Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc.

Plain-English summary

Armstrong Steel Erectors was constructing a bridge when an ironworker died after falling about 90 feet. The company required 100 percent tie-off but provided only one lanyard per worker and left gaps in its lifeline system, so workers could not remain tied off while moving through several areas. The Commission held that holding a lifeline while repositioning a lanyard was not adequate fall protection and rejected the employee-misconduct defense because the company's system and enforcement did not support its stated rule. A prior final order involved substantially similar missing-lifeline hazards, so the fall-protection violation was repeated. The Commission also affirmed a serious violation because Armstrong did not designate a replacement competent person to conduct regular site inspections after its superintendent left. The two affirmed items carried penalties totaling $33,000.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.20(b)(2), 1926.21(b)(2), and 1926.105(a).
• Outcome: Repeated fall-protection violation and serious competent-person violation affirmed; $33,000 total penalty assessed.
• Key point: A nominal 100 percent tie-off rule was insufficient when the employer did not provide the two lanyards and continuous lifelines needed to follow it.

Full text (OSHRC public release)

Docket No. 97-0250, Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc.

:
SECRETARY OF LABOR, :
:
Complainant, :
:
v. : OSHRC Docket No. 97-0250
:
ARMSTRONG STEEL ERECTORS, INC., :
:
Respondent. :
_____:

DECISION

Before: WEISBERG, Chairman; and ROGERS, Commissioner.

BY THE COMMISSION:

On October 8, 1996, a journeyman ironworker died after falling approximately 90 feet from the upper level of a steel truss-type bridge that his employer, Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc., was constructing across the Kanawha River at Chelyan, West Virginia. Following an inspection by a compliance officer of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA"), Armstrong received a repeated citation and a serious citation alleging that it violated the Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678, by failing to use adequate fall protection and by failing to designate a competent person to conduct project safety inspections. Commission Judge John H. Frye, III affirmed the two citation items. We affirm his decision.

I. Fall Protection

A. Facts

The cited standard, 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a),[1] requires fall protection if a workplace is "more than 25 feet above [the] ground or water surface." Armstrong attempted to meet this requirement by providing each of its ironworkers with a safety harness (i.e., a safety belt) and one lanyard, and by instructing him or her to tie off "100 percent" of the time. Despite this instruction, the record shows that two lanyards were needed to tie-off "100 percent" of the time and that Armstrong's ironworkers did not always tie off even when they could.

There were not enough lifelines for the ironworkers to tie off 100 percent of the time as they were moving from place to place on the bridge. For example, some of the "chicken ladders" going between the bridge's lower and upper levels did not have lifelines. There also were no lifelines running the length of certain beams -- the "lateral braces" and the "stringers." Although workers could tie off to these beams with a certain device that Armstrong provided, a "choker" (a steel-wire cable that looped around the beam), the judge found that the ironworkers "were unable to stay tied off 100 [percent] of the time with a choker while working [i.e., walking] on the stringers because it was necessary to remove the choker from the stringer in order to pass the diaphragms [i.e., short cross-braces] that connected the stringers to each other." The same was true on the lateral braces whenever the ironworkers needed to cross a "star point" i.e., the place where four lateral braces came together like spokes at the axle of a wheel. An additional problem was that some ironworkers did not use chokers (and thus were not tied off) because the choker snagged and held them back.

In addition to this absence of lifelines, there were deficiencies in the lifelines that Armstrong had installed. One deficiency was that some of the "stanchions" -- posts -- that Armstrong used to support its lifelines were not designed to allow an ironworker walking past to keep his or her lanyard tied onto the lifeline. There also were 3-foot gaps between the lifelines in a number of locations on the bridge. The ironworkers needed to untie and retie at these 3-foot gaps, just as they needed to do at the poorly designed stanchions. During this procedure, they were exposed to risks of falling. If Armstrong had supplied the ironworkers with two lanyards each, they could have remained tied off to one stretch of lifeline while tying onto the next stretch.

After the fatality, Armstrong gave all the ironworkers two lanyards. Armstrong also installed lifelines on the beams that lacked them (the stringers and lateral braces) and made sure there were lifelines on all chicken ladders. As a result, the ironworkers were able to stay tied off 100 percent of the time.

B. Discussion

In general, to establish a violation of a standard, the Secretary must establish its applicability, the employer's noncompliance with it, employee access to the noncomplying condition, and the employer's knowledge of the violation. E.g., Rockwell Int'l Corp. , 17 BNA OSHC 1801, 1806, 1995-97 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,150, p. 43,535 (No. 93-228, 1996). Armstrong agrees that § 1926.105(a) applies and essentially admits that its fall protection system was deficient in the manner alleged. It is also clear Armstrong knew of the deficiencies.[2]

To establish a violation of § 1926.105(a) for failing to require a listed fall protection device other than a safety net, the Secretary must also show that the device was practical in the cited employer's circumstances. Century Steel Erectors, Inc., v. Secretary , 888 F.2d 1399, 1402, 1405 (D.C. Cir. 1989).[3] Practicality is determined based on evidence showing where and how the specific fall protection device could have been used, and may be rebutted by evidence that it was impractical, in light of industry custom and practice. Falcon Steel Co. , 16 BNA OSHC 1179, 1189-90, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,059, pp. 41,338-39 (No. 89-2883, 1993).

Here, the Secretary has met her burden. Armstrong does not dispute that providing two lanyards per ironworker and installing a complete system of lifelines was practical; indeed, Armstrong accomplished these things after the fatality. Cf. Andrew Catapano Enterp. , 17 BNA OSHC 1776, 1785, 1995-97 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,180, p. 43,612 (No. 90-50, 1996) (employer's abatement efforts demonstrates technological feasibility). Nor does Armstrong argue that its industry viewed these measures as impractical. Indeed, the only evidence pertinent to industry practice in the record was the ironworkers' testimony that their union trained them to use two lanyards to ensure 100 percent protection.

