Ingrodi v. CSX Transportation Inc. (agency decision, July 30, 2026)

Plain-English summary

Nicholas Ingrodi, a CSX conductor, alleged that CSX violated the Federal Rail Safety Act by terminating him after he refused to work while suffering from a non-work-related illness. The ARB held that Ingrodi did not establish protected activity under the provision covering refusal to violate a federal railroad-safety law or regulation, because CSX's internal operating practices did not themselves have the force of federal law and he had not been asked to perform a specific task governed by the regulations he identified. The Board also held that he did not satisfy the separate statutory notice requirement for refusing work because of a hazardous safety condition, since he did not give CSX meaningful information about the illness and did not notify CSX of the hazardous condition and his intention not to work at the time of the refusal. The Board further affirmed the ALJ's finding that CSX proved by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same action under its uniformly applied attendance policy. The ARB therefore affirmed the ALJ's decision and dismissed the case.

Decision snapshot

• Cited authorities: 49 U.S.C. §§ 20101, 20109, and 42121(b)(2)(B)(i); 29 C.F.R. § 1982.109(b); and 49 C.F.R. §§ 217.1, 218.39, and 218.99
• Outcome: The ARB affirmed the ALJ's findings that Ingrodi had not engaged in protected activity and that CSX proved its affirmative defense, then dismissed the case.
• Key point: A worker claiming protection for refusing railroad work because of illness must satisfy the Federal Rail Safety Act's specific conditions, including notice of the hazardous condition and the intention not to perform further work where possible.

Full text (DOL official public release)

U.S. Department of Labor           Administrative Review Board
                                   200 Constitution Ave. NW
                                   Washington, DC 20210-0001

IN THE MATTER OF:


NICHOLAS INGRODI,                               ARB CASE NO. 2024-0017

             COMPLAINANT,                       ALJ CASE NO. 2019-FRS-00046
                                                ASSOCIATE CHIEF
      v.                                        ALJ PAUL R. ALMANZA

CSX TRANSPORTATION INC.,                        DATE: July 30, 2026

             RESPONDENT.

Appearances:

For the Complainant:
      Nicholas Thompson, Esq.; Mark E. Thomson, Esq.; Casey Jones Law;
      Minneapolis, Minnesota

For the Respondent:
      Joseph C. Devine, Esq.; Ryan Cates, Esq.; Baker & Hostetler, LLP;
      Columbus, Ohio

Before BURRELL and KIKO, Administrative Appeals Judges


                             DECISION AND ORDER

      This case arises under the employee protection provisions of the Federal Rail
Safety Act (FRSA or Act).1 On November 5, 2018, Complainant Nicholas Ingrodi
(Ingrodi) timely filed a complaint with the Department of Labor’s Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), alleging that CSX Transportation, Inc.
(CSX or Respondent), violated the FRSA by terminating his employment after he
refused to work when a non-work-related illness prevented him from being able to




1     49 U.S.C. § 20109; 29 C.F.R. Part 1982 (2026).
                                             2


safely do so. On February 28, 2019, OSHA dismissed the complaint.2 On March 4,
2019, Complainant objected to OSHA’s dismissal and requested a formal hearing
before the Office of Administrative Law Judges (OALJ).

        OALJ assigned the case to Associate Chief Administrative Law Judge (ALJ)
Paul R. Almanza. On November 22, 2019, Respondent filed a Motion for Summary
Judgment, which the ALJ granted on January 31, 2020. In his Decision and Order
Dismissing Complaint (ALJ D. & O.) the ALJ found that, as a matter of law,
Ingrodi’s “personal, non-work-related illness does not constitute a hazardous
condition under the Act[]” and, therefore, “he did not engage in [FRSA] protected
activity when he reported the illness and missed work.”3 Complainant appealed the
2020 Decision to the Administrative Review Board (Board). On March 31, 2021,
the Board issued an Order Vacating and Remanding (ARB Remand Order) the case
to the ALJ in which we reiterated our earlier conclusion that Section 20109(b)(1) of
the FRSA “does not require that a [hazardous] condition be ‘work-related’ or state
that the condition cannot relate to an employee’s physical condition.”4 The Board
further held that “an employee impaired by an illness can create a hazardous safety
or security condition under the FRSA” so as to render a refusal to work when
confronted by such a hazardous condition a protected refusal.5 The Board remanded
the case to the ALJ to (i) “further develop the record, as reasonably necessary;
(ii) determine whether Ingrodi’s non-work-related illness, and concomitant refusal


