Petrongolo Contractors, Inc.

Read the official release (oshrc.gov)

Plain-English summary

Petrongolo Contractors excavated a roughly 10-foot-deep street trench to replace a sewer manhole. OSHA cited the company for allegedly failing to classify the soil when designing timber shoring and for allowing employees to work in the trench before an adequate protective system was installed. The judge found that OSHA did not prove the soil-classification allegation because Petrongolo had treated the soil as the least stable Type C soil when selecting the shoring design. Photographs, witness testimony, and the foreman's directions established that Petrongolo employees entered the unprotected trench and that the company had actual and constructive knowledge. Two prior final violations of the same cave-in standard supported a repeat classification. The timber-shoring item was vacated, while the repeat cave-in item was affirmed with a $22,000 penalty.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.652(c)(1) and 1926.652(a)(1).
• Outcome: Serious timber-shoring item vacated; repeat cave-in protection item affirmed with a $22,000 penalty.
• Key point: Circumstantial evidence can establish employee exposure and supervisory knowledge, and prior final violations of the same cave-in standard support repeat classification.

Full text (OSHRC public release)


Petrongolo Contractors, Inc., OSHRC DOCKET No.20-0786

United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor

Washington, DC 20036-3457

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

Complainant,

v.

OSHRC D ocket No .
20 - 0786

PETRONGOLO CONTRACTORS , INC.,

Respondent .

DECISION AND ORDER

APPEARANCES:

For the Complainant:

Bertha M. Astorga, Esq.

Trial Attorney

U.S. Department of Labor

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

For the Respondent:

Michael Metz-Topodas, Esq.

Cohen, Seglias, Pallas, Greenhall, and Furman, P.C.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

BEFORE:
   William S. Coleman

Administrative Law Judge

The Respondent,
Petrongolo Contractors, Inc. (Petrongolo), is a
corporation
primarily engaged
in
the
business of
public
utility contracting, much of which
requires
creating
excavations. On
January
27,
2020,
Petrongolo
excavated
a trench in the street
in
the 4200 block of Adams Avenue
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(Adams Site)
to access a sewer owned by the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD). PWD had contracted with Petrongolo to reline
the sewer
for a length of
about six city blocks in this
vicinity. Petrongolo subcontracted with another company to do the
actual
relining
work,
but before the subcontractor did
the relining,
Petrongolo
first
had to
remove
the existing manhole to the sewer and replace
it with a larger precast manhole
so that the
subcontractor to
access the sewer to
do the relining. In preparing the
site
for the subcontractor, Petrongolo
removed the existing manhole and
dug a trench in the spot where the existing manhole had been located. The
resulting
trench was about 10-feet deep
from street level
to the top of the sewer
pipe
(where the
pipe had
a large
opening
where the
original
manhole had connected to the
pipe). The
footprint of the
trench
at street level
was about
10x6 feet.

A
cast iron
gas main
owned by
Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW)
ran parallel to the sewer, at a slightly higher elevation
than the sewer and somewhat
offset so that it was not directly above
the sewer. PGW received a report
on January 27, 2020,
that caused it to be concerned that Petrongolo’s excavation
had
compromised the structural integrity of its gas main. A PGW employee
went to the
Adams Site
and caused Petrongolo to stop work
at the site in the early evening of
January 27, 2020.

PGW
contacted
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
and reported
what it believed to be a hazardous
excavation,
and
it
sent to OSHA photographs that its employees had taken of the trench on both the evening of January 27 and
on
the morning of January 28. This information
resulted in OSHA dispatching one of its Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CO)
to
the worksite
on the
morning
on January 28, 2020, to investigate the report. The CO’s
inspection and investigation
resulted in
OSHA
issuing
to
Petrongolo two one-item Citations.

Citation 1, Item 1 alleges
a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(c)(1) for “fail[ing]
to obtain the soil type to determine the proper configuration when using timber shoring.” Citation 1 proposed a penalty of $3,393.

Citation 2, Item 1 alleges
a repeat violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1) for
“fail[ing] to ensure that each employee working inside an excavation of approximately twelve (12) feet deep
were protected by cave-in protection,”
and stating further the alleged failure was “[n]oted on or about 28 JAN 2020.” Citation 2 proposed a penalty of $29,687.

Petrongolo
timely contested the
Citations
and proposed
penalties
and thereby brought the matter before the
independent
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission) pursuant to section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (Act). 29 U.S.C. § 659(c). The Commission docketed the matter on
May 19, 2020. The Secretary
of Labor (Secretary)
thereafter filed his formal complaint
that
re-alleged
the allegations and proposed
penalties
set forth in the
Citations. The Commission’s Chief Judge assigned the matter to the undersigned
for hearing and decision. The hearing was conducted
remotely
via videoconferencing technology
on
March 10–12
& 24,
2021. Post-hearing briefing was completed on
June 25, 2021.