In its defense, Armstrong contends that it complied with the cited regulation by providing adequate fall protection for a "substantial portion of the workday," and that a single lanyard system is permissible where employees can hold on to a lifeline while repositioning their lanyards. We do not agree. First, as the court in American Bridge/Lashcon v. Secretary , 70 F.3d 131, 134 (D.C. Cir. 1995), makes clear, the issue of whether employees were protected for a substantial portion of the workday is only relevant where the employees are temporarily unable to tie-off because of "unexpected or unusual circumstances" and the Secretary claims that the employer should have used alternative fall protection in addition to the safety belts. See also Falcon , 16 BNA OSHC at 1191-92, 1993-95 CCH OSHD at pp. 41,340-41. Those circumstances clearly were not present here. Armstrong's post-fatality abatement establishes that safety belts were practical for 100 percent of the workday. See also Interstate Erectors, Inc. , 74 F.3d 223, 227 (10th Cir. 1996)(the "substantial portion of the workday" test "does not provide a shield to an employer who fails to use fall protection devices when such devices are, in fact, practical, even if employees are protected most of the day").

We also reject Armstrong's contention that a single-lanyard fall protection system is adequate where employees can hold onto a lifeline while repositioning their lanyards. As the Commission stated in American Bridge/Lashcon , 16 BNA OSHC 1867, 1868-69, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,484, pp. 42,105-06 (No. 91-633, 1994) (quoting Brock v. L.R. Willson & Sons , 773 F.2d 1377, 1384 (D.C. Cir. 1985)), aff'd, 70 F.3d 131 (D.C. Cir. 1995), § 1926.105(a) is not "satisfied simply by the use of one of the devices listed in that section without regard to whether such use provides adequate fall protection to the employees." In affirming the Commission decision, the D.C. Circuit noted that a cable provides no protection to "a worker who tripped or was hit by a falling object and was unable to grab the cable." 70 F.3d at 135. Therefore, a lifeline cannot be considered adequate fall protection if the employee is not tied off to it. Holding on is not adequate fall protection.

Armstrong's final defense is the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct. To establish this defense, an employer must prove: (1) that it has established work rules designed to prevent the violation, (2) that it has adequately communicated these rules to its employees, (3) that it has taken steps to discover violations, and (4) that it has effectively enforced the rules when violations are discovered. E.g., Precast Services, Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1454, 1455, 1995 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,910, p. 43,034 (No. 93-2971, 1995), aff'd without published opinion , 106 F.3d 401 (6th Cir. 1997).

We find that Armstrong has failed to make out this defense. Armstrong argues that it effectively communicated and enforced its safety rule requiring its ironworkers to tie off 100 percent of the time, but the evidence shows that Armstrong did not instruct employees to use the two lanyards they would need to comply with this rule. Nor did it distribute two lanyards to each employee.[4] The record also shows that Armstrong's supervisors knew the ironworkers could not tie off 100 percent of the time because they did not have two lanyards or enough lifelines. There is also evidence that Armstrong's supervisors themselves violated the rule requiring 100 per cent protection. Particularly significant in this regard is a photographic exhibit depicting a number of Armstrong employees, including a supervisor, at the top of the bridge, without fall protection. We therefore reject Armstrong's unpreventable employee misconduct defense and affirm the violation.

C. Repeated Classification

A violation is repeated under section 17(a) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 661(a), if, at the time it occurred, there was a final order for a substantially similar violation. Potlatch Corp. , 7 BNA OSHC 1061, 1063, 1979 CCH OSHD ¶ 23,294, p. 28,171 (No. 16183, 1979). The Secretary may establish a prima facie case of substantial similarity by showing that the prior and present violations are for failure to comply with the same standard. Id. This prima facie showing of substantial similarity may be rebutted by evidence of disparate conditions and hazards associated with these violations of the same standard. Id.

Judge Frye affirmed the Secretary's repeated classification here on the basis of a prior final order affirming a serious violation of § 1926.105(a) in late 1993 at a project in Ohio. Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1023, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,609 (No. 93-2691, 1994) (judge's decision), aff'd per curiam without published opinion , 72 F.3d 919 (D.C. Cir. 1996). In that case, Armstrong's employees were walking and working at heights above 25 feet without tied-off safety belts. Judge Frye found that the Ohio project involved hazards and conditions substantially similar to those involved here, on Armstrong's West Virginia project, because both projects involved Armstrong's failure to provide lifelines to which employees could tie off while moving around.

Armstrong's contentions that the violative conditions on the Ohio project were substantially different from those on the West Virginia project, and that the hazards at the two projects were "not the same" are unavailing. The violative condition on both projects consisted of missing lifelines -- the Ohio project entirely lacked lifelines, while the West Virginia project lacked lifelines on some chicken ladders and some beams. In any event, the substantial similarity of a hazard turns on the nature of the hazard. See Stone Container Corp. , 14 BNA OSHC 1757, 1762, 1987-90 CCH OSHD ¶ 29,064, p. 38,819 (No. 88-310, 1990). Armstrong's characterization of the hazard on the Ohio project --"falling off while walking along a beam" -- applies equally to the West Virginia project. Moreover, the fall hazards on both Armstrong projects exposed employees to the risk of falling more than 25 feet. We therefore find that the two violations were substantially similar, and we affirm the Secretary's classification of the violation here as repeated.

D. Penalty

The Secretary proposed and Judge Frye assessed a penalty of $30,000. The compliance officer testified that the gravity of the violation was high. He did not give Armstrong any credit for good faith, nor did he consider that Armstrong deserved a penalty reduction in view of its history of prior violations. However, he gave Armstrong credit as a small employer (50-75 employees).

Armstrong argues on review that it deserves credit for good faith here because, after the prior citation (relating to the Ohio project), it began installing lifelines for ironworkers to tie off to as they walked around on the beams. In general, prior efforts to comply can be relevant to the penalty assessment for a repeated violation. See Potlatch, 7 BNA OSHC at 1064. However, here, Armstrong knowingly failed to provide sufficient lanyards and to install a complete system of lifelines needed for adequate fall protection. We therefore find that Armstrong did not demonstrate sufficient good faith to warrant a reduction in the penalty amount.