2      Sec’y’s Findings, Case #5-2210-19-007, Occupational Safety and Health Admin. (Feb.
28, 2019).
3      ALJ D. & O. at 9.
4      ARB Remand Order at 6.
5       Id. The ARB’s Remand Order was based on Cieslicki v. Soo Line R.R. Co., ARB No.
2019-0065, ALJ No. 2018-FRS-00039 (ARB June 4, 2020). We recognize that several federal
courts have required that protected refusals under 20109(b)(1)(B) be “work related.”
See, e.g., Adkins v. CSX Transp., Inc., 553 F. Supp. 3d 308, 312 (S.D. W. Va. 2021) (agreeing
“with the Defendants and the numerous courts that have held that ‘hazardous safety or
security conditions’ are those that relate to the physical conditions of the workplace and
that the protections of subsection (b) do not extend to off-duty infirmities or injuries”).
In one case, a district court rejected the argument that the COVID-19 pandemic was a
hazardous condition, because it was not related to the performance of an employee’s duties.
Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Maint. of Way Employes Div. of Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 511
F. Supp. 3d 987, 1001 (D. Neb. 2021). Another court held that side effects from medication
used to treat severe seasonal allegories was not a hazardous condition as it was “a non-
work-related event” and “has no bearing on the operation of a railroad[.]” Laveing v. Norfolk
S. Ry. Co., 2020 WL 5768730, at *3 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 21, 2020), report and recommendation
adopted 2020 WL 5760352 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 28, 2020).
                                           3


to work, constituted a ‘hazardous safety or security condition’ that is protected
activity under FRSA”; and (iii) to determine whether Ingrodi satisfied the
notification requirement of Section 20109(b)(1) of the FRSA.6

       On remand, the ALJ held a hearing from September 7 to September 8, 2022.
After the hearing and an opportunity for both parties to submit post-hearing briefs,
the ALJ issued a Decision and Order Dismissing Complaint (ALJ D. & O. on
Remand) on August 3, 2023. In this decision, the ALJ found that Complainant did
not engage in protected activity under Section 20109(a)(2) of the Act, which protects
employees who refuse to violate safety-related laws and regulations.7 The ALJ
further found that Complainant did not engage in protected activity under Section
20109(b)(1)(B) of the Act, which protects employees who refuse to work due to
hazardous conditions. Specifically, the ALJ found that (i) Complainant’s illness was
a hazardous condition;8 (ii) Complainant’s refusal to work was made in good faith
and no reasonable alternative to the refusal was available to Complainant;9 (iii) the
hazardous condition presented an imminent danger of death or serious injury;10
(iv) there was not sufficient time to eliminate the danger posed by the hazardous
condition without refusing to work;11 and (v) Complainant failed to notify the
railroad carrier of the existence of the hazardous condition and the intention not to
perform further work.12 Because all five of these conditions must be met for a
refusal under Section 20109(b)(1)(B) to be protected, the ALJ determined that
Complainant did not engage in protected activity under that provision. Finally, the
ALJ concluded that even if Complainant had engaged in protected activity,
Respondent established by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken
the same adverse personnel action in the absence of Complainant’s assumed
protected activity, thus proving its affirmative defense.13




6     ARB Remand Order at 9.
7     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 5-6.
8     Id. at 9.
9     Id. at 8.
10    Id. at 9-10.
11    Id. at 10.
12    Id. at 11-14.
13    Id. at 14.
                                             4


      Complainant filed a Petition for Review with the Board. For the following
reasons, we affirm the ALJ’s conclusions that Complainant did not engage in
protected activity under either Section 20109(a)(2) or (b)(1)(B). We also affirm the
ALJ’s affirmative defense findings and conclusion.

                                      BACKGROUND

       Complainant was employed as a conductor by CSX, a railroad subject to
coverage under the FRSA. Complainant had no fixed schedule but rather worked as
part of a rotating pool of conductors moving trains between Baltimore and
Cumberland, Maryland.14 When a conductor was needed to complete a trip, CSX
would call the conductor whose name was at the top of the list and he or she would
have three hours to report to work. Once the trip was completed, CSX would move
that conductor’s name to the bottom of the list, and they would then be on call until
their name cycled back up to the top.15

       Conductors who missed calls were subject to a progressive discipline policy.
When a conductor missed a call, points were assigned depending on the
circumstances of the missed call and the day on which the call was missed.
A conductor who missed a call due to a documented illness that did not rise to the
level of hospitalization or emergency treatment would be assigned three points,
regardless of the day the call was missed.16 If a conductor reached or exceeded
20 points, he or she would be disciplined then have ten points deducted from their
total. Should the conductor again reach twenty points, they would be disciplined,
but this time at the next discipline level. The discipline began at level one with a
“Counseling Letter” and ended at level four with dismissal.17

