Secretary of Labor on behalf of Reuben Shemwell v. Armstrong Coal Company, Inc. and Armstrong Fabricators, Inc.

Plain-English summary

Armstrong filed a Kentucky tort lawsuit against welder Reuben Shemwell after he pursued Mine Act discrimination claims arising from his discharge. The Secretary then alleged that the lawsuit itself interfered with Shemwell's protected rights under section 105(c)(1). Judge Jerold Feldman scheduled oral argument and directed the parties to address whether the state suit was a per se Mine Act violation, whether it effectively alleged that Shemwell's complaint was frivolous, and whether prior temporary-reinstatement findings prevented Armstrong from relitigating that question. He also required Armstrong to identify the damages it sought and directed the Secretary to propose a penalty if a violation was found. The order raised whether the civil action would chill other miners from exercising protected rights but did not decide liability.

Decision snapshot

• Governing provisions: 30 U.S.C. §§ 815(c)(1) through 815(c)(3)
• Outcome: Oral argument was scheduled, with five legal and remedial questions identified for the parties.
• Key point: An employer lawsuit responding to a Mine Act complaint may require analysis of interference, preclusion, damages, and its potential chilling effect on miners.

Full text (FMSHRC public release)

FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 520N

Washington, DC 20004

January 29, 2013

SECRETARY OF LABOR,   

MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH    

ADMINISTRATION (MSHA),  

on behalf of REUBEN SHEMWELL, 

Complainant,

v.

ARMSTRONG COAL CO., INC. & 

ARMSTRONG FABRICATORS, INC.,

Respondents 

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

DISCRIMINATION PROCEEDING

Docket No. KENT 2013-362-D

MADI CD 2013-01

Parkway Mine Surface Facilities

Mine ID 15-19356

ORDER SCHEDULING ORAL ARGUMENT

Before:            Judge Feldman

I. Statement of the Case

Reuben Shemwell’s employment as a welder was terminated on September 14, 2011. On January 23, 2012, Shemwell filed his initial complaint with the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (“MSHA”), based on the allegation that his termination was motivated, at least in
part, by safety related activities protected under section 105(c)(1) of the Federal Mine Safety and
Health Act of 1977 (the “Act”). 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(1). After an MSHA investigation, the
Secretary of Labor (the “Secretary”) declined to bring a discrimination complaint on his behalf.
Following the Secretary’s decision not to pursue the discrimination case, on August 22, 2012,
Armstrong Coal Company and Armstrong Fabricators (collectively referred to as “Armstrong”)
filed suit in the Commonwealth of Kentucky’s Muhlenberg Circuit Court, in the 45th Judicial
District (Case No. 12-CI-00397), alleging Shemwell’s January 23, 2012, discrimination
complaint warranted a state action for “Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings.” Complaint,

Case No. 12-CI-00397, at 7.

Currently before me is a January 8, 2013, discrimination complaint filed by the Secretary on behalf of Shemwell pursuant to section 105(c)(2) of Act. 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(2).
The Secretary asserts that Armstrong’s civil suit constitutes a violation of section 105(c)(1).
Section 105(c)(1) provides in pertinent part:

No person shall . . . in any manner discriminate against or
otherwise interfere with the exercise of the statutory right of any
miner . . . because such miner . . . has instituted or caused to be
instituted any proceeding under or related to this Act . . . or
because of the exercise by such miner . . . of any statutory right
afforded by this Act.

30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(1).

II. Background

Prior to MSHA’s completion of its investigation of Shemwell’s January 23, 2012,
complaint, on March 9, 2012, the Secretary elected to file an application for Shemwell’s
temporary reinstatement under section 105(c)(2) of the Act. Armstrong was ordered to
temporarily reinstate Shemwell following an evidentiary hearing based on a finding that
Shemwell’s complaint was not frivolously brought. 34 FMSHRC 1464 (June 2012) (ALJ). The reinstatement decision below was affirmed by the Commission. Sec’y of Labor o/b/o
Shemwell v. Armstrong Coal Company, Inc., and Armstrong Fabricators, Inc. 34 FMSRHC
1580, 1582-83 (July 2012) (holding that the finding that Shemwell’s complaint was not
frivolously brought is supported by substantial evidence and consistent with applicable law).

On July 27, 2012, MSHA advised Shemwell that its investigation failed to reveal that a
violation of section 105(c)(1) had occurred. At that time, Shemwell was advised that:

if [he did] not concur with the determination, [he had] the right
under Section 105(c) of the Mine Act to file an action on [his] own
behalf within 30 days after receipt of this letter . . .