Armstrong also argues that the gravity of this fall protection violation was not high because ironworkers were exposed to falling for only brief, three-second intervals as they untied and retied their lanyards to lifelines. We disagree, however, because of the ladders and beams that lacked lifelines altogether. We therefore affirm the judge's assessment of $30,000.

II. Frequent and Regular Inspections by a Competent Person

A. Facts

The cited standard, 29 C.F.R. § 1926.20(b)(2),[5] requires "frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by competent persons designated by the employers." Here, the record shows that until September 23, 1996, approximately two weeks before the fatality occurred, Armstrong's designated competent person for this project was Charles Blake, its project superintendent. He made daily project safety inspections. However, when he left to move to another project, Armstrong did not formally designate anyone to succeed him as the competent person for the project. Blake testified that prior to his departure he spoke with foreman John Perrine and asked him whether he felt "qualified to take the job over." Blake also testified that he believed Perrine "had a lot of experience," "knew the policies," and knew how to "work safely." There is no evidence, however, that Blake told Perrine that he was being designated as the project's competent person or that he should make daily project safety inspections.

The fact that Perrine was not formally designated as Armstrong's competent person is confirmed by Perrine's testimony and by his statements to the compliance officer during the inspection. Perrine told the compliance officer that he was not the designated competent person required to make the daily project safety inspections. He testified that he was "never really designated as the job safety person." He also testified that, after Blake left, no one was designated to be in charge of safety -- "[n]ot designated as such as a safety person." In addition, Perrine testified that Blake did not instruct him to conduct formal, daily project safety inspections. According to Perrine, he only had "a general understanding of what [he] would have to do" as the person in charge of the project, i.e., "mostly taking care of the time and the hours, overseeing safety meetings and keeping an eye on the general safety on the job."[6]

The record also indicates that Perrine did not assume all of Blake's duties after Blake's departure. In particular, the compliance officer testified that Perrine told him during the inspection that, after taking over from Blake, he was not actually conducting daily safety inspections. Of course, as raising gang foreman, Perrine had been inspecting his gang's work all along, which he continued after Blake's departure. Perrine testified, however, that he usually stayed on the barge deck or on the ground; he did not generally go up on the bridge truss.[7]

The general contractor, C.J. Mahan Construction Company, had its own designated competent person, Gary Phillips, its project superintendent. He made daily site inspections and observed that Armstrong was relying on lifelines and safety belts with lanyards. He further testified, "I would look for tie offs." However, he also testified that he "couldn't see" Armstrong's ironworkers "all the time" and "could not always see what [foreman Perrine's raising gang] was doing" because their work progressed much faster than that of foreman Hill's bolt-up crew. The compliance officer testified, "[f]rom what I understand[,] [Phillips] did not physically go up on the bridge."

B. Discussion

Armstrong contends that both its employee Perrine, and Phillips, the general contractor's project superintendent, performed the duties of a competent person. We disagree. Although Perrine may have had some of the attributes of a competent person as defined by section 1926.32(f), the judge found, and the record shows, that Perrine was not actually designated as Armstrong's competent person and did not make the frequent and regular safety inspections of the entire worksite that Blake had made and that the regulation requires.

Armstrong argues that it may, alternatively, rely on Phillips. The standard states, however, that employers must designate a competent person who has the ability to identify "existing and predictable hazards" and "the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them." Such competent persons must make "frequent and regular" inspections. The record here simply does not support a finding that Phillips had either the ability or the authority to address the hazards Armstrong's ironworkers were exposed to, or for that matter, that Armstrong had ascertained whether Phillips was a competent person[8] or that he was making frequent and regular inspections of job sites.

Nor does the record show that Armstrong had "designated" Phillips to be its competent person. The contract between Mahan and Armstrong states that Armstrong is responsible for complying with federal safety requirements and shall have a "competent representative at the Project at all times it has employees present . . . ." In apparent compliance with this contract, Armstrong designated Blake to be its competent person, who carried out his responsibilities by making daily safety inspections until he moved to a different project. The record, therefore, establishes that Armstrong had its own competent person and did not rely on Mahan. Moreover, nothing in the record indicates that Blake asked Phillips to assume his inspection duties when he left or that Phillips assumed them.

The need for each employer to designate a competent person is underscored by the facts of this case. Before he left the worksite, Blake made overtures to Perrine about assuming certain safety responsibilities on the site, but Perrine did not consider that he had been designated a competent person, nor did he carry out regular and frequent inspections after Blake left. Similarly, neither Mahan nor Armstrong ever indicated to Phillips, Mahan's designated competent person, that he was to assume Blake's responsibilities and, apparently, he did not do so. Clearly this falls short of the requirements of the standard and, accordingly, we affirm the judge's decision.

C. Classification and Penalty

Judge Frye upheld the Secretary's serious classification for this violation and assessed the proposed penalty of $3,000. Armstrong does not take issue with this classification and penalty. Therefore, we affirm the judge's assessment.

Order

We affirm the judge's decision finding that Armstrong violated section 1926.105(a) and we assess a penalty of $30,000. We affirm the judge's decision finding that Armstrong violated section 1926.20(b)(2) and we assess a penalty of $3,000.

\s\

Stuart E. Weisberg

Chairman

\s\

Thomasina V. Rogers
Commissioner

Date: February 12, 1999

:
SECRETARY OF LABOR, :
:
Complainant, :
:
v. : OSHRC Docket No. 97-0250
:
ARMSTRONG STEEL ERECTORS, INC., :
:
Respondent. :
_____:

Appearances

For Complainant: For Respondent:

J. Davitt McAteer, Esq. Roger L. Sabo, Esq.
Acting Solicitor Corey V. Crognale, Esq.
Schottenstein, Zox & Dunn
Deborah Pierce-Shields, Esq. Columbus, OH
Regional Solicitor

Richard T. Buchanan, Esq.
Attorney
U.S. Department of Labor
Philadelphia, PA

Before JOHN H FRYE, III, Judge

DECISION AND ORDER

I. Findings of Fact

Background

Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc. ("Armstrong") is a corporation
engaged in steel erection and bridge construction. (Answer, ¶ 2; Tr.
475.) At all relevant times, Armstrong was the steel erection
subcontractor for the construction of a truss type bridge that spanned
the Kanawha River in Chelyan, West Virginia. (Answer, ¶ 2; Tr. 16,
380-81; GX 3, pp. 1-3.) Following the accidental death of an Armstrong employee on October 8, the
Secretary inspected this construction site from October 9 to November
14, 1996. As a result of this inspection, OSHA issued two Citations and
a Notification of Penalty to Armstrong on January 13, 1997.
(Complaint, Ex. A; Answer, ¶ 7.) At the time of inspection, Armstrong
had between fifty and seventy-five employees.[9] (Tr. 213.) It utilized
tools, equipment, materials, goods and supplies which originated in
whole or in part from locations outside the State of West Virginia.
(Answer, ¶ 5.)