       Prior to April 14, 2018, Complainant had been subject to the first three steps
in Respondent’s progressive discipline policy and had earned 19 attendance points.18
At this point, any absence other than for emergency treatment or hospitalization
would put him over 20 points and result in his dismissal. On April 14, 2018,
Complainant began experiencing vomiting and diarrhea and marked off as sick,

14    Id. at 3.
15    Id.
16    Id.; see Nicholas Ingrodi Deposition; Deposition Exhibit 2 at 8.
17    ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 3-4.
18    Id. at 4.
                                               5


either by calling the Crew Management Center, or using the CrewLife App, both of
which were permissible ways for employees to mark off as sick under Respondent’s
attendance policy.19 Complainant testified that he did not provide Respondent with
information about the nature of his illness at the time he called off.20 Complainant
then sought treatment at a local hospital’s emergency department and was treated
by a doctor, who provided Complainant with a “School/Work Release” form, which
stated that Complainant was seen on April 14, 2018, for “Illness” and that he would
be able to return to work on April 16, 2018. Complainant faxed this form to
Respondent on April 16, 2018.21 On April 15, 2018, Complainant was called into
work but failed to report (due to the aforementioned illness) and was assessed three
additional points pursuant to Respondent’s attendance policy.22 This brought
Complainant’s point total to 22 and triggered his dismissal.

      Pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement between Respondent and
Complainant’s union, Complainant was entitled to a hearing prior to being
terminated. This hearing was initially scheduled for April 26, 2018, but was thrice
postponed and took place approximately two months later on June 27, 2018.23
During the hearing, Complainant testified that he believed his symptoms on April
14, 2018, would have affected his work and would have constituted a danger to
himself and/or coworkers.24 However, he did not describe his symptoms during this
hearing. Complainant’s then-girlfriend also testified at this hearing and stated that
she had to drive Complainant to the hospital since he was unable to drive himself.25
Following the hearing, Respondent terminated Complainant’s employment on July
26, 2018.26



19     Id.
20     Ingrodi Deposition at 46-47.
21     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 4. Complainant did not include any other details in the
communication to Respondent demonstrating the severity of the illness or how the illness
would qualify for exemption under Respondent’s policy. Respondent determined
Complainant’s simple declaration of “illness” did not rise to the level of hospitalization or
require emergency treatment and, therefore, assessed him three points. See id. at 4.
22     Id.
23     ALJ D. & O. at 4.
24     Id. at 5.
25     Hearing Transcript (Tr.) at 228.
26     ALJ D. & O. at 5.
                                             6


                       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The Secretary of Labor has delegated authority to the Board to hear appeals
from ALJ decisions and to issue agency decisions in cases arising under the FRSA.27
In FRSA cases, the Board reviews questions of law presented on appeal de novo and
is bound by the ALJ’s factual findings that are supported by substantial evidence.28
Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support a conclusion.”29

                                       DISCUSSION

       Congress enacted the FRSA in order to “promote safety in every area of
railroad operations[.]”30 The current form of the FRSA’s employee protection
provisions were enacted in 2007 to “enhance[] administrative and civil remedies for
employees” and “ensure that employees can report their concerns without the fear of
possible retaliation or discrimination from employers.”31

       To prevail under a whistleblower burden-shifting framework,
an FRSA complainant must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that:
(1) he engaged in a protected activity, as statutorily defined; (2) he suffered an
unfavorable personnel action; and (3) the protected activity was a contributing
factor, in whole or in part, to the unfavorable personnel action. If a complainant
meets this burden of proof, the employer may avoid liability only if it proves by clear
and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same unfavorable personnel




27    Secretary’s Order No. 01-2020 (Delegation of Authority and Assignment of
Responsibility to the Administrative Review Board), 85 Fed. Reg. 13186 (Mar. 6, 2020).
28     Gourneau v. BNSF Ry. Co., ARB No. 2023-0034, ALJ No. 2021-FRS-00018, slip op.
at 13 (ARB May 21, 2025) (quoting Klinger v. BNSF Ry. Co., ARB No. 2023-0003, ALJ No.
2016-FRS-00062, slip op. at 5 (ARB July 23, 2024)).
29     See, e.g., Jones v. Exclusive Jets, LLC, ARB No. 2023-0034, ALJ No. 2022-AIR-
00003, slip op. at 9 (ARB Dec. 31, 2024) (quoting Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB,
340 U.S. 474, 477 (1951)) (citation omitted).
30     49 U.S.C. § 20101.
31     H.R. CONF. REP. 110-259 at 348, 2007 U.S.C.C.A.N. 119, 180-81; see also Lee v.
Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 802 F.3d 626, 630 (4th Cir. 2015) (recognizing Congress’s purpose in
adding anti-retaliation provisions to the FRSA).
                                              7


