Lanham Coal Company, Inc.

Plain-English summary

Lanham Coal operated a surface coal mine where truck drivers covered loaded coal trucks with tarps. A driver fell about 10 feet while tarping a truck and later died for reasons unrelated to the fall. MSHA cited the company under 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g) for not requiring safety belts or lines. On remand, Judge James A. Broderick found that a reasonably prudent person would recognize the fall hazard but would not have recognized that this common industry practice specifically required the cited protection, so he vacated the citation and dismissed the civil penalty case.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 30 C.F.R. § 77.1710(g)
• Outcome: Citation No. 3297324 was vacated and the civil penalty proceeding was dismissed.
• Key point: Fair notice depends on whether a reasonably prudent person would recognize the standard's specific requirement in the circumstances.

Full text (FMSHRC public release)

CCASE:
SOL (MSHA) V. LANHAM COAL
DDATE:
19911024
TTEXT:

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Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (F.M.S.H.R.C.)
Office of Administrative Law Judges

SECRETARY OF LABOR, CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING
MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), Docket No. KENT 89-186
PETITIONER A. C. No. 15-13428-03508

      v.                              Lanham No. 1 Mine

LANHAM COAL COMPANY, INC.,
RESPONDENT

                      DECISION ON REMAND

Before: Judge Broderick

 On September 3, 1991, the Review Commission remanded this

case to me to "determine, through application of the reasonably
prudent person test, whether Lanham had fair notice that section
77.1710(g) required the use of safety belts or lines under the
circumstances of this case." 13 FMSHRC ____. At my request, both
parties filed briefs addressed to the issue. Neither wished to
submit further evidence.

                               I

 Lanham was the owner and operator of a surface coal mine in

Daviess County, Kentucky. It contracted with Caney Creek Trucking
Company to haul coal from the mine to Lanham's coal dock. After
the coal was loaded into the trucks, Caney's drivers covered the
load with a tarp in a parking lot on mine property. Safety belts
and lines were not provided or worn by the drivers while tarping
their trucks. On December 29, 1988, Charles Daugherty, the owner
of Caney and a truck driver, fell from his truck approximately 10
feet to the ground while tarping his truck. He was not wearing a
safety belt or line. Daugherty was taken to the hospital and
subsequently died from reasons not related to the fall. MSHA
issued a citation charging a violation of 30 C.F.R. 77.1710(g).

 Prior to the accident, neither Lanham nor the MSHA inspector

who issued the citation considered the cited standard applicable
to the tarping of trucks. The inspector had never previously
cited the practice, and had never observed safety belts or line

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used in such situations in more than 40 years of mining
experience. MSHA had no standards or guidelines that covered the
practice, and Lanham had no specific notice that the practice
violated the standard.

                           II

 30 C.F.R.   77.1710 provides in part that surface coal mine

employees shall be required to wear "safety belts and lines where
there is a danger of falling." The regulation is on its face
simple and straightforward. The facts in this case very clearly
show that there was a danger of falling: in fact a miner fell.

                           III

 In the Alabama By-Products case, 3 FMSHRC 2128 (1982), the

Commission considered the regulation requiring that machinery and
equipment be maintained in safe operating condition. It concluded
that a reasonably prudent person familiar with the factual
circumstances including facts peculiar to the mining industry
would recognize that the cited equipment was in an unsafe
condition. In United States Steel Corporation, 5 FMSHRC 3 (1983)
the Commission held that the reasonably prudent person standard
applies to the berm regulation: the issue is whether the
operator's berms or guards measure up to the kind that a
reasonably prudent person would provide under the circumstances.
In Great Western Electric Company, 5 FMSHRC 840 (1983), the
Commission in considering the same regulation as in the instant
case, held that "the applicability of the standard [should be
determined] in terms of whether an informed, reasonably prudent
person would recognize a danger of falling warranting the wearing
of safety belts and lines." 5 FMSHRC 842. In November, 1990, the
Commission phrased the test as "whether a reasonably prudent
person familiar with the mining industry and the protective
purposes of the standard would have recognized the specific
prohibition of the standard." Ideal Cement Company, 12 FMSHRC
2409, 2410 (1990) [Emphasis added].

 The Great Western Electric Company test seemed to be whether

the reasonably prudent person would recognize that the factual
circumstances created the hazard which the regulation attempted
to prevent. The Ideal Cement test, as I read it, involved a
subtle change: it is not whether the reasonably prudent person
would recognize that the facts create the hazard, for example
whether such a person would recognize that tarping a truck by
climbing on the load of coal creates a danger of falling, but
whether that person would recognize the specific prohibition of
the standard, that is, whether such a person would have
recognized that attaching a tarp to a truck without utilizing
safety belts and lines was prohibited by the regulation. The

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change in the test is evident from the terms of the remand: I am
required to determine, through application of the reasonably
prudent person test, whether Lanham had fair notice that section
77.1710(g) required the use of safety belts or lines under the
circumstances of this case.

                           IV

 The law of Kentucky requires that a loaded coal truck be

covered with a tarp before the truck is operated on State
highways. In order to affix a tarp, the driver is required to
mount the back of the loaded truck, which is approximately 8 feet
wide, and unroll the tarp while walking backwards on the load of
coal. The load is normally uneven and higher in the center than
on the sides. In the instant case, it was about 10 feet from the
ground to the top of the load.

 The tarping of trucks is, and has been for many years, a

daily occurrence in the coal industry. The MSHA inspectors who
testified in this case had never previously cited the practice
involved here. Neither had ever observed coal trucks provided
with belts or lines for persons putting on a tarp or removing it
from a loaded coal truck. The inspector who issued the citation
did not consider the cited practice a violation of the standard
before he issued the citation contested here. The evidence
establishes that the practice of using safety belts and lines
while tarping trucks is rarely or never followed in the coal
industry. It also establishes that prior to this case, the
practice was rarely or never cited by MSHA.

 I think it is clear that a reasonably prudent person would

recognize that the activity cited here is hazardous, i.e., it
creates a danger of falling. On the other hand, in view of the
evidence concerning the practice in the industry and in MSHA's
enforcement history, it is equally clear that such a person would
not have recognized the specific requirement of the standard,
i.e., that tarping a truck requires safety belts and lines.

                            V

 Following Commission precedent in its most recent decision,

Ideal Cement Company, and the terms of the remand, I conclude
that the evidence does not establish that Lanham violated 30
C.F.R. 77.1710(g) in failing to require safety belts and lines
for miners engaged in the tarping of loaded coal trucks.

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ORDER

 Based upon the above findings of fact and conclusions of

law, IT IS ORDERED:

    1. Citation 3297324 is VACATED.

    2. This civil penalty proceeding is DISMISSED.

                                      James A. Broderick
                                      Administrative Law Judge