The Work performed by Armstrong

Armstrong was charged with constructing the truss portion of
the bridge. This consisted of an upper level and a lower level. The
lower level, often referred to as the "bridge deck," consisted of
certain beams, known as "stringers," designed to support the road deck
(Tr. 514; GX 2, p.2) Walkways known as catwalks ran lengthwise along
the bridge. (Tr. 26, 145; GX 2, p. 2.)

The upper level of the truss was approximately forty feet above
the lower level. (Tr. 145.) The upper level consisted of box beams
running lengthwise along the outside, known as chords. (Tr. 17; GX 2,
pp. 1, 3.) The top chords were approximately three feet wide. (Tr.
143.) Box beams, approximately fourteen inches wide, ran diagonally on
the top level, connecting the top chords. (Tr. 17-18, 143; GX 2, p. 1,
3.) These were called top lateral braces. (Tr. 17.) Wind braces
connected the top chords on the top level at each end of the truss
portion of the bridge. (Tr. 137; GX 2, pp. 1, 5.)

Diagonal box beams connected the top chords to the bottom
chords. (Tr. 19; GX 2, pp. 1, 2, 5.) On some of these diagonals,
ladders known as chicken ladders had been installed that enabled
employees to move from one level to the other. (Tr. 19; GX 2, p. 5.)

In constructing the truss span at the work site, Armstrong's
employees regularly worked at heights well in excess of twenty-five
feet above the ground or river below. (Tr. 68, 86, 112, 145, 238.)

Armstrong's Fall Protection Equipment and Practices at the Site

Armstrong had in place at the work site a fall protection system
consisting of static lines supported and guided by stanchions that were
installed on certain structural members of the bridge, retractable
lines installed on certain chicken ladders, and 3/8" chokers, or wire
cables with loops in both ends.[10] (Tr. 25, 28-29, 43, 226, 274.) There
were no safety nets in use at the work site. (Tr. 23, 90, 135, 164.)
Armstrong gave employees a full body harness and one safety lanyard
when they began work at the site. (Tr. 22-23, 134, 163, 535.) The
lanyards were six feet in length. (Tr. 80.)

Armstrong's stated policy required employees to be tied off 100% of
the time while working on the bridge. (Tr. 53, 65, 134, 152, 412,
446.) However, there were several locations on the bridge where
employees were unable to stay tied off. These locations included the
stringers[11] and the following places where employees were required to
unhook their lanyards from one anchorage and reattach them to another:
the static lines (Tr. 92-93, 139, 192, 194; GX 2, pp. 4, 6); between
the catwalk and the bottom chord (Tr. 27-28); between the top chords
and the wind braces (Tr. 139; GX 2, p. 5); and between the chicken
ladders and the top chords (Tr. 140-41.) Mr. Perrine was aware that the
ironworkers at the site could not maintain 100% fall protection using
only one lanyard. (Tr. 201, 535.)

In addition, Mr. Perrine instructed Mr. Dunlap to coon[12] the
stringers, approximately fifty feet in the air, without tying off, and
Tara Savilla observed employees bolting up on the top laterals not
using chokers prior to October 8, 1996. (Tr. 113.) Similarly, Mr.
Duff often observed ironworkers walking and working on the top laterals
without any fall protection. (Tr. 166-67.)

On September 10, 1996, the two spans of the bridge that were being
built towards each other from either side of the river were connected.
This is referred to as "topping out," and is an event of some
importance. Foreman John Perrine and seven members of his raising gang
had their photograph taken on the top chord of the bridge that day. No
one, including Mr. Perrine, was tied off to the static line running
directly in front of them.[13] Mr. Perrine was not wearing a safety
harness or lanyard at the time. (Tr. 93-94, 107-08, 521; GX 11.) Other
photographs introduced in evidence depict ironworkers on the bridge not
using fall protection equipment. (GX 3, pp. 6, 7; GX 4; GX 6; Tr.
457-61.) On October 8, 1996, D.J. Lewis was killed when he fell from
the top level of the bridge to the ground below. (Tr. 64.)

Enforcement of Fall Protection Rules

Armstrong's written safety and health program required that a verbal
warning be given to an employee for his first violation of a safety
rule, that a written warning be given for the second violation, that a
suspension of one to five days be given for the third offense, and that
an employee be terminated upon his fourth violation of a safety rule.
Armstrong considered documenting disciplinary action to be critical.
(Tr. 541-43; GX 13, sections 4.0 - 5.0.) However, at the Chelyan site,
Armstrong gave only verbal reprimands for safety violations. No
Armstrong employee was given a written warning, suspended, or
terminated due to safety violations at the site. (Tr. 65-67, 505,
541-43.)

Armstrong's Prior History of OSHA Violations

On October 27, 1994, OSHA issued to Armstrong a Citation and
Notification of Penalty alleging a violation of section 5(a)(1) of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended, 29 U.S.C. §
654(a)(1) ("the Act"). This citation arose out of an inspection of
Armstrong's Mayfield Heights, Ohio, work site. OSHA alleged that three
Armstrong employees were exposed to a 21.5 foot fall. (GX 15.)