action absent the complainant's protected activity.32

1. Complainant’s Alleged Protected Activity under Section 20109(a)(2)

       Under Section 20109(a)(2), a railroad carrier is prohibited from discharging,
demoting, suspending, reprimanding, or in any other way discriminating against an
employee on the basis of the employee’s lawful and good faith act done “to refuse to
violate or assist in the violation of any Federal law, rule, or regulation relating to
railroad safety or security[.]”33

       The ALJ concluded that Complainant failed to establish that he engaged in
protected activity under Section 20109(a)(2).34 To prove an (a)(2) violation,
Complainant must demonstrate that he was discharged or otherwise discriminated
against due to his “refus[al] to violate or assist in the violation of any Federal law,
rule, or regulation relating to railroad safety or security[.]”35 On appeal,
Complainant attempts to satisfy this burden by arguing that the federal regulation
he refused to violate was 49 C.F.R. § 217.1, a Federal Railroad Administration
regulation that requires all railroads to maintain operating practices, and instruct
employees in their operating practices.36 Complainant argues that this provision
has the effect of giving CSX’s internal safety policies and procedures the force of
federal law. Since Respondent has a policy that requires employees to remain alert
and attentive at all times, Complainant argues that working in a physically
impaired state where he could not remain alert would have required him to violate
this rule.37




32     49 U.S.C. § 20109(d)(2)(A)(i), incorporating the burdens found in 49 U.S.C.
§ 42121(b)(2)(B)(i).
33     49 U.S.C. § 20109(a)(2).
34     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 5-6.
35     49 U.S.C. § 20109(a)(2).
36      49 C.F.R. § 217.1 provides that “[t]hrough the requirements of this part, the Federal
Railroad Administration learns the condition of operating rules and practices with respect
to trains and other rolling equipment in the railroad industry, and each railroad is required
to instruct its employees in operating practices.”
37     Complainant’s Brief (Comp. Br.) at 22. This argument was not raised below and is
arguably waived. Complainant urges us to look past the argument’s waiver and take
judicial notice of the regulation. Id. 23 n.4
                                              8


       This argument is unpersuasive. The provision of the Federal Railroad
Administration regulations that Complainant cites is a general “purpose” provision
that explains the rationale behind the regulatory requirement that all railroads
maintain operating practices. Although it requires that each railroad “instruct its
employees in operating practices,” it does not provide that such operating practices
have the force of law, or that a violation of a railroad’s operating practices
constitutes a violation of federal railroad safety regulations.38 Congress could have
drafted Section 20109(a)(2) so that it protected an employee who refused to violate
any Federal law, rule, or regulation, or any employer’s rule or operating practice,
relating to railroad safety or security. Congress did not do so and it is not for the
Board to rewrite the statute and expand the scope of (a)(2)’s protection.39

        To buttress his argument regarding an (a)(2) violation, Complainant points to
various mandatory safety practices that he would not have been able to engage in
had he tried to work while ill.40 These include rules about coupling an air hose or
adjusting a coupling device, as well as procedures relating to shoving or pushing
movements.41 Complainant does not, however, suggest that at the time he marked
off sick he had been asked to do any task requiring those specific safety practices.
Our analysis may have been different had Complainant, already at work, refused to
perform a specific task that due to his illness he would be unable to do in the
manner required by federal safety regulations. As it stands, however,
Complainant’s argument attempts to cross the bridge well before he gets to it.
For these reasons, we affirm the ALJ’s conclusion that Complainant has not
established that he engaged in protected activity under Section 20109(a)(2).




38     49 C.F.R. § 217.1.
39     At least one federal court has rejected the argument “that the very fact that railroad
companies must train their employees regarding the companies’ operating rules means that
any of the companies’ rules are Federal rules.” See Berberich v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co.,
No. 2:22-CV-02426-EFM-TJJ, 2024 WL 521373, at *4 n.19 (D. Kan. Feb. 9, 2024), aff’d on
other grounds, 162 F.4th 1045 (10th Cir. 2025).
40     Comp. Br. at 24.
41     Specifically, Complainant points to 49 C.F.R. § 218.39, which describes the safety
requirements for coupling an air hose or adjusting a coupling device, and 49 C.F.R.
§ 218.99, which describes the safety requirements for shoving and pushing movements.
                                              9


