate based on foreman Wetzel’s direct
knowledge and authorization of the violation. (Tr. 136:8-10) Inspector Labenski
did not assess the level of negligence any higher than that because Lehigh
provided Osenbach with a rope to assist him in his descent. (Tr. 136:24-25) While
Labenski found that the rope was insufficient to satisfy the fall protection
requirements, he concluded that it did mitigate the company’s negligence
slightly by demonstrating some effort to meet the necessary standard of care. I
agree with Labenski’s finding and affirm the moderate negligence designation.

Penalty

The
Secretary requests that I assess a penalty of $285.00 against Respondent Lehigh
for this alleged violation.

Exhibit
A of the Secretary’s penalty petition indicates that Lehigh had a minor history
of violations. The exhibit also indicates that Lehigh is a moderately large
operator and that the Tamaqua Mine is a moderately large mine. The parties have
stipulated that the penalty will not affect the operator’s ability to remain in
business.

The
remaining penalty criteria are negligence, gravity, and good faith abatement efforts.
The evidence shows that the violation was promptly abated in good faith when
the mine’s safety director conducted a safety talk with miners discussing the
proper use of fall protection when working where there is a danger of falling. My
findings on gravity and negligence are discussed at length above. I found the
gravity and negligence to both be moderate. After considering the statutory
penalty criteria, I find that $285.00 is an appropriate penalty to assess
against Respondent Lehigh for this violation.

ORDER

In
view of the above findings, conclusions, and settlement approval, within 30
days of the date of this decision the Secretary IS ORDERED to modify
Citation No. 8000958 to reduce the level of negligence from “reckless disregard”
to “high.”

WHEREFORE , it is ORDERED
that Lehigh pay a penalty of $7,281.00 and that Wetzel pay a penalty of $1,000.00
within thirty (30) days of the filing of this decision. [8]

/s/ L. Zane Gill

L. Zane Gill

Administrative
Law Judge

Distribution:

Jennifer
L. Bluer, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 170 South
Independence Mall West, Suite 630E, The Curtis Center, Philadelphia, PA 19106

R.
Henry Moore, Esq., Jessica M. Jurasko, Esq., Jackson Kelly, PLLC, Three Gateway
Center, 401 Liberty Avenue, Suite 1500, Pittsburgh, PA 15222

[1] The mine’s
safety director, John Hadesty, testified that he believed this ground control provision
was intended to protect vehicles from being struck by the dragline boom above,
rather than any highwall or bank hazards. He also noted that the ground control
plan does not explicitly prohibit miners from entering the pit, and that the
mine does have roads that travel near bottom rock that is much higher than the
southern coal seam in this pit. (Tr. 377:18 - 378:22)

[2] Osenbach and
Wetzel testified that the “wife and kids” comment was made in jest in reference
to the number of children Wetzel has. (Tr. 331:11-16; 449:6-15)

[3] Pursuant to
section 103(g) of the Act, miners may call MSHA anonymously to report a
hazardous condition, and if it is determined that a miner has reasonable
grounds to believe that a violation of the Act or a mandatory health or safety
standard exists, or that an imminent danger exists, MSHA will send an inspector
immediately to the mine to investigate the complaint. 30 U.S.C. § 813(g)(1).

[4] The citing
inspector claimed that these disciplinary actions played no part in his own decision
making in this proceeding, and likewise I will not rely on those actions for my
own findings. (Tr. 74:18-21)

[5] In Secretary
v. Diamond May Mining , 20 FMSHRC 1050, 1054 (Sept. 1998) (ALJ), the
Administrative Law Judge noted that the term “bank” is broadly defined within
the industry to mean “a usually steeply sloping mass of any earthly or rock
material rising above the digging level from which the soil or rock is to be
dug from its natural or blasted position in an open-pit mine or quarry.” Consistent
with this definition, I find that the south side of the pit containing loose
coal and an undercut spoil pile above constituted a “bank” for the purposes of
the standard.

[6] Even though
Mitchalk did not directly observe the initial retrieval effort, I credit his testimony
on this point based on his knowledge of the pit and the conditions in the area
at the time. (Tr. 247:25 – 248:12)

[7]
While MSHA’s
negligence definitions are not binding on the Commission, they do help me to
understand and evaluate the Secretary’s rationales for his elevated penalty
assessments.

[8] Payment should
be sent to: Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor,
Payment Office, P.O. Box 790390, St. Louis, MO 63179-0390.