On April 24, 1995, the Secretary and Armstrong entered into a
stipulation whereby Armstrong agreed to pay a $2,400.00 penalty for the
violation and the Secretary agreed to amend the citation to delete the
"serious" classification and refer to it as "non-classified." No
modification was made to the factual allegations of the citation. The
stipulation was approved by Administrative Law Judge Paul L. Brady on
May 12, 1995, and became a final order of the Review Commission on June
17, 1995. (GX 16.)

On September 16, 1993, OSHA issued to Armstrong a Citation and
Notification of Penalty alleging a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.28(a),
or in the alternative, 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a). This citation arose
out of an inspection of Armstrong's Ridge Road, Ohio, work site. The
violation was classified as serious and a $2,500.00 penalty was
proposed. (GX 17.) The case was assigned OSHRC Docket No. 93-2691 and
was tried before Judge Barkley. Judge Barkley affirmed the Citation as
a violation of 1926.105(a), and affirmed the serious classification and
proposed penalty. He found, in part:

OSHA Compliance Officers (CO) approaching Armstrong's worksite
at the I-71 overpass observed and videotaped a number of Armstrong
employees on the unguarded steel girders. . . . (T)he majority of the
workers, although they had lanyards and harnesses, were not using
them. Two of those workers . . . were welding rockers from the top of
two bridge piers. A third unidentified worker laid cross bracing
between two girders. A fourth walked unprotected on the girders above
the pier where Dietz was working.

. . .

The evidence establishes that Armstrong employees were exposed
to falls from heights over 25 feet while moving on the steel to access
their work areas.

(GX 18, pp. 1-3.) Judge Barkley's decision was affirmed. See
Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor , 17 OSHC 1521,
1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 3680 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 2, 1996).

The Present Citations

Serious Citation 1, Item 1a, alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. §
1926.20(b)(2), and states:

A person capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards
in the surroundings or working conditions, such as but not limited to
appropriate provisions to maintain 100% tie off for employees working
on the bridge chords and stringers which ranged in height of 40 to 80
feet above ground level, and make frequent and regular inspections of
the job site and materials, was not designated by the employer.

(Complaint, Ex. A, p. 4.)

Armstrong did not designate any one to be its competent person at
the site after superintendent Charles Blake left the site on or about
September 23, 1996. Although John Perrine assumed additional duties
after that date, he was not designated as the job safety person for
Armstrong, he was not familiar with Armstrong's written safety program,
and he did not conduct frequent and regular inspections of the job
site. (Tr. 197, 534, 535-36, 539.) Armstrong's failure to designate a
competent person to conduct frequent and regular inspections of the
site exposed its employees to the possibility of serious injuries.
(Tr. 211-12.)

Serious Citation 1, Item 1b, alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. §
1926.21(b)(2), and states:

Employees working at the Chelyan WV bridge construction site had
not been trained regarding the company procedures to follow to maintain
100% fall protection, with the use of a full body harness while using
only one lanyard to connect to a steel cable attached to stantions
(sic) in areas where employees had to disconnect the "D" ring to pass
over the stantion (sic) connection, while connecting and bolting up
steel on the bridge chords and stringers, and the procedures and
limitations to be taken while wearing a full body harness as fall
protection.

Under the constraints posed by Armstrong's fall protection plan, it
was not possible to be tied off 100% of the time with only one lanyard.[14]
(Tr. 22-23, 134, 163, 535.)

OSHA grouped Citation 1, Items 1a and 1b because they involved
similar hazards and similar factual situations and proposed a penalty
of $3,000. (Complaint, Ex. A, p. 4; Tr. 211.) In proposing the
$3,000.00 penalty, OSHA took into consideration the gravity of the
alleged violation, Armstrong's size, good faith, and history of prior
violations. (Tr. 212-14.)

Repeat Citation 2, Item 1, alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. §
1926.105(a), and states:

In areas where adequate safety lines were not provided to
maintain the company 100% tie off, or the installation of such lines
were impractical to maintain, safety nets were not provided where
employees were performing various duties on the bridge structural steel
at heights up to 80 feet from the ground level; as evident from an
employee falling to his death from the top lateral bracing of the
bridge.

Armstrong's failure to provide adequate safety lines, safety nets,
or other practical means of fall protection on the bridge exposed its
employees to serious injuries. (Tr. 345-46.) OSHA proposed a penalty
of $30,000.00 for Citation 2, Item 1 (Complaint, Ex. A, p. 5; Tr. 211),
that was calculated by assessing a gravity based penalty of $5,000,
multiplying this by ten based on the repeat classification, and then
factoring in size, good faith, and history. (Tr. 242-43.)

II. Discussion

To establish a violation of a standard or regulation promulgated
under the Act, the Secretary must show that "(1) the standard applies
to the cited condition; (2) the employer violated the terms of the
standard; (3) its employees were exposed or had access to the violative
conditions; and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge
of the violation." Sal Masonry Contractors, Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC 1609,
1610 (No. 87-2007, 1992). See also Trumid Construction Co., Inc. , 14
BNA OSHC 1784, 1788 (No. 86- 1139, 1990).

A. Citation 1a - Designation of a Competent Person

Sections 1926.20(b)(1) and (2) state:

(1) It shall be the responsibility of the employer to initiate
and maintain such programs as may be necessary to comply with this part.

(2) Such programs shall provide for frequent and regular
inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by
competent persons designated by the employers.

Armstrong's superintendent at the Chelyan Bridge site, Charles
Blake, left the site on or about September 23, 1996. John Perrine, who
had been Armstrong's raising gang foreman up to that time, became
superintendent. There is no evidence that Armstrong designated Perrine
or anyone else as its competent person for purposes of ' 1926.20(b).
Nor is there any evidence that Armstrong caused frequent and regular
inspections to be made of the worksite. Armstrong argues that the
general contractor, C.J. Mahan Construction Co., had responsibility to
conduct such inspections, citing numerous cases. This is correct.
However, it does not relieve Armstrong of its responsibility under the
Act to comply with ' 1926.20(b) by designating a competent person to
conduct inspections on its behalf.[15]

Armstrong also asserts that this dispute centers solely on whether
Mr. Perrine was competent. (Armstrong's brief, p. 15.) There is no
substantial evidence on which to conclude that Mr. Perrine was not
competent. However, that fact does not obviate this item. Competent or
not, Mr. Perrine was not designated, nor was anyone else. Regular
inspections were not conducted by Armstrong. The Secretary has
established the violation alleged. The Act defines a serious violation
as one where "... there is a substantial probability that death or
serious physical harm could result from a condition which exists ...."
29 U.S.C. § 666(k). "In determining the seriousness of a violation, the
correct inquiry is not the likelihood of an accident, but whether, in
the event of an accident, there is substantial probability that it
would result in death or serious physical harm." Vanco Construction,
Inc., 11 BNA OSHC 1058, 1061 (No. 79-4945, 1982), aff'd, 723 F.2d 410
(5th Cir. 1984). In this case, the violations could have resulted in
serious injury or death suffered in a fall from the bridge. One could
argue that it contributed to the death of D.J. Lewis.