2. Complainant’s Protected Activity Under Section 20109(b)(1)(B)

       Having considered and rejected Complainant’s argument that he engaged in
protected activity under Section 20109(a)(2), we must now turn to his argument
that he engaged in protected activity under Section 20109(b)(1)(B). Under Section
20109(b)(1)(B), a railroad carrier is prohibited from retaliating against an employee
for “refusing to work when confronted by a hazardous safety or security condition
related to the performance of the employee’s duties.”42

       Importantly, refusals under Section 20109(b)(1)(B) are protected only if
certain statutory conditions are met.43 The FRSA statute provides that for a refusal
under Section 20109(b)(1)(B) to be protected, the following conditions must be
satisfied:

              (A) the refusal is made in good faith and no reasonable
              alternative to the refusal is available to the employee;
              (B) a reasonable individual in the circumstances then
              confronting the employee would conclude that—
                    (i) the hazardous condition presents an imminent
              danger of death or serious injury; and
                     (ii) the urgency of the situation does not allow
              sufficient time to eliminate the danger without such
              refusal; and
              (C) the employee, where possible, has notified the railroad
              carrier of the existence of the hazardous condition and the
              intention not to perform further work, or not to authorize
              the use of the hazardous equipment, track, or structures,
              unless the condition is corrected immediately or the
              equipment, track, or structures are repaired properly or
              replaced.[44]



42     49 U.S.C. § 20109(b)(1)(B).
43     Id. § 20109(b)(1)(B) “refusing to work when confronted by a hazardous safety or
security condition related to the performance of the employee’s duties, if the conditions
described in paragraph (2) exist . . . .” (emphasis added).
44     49 U.S.C. § 20109(b)(2).
                                            10


       On remand, the ALJ determined that: (i) Complainant’s illness was a
hazardous condition;45 (ii) Complainant’s refusal was made in good faith and no
reasonable alternative was available to him;46 (iii) the hazardous condition
presented an imminent danger of death or serious injury;47 and (iv) the urgency of
the situation did not allow sufficient time to eliminate the danger without refusing
to work.48 However, the ALJ also found that Complainant did not satisfy the
requirement that an employee, where possible, notify the railroad carrier of the
existence of the hazardous condition and his intention not to perform further
work.49 In other words, Complainant satisfied many of the required conditions but
did not notify Respondent of the hazardous condition and his intention not perform
further work, as required by (b)(2)(C). Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that
Complainant did not engage in protected activity under Section 20109(b)(1)(B).

       Complainant makes two arguments as to how he satisfied (b)(2)(C)’s
requirement. Complainant points to the emergency department paperwork he faxed
to Respondent on April 16, 2018, as evidence that he “provided notice as soon as
practical[.]”50 The bulk of Complainant’s argument, however, is focused on the
notification he purportedly provided during the June 27, 2018 pre-termination
hearing. For different reasons, neither of these satisfy (b)(2)(C)’s requirement that
an employee notify the railroad carrier of the hazardous condition and his refusal to
perform further work.

     i. Notification on April 14 and April 16, 2018

       Although Complainant does not straightforwardly assert that marking off
sick on April 14 or faxing in the “School/Work Release” form on April 16 satisfy
(b)(2)(C)’s notification requirement, he obliquely references it in his briefing and it
is worth briefly addressing.51

45     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 9.
46     Id. at 8.
47     Id. at 9-10.
48     Id. at 10.
49     Id. at 11-14.
50     Comp. Br. at 20.
51     See, e.g., id. at 14 (noting that during the pre-termination hearing “Ingrodi again
provided CSX with the doctor’s note from his emergency room visit that he had previously
faxed to CSX.”) (emphasis added).
                                           11



       When Complainant marked off sick on April 14, 2018, he did not provide
Respondent with any information about the nature or severity of his illness.52
The release form Complainant faxed on April 16, 2018, was similarly bereft of
detail. It stated only that Complainant “was seen in [the] emergency room on
4/14/18” with the reason given as “illness.”53 The form did not specify any of
Complainant’s symptoms, nor did it state the nature or severity of his illness. It did
not mention that he was experiencing (or had recently experienced) vomiting, did
not mention that he was experiencing (or had recently experienced) diarrhea, and
did not say anything about his physical condition. In short, it provided Respondent
with absolutely no meaningful information about Complainant’s illness. In this
regard, the facts are very similar to those in Winch v. CSX Transportation, Inc.,
a previous case dealing with a (b)(1)(B) refusal in which personal illness was the
hazardous condition the employee was confronted by.54