Letter from Carolyn T. James, Assistant Director, Technical Compliance and Investigation
Office, to Reuben Shemwell (July 27, 2012).

Consequently, Shemwell elected to pursue his underlying January 23, 2012,
discrimination complaint by timely filing a discrimination complaint on his own behalf on
August 25, 2012, pursuant to section 105(c)(3) of the Act. 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(3). Shemwell’s
private discrimination proceeding has been docketed as KENT 2012-1497. The hearing in
Docket No. KENT 2012-1497 is scheduled for June 18, 2013, in Owensboro, Kentucky.

During a conference call on January 24, 2013, the parties were advised that disposition of
the Secretary’s complaint with regard to the civil action would be through oral argument and
subsequent briefing. The parties were further advised that the oral argument would be conducted
at 10:00 a.m. on February 27, 2013, at the Commission’s headquarters in Washington, D.C., at
the following address:

Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission

Richard V. Backley Hearing Room

Fifth Floor, Room 511N

1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20004

III. Framework

The issue to be addressed is whether the filing of Shemwell’s January 23, 2012,
discrimination complaint is protected activity under section 105(c)(1) of the Act. In resolving
this issue, the parties should be prepared to address, with any relevant case law to support their
positions, the following matters:

1. Whether Armstrong’s filing of the civil action against Shemwell in the state
   proceeding is a per se violation of the provisions of section 105(c)(1) of the Act.

2. Assuming the civil proceeding brought by Armstrong in the State of Kentucky
   is not a per se violation of the Act, whether the allegation that Shemwell’s
   complaint constitutes a “wrongful use of civil proceeding” is the substantive
   equivalent of an assertion that Shemwell’s complaint was frivolously brought.

3. Whether the doctrines of res judicata and/or collateral estoppel preclude
   Armstrong from re-litigating in this proceeding whether Shemwell’s

January 23, 2013, discrimination complaint regarding his termination was
frivolously brought, given the Commission’s final decision affirming

Shemwell’s temporary reinstatement. See 34 FMSHRC at 1582-83.

4. The relief sought by Armstrong in its civil action against Shemwell includes
   “compensatory and punitive damages in an amount in excess of the jurisdictional
   limitations of [the State] Court” in addition to “a reasonable attorney’s fee and all
   costs expended.” Complaint, Case No. 12-CI-00397, at 9. At oral argument,
   Armstrong should provide the amount of monetary damages it is seeking to
   recover from Shemwell.

5. If it is determined that Armstrong’s civil suit constitutes a violation of section
   105(c)(1) of the Act, in addition to any recovery sought for monetary damages
   incurred by Shemwell, the Secretary should propose the amount of the civil
   penalty that is sought in this matter. With respect to the question of the propriety
   of the amount of the proposed civil penalty, the parties should address whether
   Armstrong’s civil action has a chilling effect on the exercise of statutory rights
   conferred to miners by the Act. In this regard, the Commission has concluded that
   determining whether there is objective evidence of a chilling effect depends on
   whether the adverse action “reasonably tended to discourage miners from
   engaging in protected activities.” Sec’y of Labor o/b/o Poddey, v Tanglewood
   Energy, Inc., 18 FMSRHC 1315, 1321 (Aug. 1996) (quoting Sec’y of Labor o/b/o
   Johnson v. JWR, Inc. 18 FMSHRC 552, 558 (April 1996)) (citing by analogy
   authority relating to the enforcement of section 8(a)(1) of the National Labor
   Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1)).

In addition to the above matters, the parties may present any other arguments deemed
appropriate in support of their respective positions. A post-oral argument briefing schedule will be established at the oral argument.

/s/ Jerold Feldman

Jerold Feldman                                                                                                                                                                                          Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution (by regular mail and electronic mail):

Matt S. Shepherd, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, 618 Church Street,
Suite 230, Nashville, TN 37219-2456

Adam K. Spease, Esq., Miller Wells, 710 W. Main Street, 4th Floor, Louisville, KY 40202

Mason L. Miller, Esq., 300 E. Main Street, Suite 360, Lexington, KY 40507

Daniel Z. Zaluski, Esq., 407 Brown Road, Madisonville, KY 42431

Tony Oppegard, Esq., P.O. Box 22446, Lexington, KY 40522

Wes Addington, Esq., Appalachian Citizens Law Center, 317 Main Street, Whitesburg, KY
41858