The proposed penalty takes into consideration the gravity and
probability of injury, and Armstrong's size, prior OSHA violation
history, and good faith. (Tr. 212-13.) It comports with section 17(j)
of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 666(j), and is affirmed.

B. Citation 1b - Training

29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2) states:

The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and
avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his
work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure
to illness or injury.

Citation 1, item 1b, alleged a failure to train employees in methods
to tie off 100% of the time with only one lanyard. It specifically
identified a failure to train on the procedures to follow when the
static line to which a lanyard is attached is anchored to a stanchion
so that the lanyard cannot pass that point without being unhooked from
the static line on one side of the stanchion and reattached on the
other. The uncontroverted evidence demonstrated that it is not possible
to remain tied off in this situation while using only one lanyard.

Item 1b also alleged a failure to instruct in the proper procedures
to follow while using a full body harness as fall protection. However,
it did not elaborate on this alleged failure. Apparently this
allegation has reference to the failure of Charles Blake to instruct
employee Tara Savilla in the proper fit of a full body harness when she
asked him whether she was wearing it properly. (Tr. 85.) However, Ms.
Savilla was trained by John Perrine. (Tr. 120.) Thus there is no basis
for this allegation.

The Secretary's argument also is based on evidence that falls
outside the scope of the allegations set forth in this item. The
Secretary points out that Armstrong's foreman, Mr. Hill, failed to
train three employees in the use of the chokers placed on the laterals.
One of these employees testified that

The choker kept catching like underneath the lateral brace
and stuff and they would hang up. It was more of a nuisance than
anything. (Tr. 31.)

Subsequently, the same employee testified that he regarded the
choker as constituting more a hazard than a help to him. (Tr. 52.)
Nonetheless, his foreman told him to use the choker. Another employee
seems to have been unaware that the chokers had been placed on the
laterals (Tr. 140, 142, 158-59), but his demeanor left room to doubt
the accuracy of his memory if in fact he understood the questions. In
addition to lying outside the scope of the allegations, this evidence
is not strong.

To the extent that this item charges Armstrong with a failure to
train its employees in a safety procedure that they could not implement
with the equipment issued to them, it must be vacated. If that
procedure was required, the Secretary must cite Armstrong for failing
to provide the equipment necessary to implement it. In this respect,
the allegations of this item are covered by Citation 2, item 1. To the
extent that this item charges Armstrong with a failure to instruct
employees in the use of a full body harness, it was not borne out by
the evidence. The evidence that Armstrong failed to train employees in
the use of the choker cables placed on the laterals is both outside the
scope of the allegations set forth in the item and weak. Accordingly,
this item is vacated.

C. Citation 2, item 1 - Fall Protection.

Section 1926.105(a) provides:

Safety nets shall be provided when workplaces are more than 25
feet above the ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use
of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines,
or safety belts is impractical.

Section 1926.105(a) applies to steel erection activities in
structures such as the Chelyan Bridge site. Section
1926.500(a)(2)(iii), part of Subpart M's fall protection standards,
clarifies that "(r)equirements relating to fall protection for
employees performing steel erection work are provided in § 1926.105 and
in subpart R of this part." The fall protection provisions under
Subpart R, "Steel Erection," found in § 1926.750(b), apply only to
skeleton steel construction in tiered buildings. Accordingly, the fall
hazards to which ironworkers at the Chelyan Bridge site were exposed
are governed by section 1926.105(a). See e.g. Armstrong Steel
Erectors, Inc. v. Reich , supra , (applying 1926.105(a) to bridge
construction); National Engineering and Contracting Co. , 16 BNA OSHC
1929 (Nos. 92-550 and 92-1551, ALJ, 1994), rev. denied, 56 F.3d 1531
(D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 378 (1995). Section 1926.105(a)
requires that all employees exposed to a fall hazard of over
twenty-five feet be protected from such falls by nets or other
practical means. Both the Review Commission and the federal courts
have upheld the principle that the standard requires no less than 100%
fall protection for all employees working at heights above twenty-five
feet, where practical. In Interstate Erectors, Inc. v. O.S.H.R.C. , 74
F.3d 223, 228 (10th Cir. 1996), the court stated:

OSHA interprets § 1926.105(a) to require the use of appropriate
safety devices 100 percent of the time that such use is practical.
OSHA therefore maintains that an employer violates § 1926.105(a) by
failing to use appropriate safety devices at any time it is practical
to do so. The ALJ determined that the Secretary's interpretation of
the standard is the only reasonable interpretation. We will not
disturb the ALJ's findings in this matter. We therefore . . . hold
that failure to provide approved fall protection devices during all
times in which the described danger of height is involved constitutes a
violation of § 1926.105(a), unless the defenses of "impossibility" or
"greater hazard" are established.