      In Winch, we concluded that an employee who called in to say that he was ill
and needed to be marked off as sick but did not provide any further information,
did not satisfy the notification requirement of Section 20109(b)(1)(A).55 As we put it
then:
              [Winch] stated that the only information he reported on
              January 19, 2012, was his name, identification number,
              and his request that he be marked off as sick. This limited
              information raises the question as to whether Winch
              reported a “hazardous . . . condition” under section
              20109(b)(1)(A). Even the most liberal reading of section
              20109(b)(1)(A) requires that some information be reported
              pointing to the “hazardous condition” at the railroad. As a
              matter of law, the extremely limited information Winch
              reported falls short of “reporting . . . a hazardous . . .
              condition.”[56]



52    ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 4.
53    Nicholas Ingrodi Deposition; Deposition Exhibit 2.
54    Winch v. CSX Transp., Inc., ARB No. 2015-0020, ALJ No. 2013-FRS-00014
(ARB July 19, 2016).
55    Winch, ARB No. 2015-0020, slip op. at 8.
56    Id.
                                             12


       Complainant attempts to distinguish his actions from those of Winch by
arguing that he “provided notice as soon as practical by providing his paperwork
from the ER to CSX.”57 This attempt fails because the paperwork he provided did
not contain any detail whatsoever about the nature or severity of his illness.
We have not held, nor does either party argue, that every possible illness or ailment
constitutes a hazardous condition. It necessarily follows that alerting the railroad
that you are being treated for an illness—without providing any additional
information—is insufficient to satisfy section 20109(b)(2)(C)’s notification
requirement.58

     ii. Notification on June 27, 2018

       The ALJ also rejected Complainant’s arguments that the information he
provided during the pre-termination hearing on June 27, 2018, satisfied (b)(2)(C)’s
notification requirement. The ALJ found that Complainant’s statements at the
hearing were not descriptive enough to “allow the Respondent to consider the extent
of Complainant’s illness and symptoms,”59 and that the “where possible” phrasing
in (b)(2)(C) requires that notification be made “with some sense of urgency, but a
sense of urgency lesser than ‘as soon as possible’ or ‘immediately.’”60

      On appeal, Complainant argues that the “FRSA does not require an employee
to urgently report the hazardous condition for the refusal to be protected” and that
“[w]hen the railroad safety issue cannot be remedied with notice, no such urgency is
required.”61 This argument disregards the text of Section 20109(b)(2)(C) and cannot
be squared with our precedent.

     As an initial matter, we note that Section 20109(b)(2)(C) requires the
employee to notify the carrier not only of “the existence of the hazardous condition,”

57     Comp. Br. at 20.
58      The exception to this general rule is when the illness is so severe or of a type that
would make notification impossible. Under such circumstances—which the ALJ did not find
in this case—notification would not be required before refusal because Section
20109(b)(2)(C) only requires an employee to notify the railroad carrier “where possible.”
This is a fact-based inquiry and the ALJ’s conclusion that it was possible for Ingrodi to
notify CSX is supported by substantial evidence in the record.
59     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 12.
60     Id. at 13.
61     Comp. Br. at 16, 18.
                                             13


but also the employee’s “intention not to perform further work.”62 This construction
plainly contemplates that the notification will be provided at the time of or
immediately prior to the protected refusal, otherwise the employee would no longer
have an intention not to perform further work. Even though we have recognized
that the FRSA’s refusal provisions are broad—understandably so given the
important safety objectives they seek to advance—we cannot stretch the protections
of those provisions to such a degree as to render the notification requirement a
nullity.63 This aligns with Congress’s objective to balance the protection with the
employer’s business concerns. The FRSA’s additional requirements for refusal
provisions, including the notification provision, exist because “Congress weighed the
higher cost of an employee’s refusal to work—which results in staffing issues and
disruption of the work day—against the benefit of such refusal, ultimately deciding
to provide anti-retaliation protection only in limited, serious, and time-sensitive
circumstances.”64 Thus, Congress emphasized promptly notifying the employer of
the hazardous safety condition to allow the employer to quickly address hazardous
safety concerns to make adjustments to preclude the loss of work.