The findings of fact make clear that Armstrong failed to maintain
continuous fall protection on the bridge. It was impossible to do so
with the single lanyard that employees were issued prior to D.J. Lewis'
fall.[16] The photograph of the topping out ceremony, depicting seven
employees of the raising gang and their foreman standing atop the
bridge next to a static line without tying off, establishes beyond
doubt that continuous fall protection, even when possible, was not
rigidly enforced.[17]

Armstrong relies on American Bridge/Lashcon v. Reich , 70 F.3d 131,
134 (D.C. Cir. 1995) for the proposition that it is not necessary to
tie off for a short time during unusual circumstances. However,
American Bridge does not support Armstrong's case. American Bridge
recognized the exception stated in L.R. Willson & Sons, Inc. v. Donovan ,
685 F.2d 664, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1982) to the effect that, where the
employer required workers to be tied off during the substantial portion
of the workday, the failure to require tying off would not be
considered a violation of ' 105(a) during unusual circumstances when
high winds made it difficult to do so. American Bridge limited this
exception by holding it inapplicable to discrete and predictable tasks,
such as walking across a beam, even though employees were tied off
while performing their primary function, erecting steel. American Bridge
thus draws a distinction between unusual circumstances, such as those
caused by the windstorm in Willson, and predictable circumstances. See
also Armstrong Steel Erectors v. Secretary , supra , where the same
argument that Armstrong makes here was rejected.

There is no showing that any of the circumstances in which
Armstrong's employees were not tied off were unusual or unpredictable.
On the contrary, all these circumstances - moving about on the steel
and posing for a picture atop the bridge during the topping out
ceremony - were not only predictable, but in the case of moving about
on the steel, essential to accomplishment of the work.[18] Armstrong's
defense is rejected.[19]

Armstrong also points out in its defense that:

In Capital Electric Linebuilders of Kansas, Inc. v. Marshall ,
678 F.2d 128, 130- 131 (10th Cir. 1982), the court ruled that if an
employer had work rules that were effectively communicated and
enforced, it would be unreasonable to the require a supervisor to
always watch the experienced, knowledgeable employees to make sure they
always took the appropriate safety precautions. Here, it was
established this work was communicated to employees.

See Armstrong's brief, p.34-35. Here, it is clear that, while the
work rule may have been effectively communicated, it was not enforced.
This defense is unavailing.

D. Classification and Penalty

A violation is repeated under section 17(a) of the Act if, at the
time of the alleged repeated violation, there was a Commission final
order against the same employer for a substantially similar violation.
Potlatch Corp. , 7 BNA OSHC 1061, 1063 (No. 16183, 1979.) The Secretary
makes a rebuttable prima facie showing of a repeat violation where the
prior and present violations are for failure to comply with the same
standard. Id.

Prior to the occurrence of the present 1926.105(a)
violation, Armstrong had been cited for a violation of the same
standard at its Ridge Road, Ohio, work site. The Secretary thus has
established a prima facie case of a repeat violation.

Armstrong argues:

As to Ridge Road, the employer has demonstrated complete
dissimilarity. The concern of Judge Barkley in the second case at
Ridge Road dealt with the fact the employer could have, but failed, to
install cantilever lines. See, Opinion at 3-4; C Ex. 18). At the time
of that particular OSHA citation, employees were only tied-off at their
workstations and they were walking from place to place without the
cables.

Armstrong's brief, p.36. However, Judge Barkley found that two of
Armstrong's employees were not tied off at their work station. He
refused to consider Armstrong's defense of employee misconduct to this
violation because he also found Armstrong's failure to provide a means
of fall protection while employees moved about on the steel to be a
violation of ' 1926.105(a). So, while Armstrong may have had a defense
to the citation insofar as employee misconduct may have been the cause
of the failure to tie off at work stations, Armstrong was unequivocally
found to be in violation of the same standard at Ridge road for the
same reason: failure to provide a means to tie off while moving about
on the steel. While Armstrong may not have implemented its system of
static lines for this purpose at the time of the Ridge Road inspection,
nonetheless the violations are, at a minimum, substantially similar.[20]
This violation is properly classified as repeat. Armstrong has not
contested the amount of the proposed penalty. I have reviewed the
Compliance Officer's computation and find that it is reasonable. A
penalty of $30,000 is affirmed.

III. Conclusions of Law

Armstrong is an employer engaged in a business affecting commerce
within the meaning of section 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 652(5).

Jurisdiction of this proceeding is conferred upon the Occupational
Safety and Health Review Commission by section 10(c) of the Act, 29
U.S.C. § 659(c).

Serious Citation 1, Item 1a and 1b

Armstrong violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.20(b)(2) by failing to
designate a competent person after superintendent Charles Blake left
the site on or about September 23, 1997. Armstrong did not violated 29
C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2).

The section 1926.20(b)(2) violation was properly characterized as
serious. The proposed penalty of $3,000 conforms with the requirements
of section 17(j) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 666(j), and is affirmed.

Repeat Citation 2, Item 1

Armstrong violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a) by failing to provide
safety nets or other practical means of fall protection, including
sufficient static lines and two lanyards per employee, in areas on the
bridge over twenty-five feet in the air where employees were required
to work.

The violation of section 1926.105(a) was properly characterized as
repeat. The proposed penalty of $30,000.00 for Citation 2, Item 1
conforms with the requirements of section 17(j) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. §
666(j), and is affirmed.

III. ORDER

Citation 1a is affirmed as a serious violation of the Act. Citation
2 is affirmed as a serious repeated violation of the Act. Total civil
penalties of $33,000 are assessed.

JOHN H FRYE, III

Judge, OSHRC

Dated:

Washington, D.C.

[1] 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a) states: "Safety nets shall be provided when workplaces are more than 25 feet above ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts is impractical."

[2] The record establishes that Armstrong's supervisors knew ironworkers frequently failed to tie off. In fact, John Perrine told the OSHA compliance officer that 100 percent tie off was impossible to maintain with only one lanyard per employee and the deficient system of lifelines. Guy Hill, Armstrong's other foreman on the project, testified to the same thing.

[3] Commission precedent regarding the application of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a) derives from that of the District of Columbia Circuit, to which any employer may appeal our decisions.

[4] Armstrong's claim that the ironworkers should have taken a second lanyard from the on- site supply trailer does not eliminate the requirements to instruct and supply. "Responsibility under the Act for ensuring that employees do not put themselves into any unsafe position rests ultimately upon each employer, not the employees, and employers may not shift their responsibility onto their employees." V.I.P. Structures, Inc. , 16 BNA OSHC 1873, 1875, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,485, p. 42,110 (No. 91-1167, 1994). We therefore reject Armstrong's attempt to shift the responsibility for its own noncompliance onto its employees.