       We need not and do not decide how delayed an after-the-fact notification can
be while still satisfying the requirement of (b)(2)(C). Whether an employee has
satisfied (b)(2)(C)’s notification requirement is fact-intensive and dependent on the
specific hazardous condition that prompts the employee’s refusal.65 In the instant
case it is enough to say that Complainant’s purported notification at his pre-
termination hearing—held more than two months after his refusal to work—was
insufficient. In his briefing, Complainant argues that notification prior to the pre-
termination hearing was not required because “this is not a case in which the time
at which CSX was notified of the hazardous condition affected railroad safety[.]”66
This argument is unsupported by the text of the statute which conditions the


62     49 U.S.C. § 20109(b)(2)(C).
63    See Cieslicki, ARB No. 2019-0065, slip op. at 6-7 (recognizing that the Act’s
hazardous conditions language is broad).
64     Monohon v. BNSF Ry. Co., 17 F.4th 773, 782 (8th Cir. 2021); see also Fresquez v.
BNSF Ry. Co., 52 F.4th 1280, 1304 (10th Cir. 2022) (recognizing the higher standard
Congress imposed on railroad employees seeking protection for refusing work due to
hazardous conditions under (b)(1)(C) than refusing work under (a)(2) due to violations of
federal law).
65     Winch v. Dir., OWCP, U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 725 F. App’x 768, 771 (11th Cir. 2018)
(recognizing that this issue is fact specific).
66     Comp. Br. at 15.
                                              14


notification requirement on whether or not notification is possible, not whether
notification would permit the carrier to remedy the hazardous condition.67

       Complainant’s final argument—that it was not possible to notify Respondent
of the hazardous condition—is unpersuasive. Accepting as true Complainant’s
assertion that employees who call to mark off as ill speak to an operator and are
only able to provide their names and identification numbers (and that an employee
marking off using the CrewLife App is similarly restricted in what information they
can provide), Complainant has not explained why it was not possible for him to
provide notification via fax, which is the method he used to provide his
“School/Work Release” form to Respondent, or for him to contact a manager through
any other method. It may very well be the case that CSX’s policy does not require an
employee who is ill to call a supervisor, but the notification requirement of Section
20109(b)(2)(C) is separate from and independent of an employer’s attendance
policies.68 It is the statute’s requirements which Complainant’s actions are
measured against and it is the statute’s requirements against which Complainant’s
actions fall short.

       A crew attendance app or hotline that is not configured to accept certain
information is a far cry from the scenarios where the Board has found that notice
was not possible under the circumstances. Take for instance Laidler v. Grand
Trunk Western Railroad, a case both parties cite. In Laidler, the Board affirmed an
ALJ’s finding that because there was an oncoming train only 500-1000 feet away
and approaching in dark and foggy conditions, it was not possible for the employee
to notify the carrier of the hazardous condition and his intention not to perform a
roll-by inspection.69 Further, the complainant in Laidler notified the trainmaster
the very next day that he did not perform the inspection due to hazardous
conditions. Complainant’s claim in this case that immediate notification is not
required “where such notification would be futile” misstates the Board’s holding in

67     One federal court has accepted the argument Complainant makes, holding that
“a reasonable jury could find [(b)(2)(C)] inapplicable because it was not possible for the
hazardous condition—the threat of Plaintiff working on the railroad while intoxicated—to
be corrected immediately.” See Kurec v. CSX Transp., Inc., 2020 WL 6484056, at *13
(N.D.N.Y. Nov. 4, 2020) (cleaned up).
68     Comp. Br. at 9 (“But there is no CSX policy requiring an employee in Ingrodi’s
position to call a supervisor.”).
69      Laidler v. Grand Trunk W. R.R. Co., ARB No. 2021-0013, ALJ No. 2014-FRS-00099,
slip op. at 6 (ARB Aug. 31, 2021) (“[S]ubstantial evidence supports that it was not possible
for Complainant to notify the railroad carrier of the existence of the hazardous condition.”).
                                             15


Laidler.70 Because the ALJ’s conclusion that Complainant did not engage in
protected activity under Section 20109(b)(1)(B) correctly applied the law and our
precedent, and is supported by substantial evidence, we affirm.

3. Respondent’s Affirmative Defense

       After determining that Complainant did not engage in protected activity,
the ALJ proceeded to analyze Respondent’s affirmative defense. Under the FRSA,
a respondent may avoid liability if it demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence
that it would have taken the same adverse action even in the absence of any
protected activity.71 Under Board precedent, it is not enough for an employer to
show that it could have taken the same adverse action; it must show that it would
have done so even in the absence of protected activity.72 By its very nature, the
affirmative defense assumes that “contributing factor” has been found but continues
the analysis by comparing the employer’s retaliatory reasons with its non-
retaliatory reasons and asks the fact-finder to make a finding in a counterfactual or
hypothetical situation and evaluate the evidence supporting the employer’s
disciplinary decision as if the protected conduct had not occurred. This is important
to note in those cases where the protected activity was an initiating event to the
adverse action as we have here. The employer is not precluded from an affirmative
defense simply because protected activity was an initiating event or has been found
to be a contributing factor to the adverse action.73