[5] 29 C.F.R. § 1926.20(b) states the following:

Accident prevention responsibilities. (1) It shall be the
responsibility of the employer to initiate and maintain such
programs as may be necessary to comply with this part.

(2) Such programs shall provide for frequent and regular
inspections of the job sites, materials, and equipment to be
made by competent persons designated by the employers.

Section 1926.32(f) defines "competent person" as follows:

Competent person means one who is capable of identifying
existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working
conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to
employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.

[6] Perrine testified and also told the compliance officer during the inspection that he was only superficially familiar with Armstrong's written safety program and almost entirely unfamiliar with the graduated-response steps and details of its disciplinary program.

[7] On review, Armstrong claims that its other foreman, "Guy Hill[,] specifically stated he would 'check the worksite every day.'" This is a misquote, however. Hill's testimony was as follows:

Q. Did you ever have any or do any inspections of your
work your site?

A. I have checked[,] yes.

Q. When did you check it?

A. The biggest part of the time every day. I walked by to
see if something is wrong.

As Judge Frye found, this testimony does not establish that Hill inspected the whole truss worksite as if he were a designated competent person. As foreman of the bolt-up crew, he needed to inspect the fall protection equipment that his crew relied on, including the lifelines and stanchions, and when he continued making these inspections after Blake left the project, he was only carrying out his regular duties as a foreman.

[8] The record contains no evidence that Phillips was familiar with Armstrong's safety program, that he knew what to look for, or even knew how adequate fall protection could be achieved.

[9] Armstrong's employees at the worksite were mostly ironworkers hired out of
a union hall, primarily Charleston Local 301. (Tr. 15-16, 63, 84-85, 132-33, 161-62,
285, 492.)

[10] The choker was to be wrapped around a structural member and the
employee's lanyard hooked to it. The choker then followed the employee as he moved
along the structural member.

[11] There were no static lines running lengthwise on the stringers. (Tr. 26,
138, 165.) Employees were unable to stay tied off 100% of the time with a choker while
working on the stringers because it was necessary to remove the choker from the
stringer in order to pass the diaphragms that connected the stringers to each other.
(Tr. 29.) Tara Savilla observed workers walking on stringers not tied off at least
once a day. The stringers were at a height of greater than twenty-five feet in the
air. (Tr. 112-13.) Norman Duff also observed employees walking and working on the
stringers, not tied off, on a regular basis. (Tr. 165.)

[12] "Cooning" apparently involves walking the bottom flange of an "I" beam
while holding on to the top flange. (Tr. 68-69.)

[13] Mark Coots testified that one of the employees in the photograph, Tara
Savilla, was tied off. Tr. 449. Tara Savilla testified that she was not tied off. Tr.

130. In light of the fact that six other employees and the foreman were not tied off,
     whether Ms. Savilla was tied off is not material.

[14] At trial, counsel for the Secretary elicited testimony from the
Compliance Officer concerning statements made to him by Armstrong employees to the
effect that these employees had not been trained. Counsel for Respondent objected to
this testimony on the ground that the identities of these employees had not been
disclosed in the discovery process and that, as a result, he was unable to meet this
testimony. He further objected that the statements were hearsay and should be
excluded. Counsel for the Secretary relied on the informer's privilege as grounds for
the failure to disclose the identities, and on Rule 801(d)(2)(D), Federal Rules of
Evidence, for the proposition that the compliance officer's testimony as to the
substance of the statements was not hearsay. Counsel for Respondent urges that the
informer's privilege must not be applied in such a way as to permit the Secretary to
withhold statements until such time as those statements are introduced through the
testimony of a third party, the compliance officer, because doing so deprives him of
any opportunity to question the maker of the statement. See Respondent's brief, pp.
22-28; Secretary's brief, p. 34, fn 3. Because the Secretary has not relied on this
testimony in her brief, it is not necessary to address Respondent's objection.

[15] While Armstrong is correct that Guy Hill, one of the two foremen on the
site, checked the work on his site on a regular basis (Tr. 422), there is no
indication that he checked the entire site as opposed to his area of responsibility or
that he had been designated as the competent person by Armstrong.

[16] Armstrong acknowledges this fact:

The compliance officer's first and primary objection was that the company
employees could not maintain one hundred percent tie-off because they would have to
clip and unclip to certain areas on the stanchions while they were walking. As shown
by the physical evidence demonstrated at the hearing, the stanchion was designed in
such a way that the cable itself could come off of the hook so that the employee could
continue walking. There were certain areas, assuredly, where the line had to be
physically tied so that the tension could be maintained (Johnson Tr. 269; Savilla Tr.
92; Perrine Tr. 515). There were also some limited areas toward the end of the bridge
where the stanchions were not complete.

Armstrong's brief, p.31.

[17] Mr. Coots testified that he tied off Tara Savilla because the latter was
nervous, while Ms. Savilla testified that she was not tied off. Mr. Coots version is
perhaps more damning in that it shows that the men standing on the chord, including
the foreman, regarded fall protection in that situation as something to be used only
if one were nervous.

[18] In reaching this conclusion, I do not address Armstrong's position that
at the time he fell, D.J. Lewis had moved to a position that he was not instructed to
occupy and where he did not need to be. Whatever the merits of that position may be,
it is clear that there were many other instances in which employees were not tied off,
the most glaring being the topping out ceremony.

[19] Armstrong also asserts that it is settled that

"An employer is not liable for failing to foresee every incident before it
occurs and to take extraordinary precautions to prevent it." Any such violations are
due to isolated employee conduct. Shell Construction Co., Inc., 4 BNA OSHC 1824,
1826, (Rev. Comm'n 1976).

See Armstrong's brief, p34. However, no extraordinary measures or unforeseeable
circumstances were involved here.

[20] This conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider the parties' arguments
concerning whether a violation of ' 5(a)(1) of the Act for failure to provide fall
protection from heights that are less than twenty-five feet is substantially similar
to the present violation.