70     Comp. Br. at 16 (“Lack of immediate notification does not doom a Section 20109(b)
claim, particularly where such notification would be futile.”).
71     29 C.F.R. § 1982.109(b).
72      See, e.g., Palmer v. Canadian Nat’l Ry., ARB No. 2016-0035, ALJ No. 2014-FRS-
000154, slip op. at 57 (ARB Sept. 30, 2016, reissued with full dissent Jan. 4, 2017) (citing
Speegle v. Stone & Webster Constr., Inc., ARB No. 2013-0074, ALJ No. 2005-ERA-00006,
slip op. at 11 (ARB Apr. 25, 2014)). For example, the Board has recognized that an
employer cannot carry its burden by showing that it might have taken the same adverse
action against an employee. Douglas v. Skywest Airlines, Inc., ARB Nos. 2008-0070, -0074,
ALJ No. 2006-AIR-00014, slip op. at 17 n.108 (ARB Sept. 30, 2009).
73      Yowell v. Fort Worth & W. R.R., ARB No. 2019-0039, ALJ No. 2018-FRS-00009
(ARB Feb. 5, 2020), aff’d sub nom., 933 F.3d 418 (5th Cir. 2021) (finding the ALJ erred in
concluding that Respondent could not meet its affirmative defense as a matter of law
because, depending on the facts of individual cases, an employer may be able to prove that
it disciplined an employee for an untimely report notwithstanding that the report was also
protected activity); Clem v. Comput. Scis. Corp., ARB No. 2016-0096, ALJ No. 2015-ERA-
00003, -00004, slip op. at 15-16 (ARB Sept. 17, 2019) (concluding the ALJ erred in his same-
                                             16



       An employer can satisfy its affirmative defense by circumstantial evidence
including the temporal proximity between the adverse action and the violation of
workplace policies. An employer may also show a track record of consistent
discipline of similar violations by other employees who did not engage in protected
activity. In his analysis, the ALJ noted that a Labor Relations Specialist working
for Respondent credibly explained that in every case she handled dealing with an
employee who had reached the point limit while on the final stage of the attendance
policy’s progressive discipline program, the Labor Relations department
recommended dismissal.74 Similarly, another Labor Relations Specialist stated that
every such case that went to hearing in 2017 and 2018 resulted in termination.75
The ALJ also found that Respondent’s attendance policy was uniformly applied.76
Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that “Respondent has established by clear and
convincing evidence that in this case it would have taken the same unfavorable
personnel action in the absence of Complainant’s assumed protected activity.”77

      On appeal, Complainant argues that the ALJ erred and should have focused
his analysis on whether Respondent would have terminated Complainant had he
not marked off from work at all, not whether Respondent would have taken the
same action had Complainant not engaged in protected activity. Respondent, on the
other hand, argues that the ALJ correctly applied the law and the Board’s
precedent, including our decision in Yowell v. Fort Worth & Western Railroad.78
We agree with Respondent and conclude that under the facts in this case, the ALJ’s
affirmative defense findings are supported by substantial evidence. In Yowell, the
Board held that the employer fired the employee for untimely reporting in violation
of workplace policies. In this case, the Respondent fired Complainant for violating
attendance policies. That a portion of the attendance violation could have involved




action defense findings by double crediting “contributing factor” to conclude that employer
could not meet its same-action defense because protected activity was a contributing factor).
74     ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 15-16.
75     Id. at 16.
76     Id.
77     Id.
78     Yowell, ARB No. 2019-0039. In Yowell, the Board found that a rail carrier proved its
affirmative defense by showing that it would have terminated the complainant for late
reporting in the absence of his protected activity. Supra note 73.
                                         17


protected activity does not preclude Respondent from demonstrating its affirmative
defense.

        Further, the ALJ discussed Respondent’s comparator evidence supporting
uniform application of the policies to employees.79 The ALJ observed that
Complainant does not challenge Respondent’s position that it uniformly applied the
policy.

                                    CONCLUSION

      The ALJ’s findings that Complainant failed to establish that he engaged in
protected activity under either Section 20109(a)(2) or (b)(1)(B) of the FRSA and that
Respondent proved its affirmative defense are supported by substantial evidence
and legally sound. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the ALJ’s decision and DISMISS the
case.

      SO ORDERED.




                                THOMAS H. BURRELL
                                Administrative Appeals Judge




                                PHILIP G. KIKO
                                Administrative Appeals Judge




79    ALJ D. & O. on Remand at 15-16.