The principal issues for decision are as follows:

· Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Petrongolo
failed to obtain the soil type in determining the proper configuration of timber shoring that Petrongolo installed on January 28, 2020? (Citation 1, Item 1;
§ 1926.652(c)(1)).

Decision : No.

· Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Petrongolo employees were
working in a
trench
that lacked an adequate protective system
on January 28, 2020? (Citation 2, Item 1;
§ 1926.652(a)(1)).

Decision : Yes.

· Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
Petrongolo
had knowledge that its employees were
working in a trench that lacked an adequate protective system
on January 28? (Citation 2, Item 1;
§ 1926.652(a)(1)).

Decision : Yes.

· Did
Petrongolo
rebut the Secretary’s prima facie
showing
that
the
violation of § 1926.652(a)(1) was substantially similar to
Petrongolo’s
prior
violations
of the same standard
for purposes of classifying the violation as a repeat violation? (Citation 2, Item 1;
§ 1926.652(a)(1)).

Decision : No.

· What is the appropriate penalty for the repeat violation of
§ 1926.652(a)(1)?

Decision :
A penalty of $22,000
is assessed.

For the reasons set forth below,
Citation 2, Item 1 is AFFIRMED as a
REPEAT
violation
and a penalty of $22,000
is assessed. Citation 1, Item 1 is VACATED

FINDINGS OF FACT

Except where the following findings indicate that the evidence was insufficient to establish a certain fact or indicates the absence of evidence bearing on a matter of fact, the following facts were established by at least a preponderance of the evidence:

1. Petrongolo
   is a corporation
   that
   engages in public utility construction
   mainly in the metropolitan area
   of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (T.
   259-60).

Much of
Petrongolo’s
construction activities
involve
sewer reconstruction and
relining. (T. 259-60). Approximately 80% of Petrongolo’s work
involves
excavations. (T. 260).

2. The president of
   Petrongolo
   is
   Mr.
   Ron Petrongolo.

His son,
Mr.
Dan Petrongolo, is
a vice
president.   1 (T. 258-59, 493-94). Petrongolo employs other workers
serving
as
foremen, operators, laborers, and truck drivers. (T. 517).

3. Petrongolo
   is an employer and is engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(B)(2)).

The Adams Site
and Associated
Trench
Excavation

4. The Philadelphia Water Department (PWD)
   contracted with
   Petrongolo
   for a
   water main and sewer
   project that included relining
   about six city blocks of
   PWD’s
   brick sewer
   in the vicinity of
   Adams Avenue
   in Philadelphia.

(T. 523-24).

The relining
would be accomplished
by
injecting
the existing sewer pipe
with resin
that would line the inner walls of the pipe, essentially
creating a new
resin
pipe inside the existing
brick
pipe. (T. 525). The entire length of the existing sewer is not excavated to do the relining. Rather, the
relining
is
done by accessing the
sewer from a manhole
opening.

5. Petrongolo subcontracted
   with
   a
   company
   named
   North American Pipe (NA Pipe) to perform the actual
   task of
   relining. (T. 294-95, 299, 525-26, 562). But,
   because the
   existing manhole
   on the 4200 block of
   Adams
   Avenue was too narrow for NA Pipe to access the sewer to do
   its work,
   it was necessary for
   Petrongolo
   first
   to
   remove
   the existing manhole and the
   surrounding soil
   to create a trench excavation where Petrongolo would then
   install a wider precast reinforced concrete manhole,
   four feet in diameter,
   through which NA Pipe
   could then
   access the sewer. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(1); T.
   153-54,
   260-63,
   284-85,
   295-97, 524-27;
   Ex. C-2
   at
   3;
   Ex.
   J-8
   at
   20 & 22). Petrongolo was the only
   contractor
   performing
   excavation work
   on this
   trench
   excavation. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(4); T. 88-90, 649-50).

6. NA Pipe did not perform any excavation work at the Adams Site and would not begin the work of relining the sewer until after Petrongolo had completed preparations for it to begin work. (T. 564). Petrongolo had
   also
   subcontracted with a paving subcontractor and a plumber
   subcontractor, but neither of them performed excavation work. (T. 562, 564).

Events on January 27, 2020

7. On January 27, 2020, Petrongolo created a trench excavation at the location of the existing manhole down to the existing sewer by removing the existing manhole and the soil around
   it. The upper portion of the sewer
   pipe
   had an opening where the original manhole had connected to the
   pipe
   and where the new manhole would connect. (T. 260, 524-25). The trench was about 10-feet deep from street level to the top of the sewer pipe.

The trench’s footprint at street level was about 10x6 feet. The walls of the trench were vertical or near vertical. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(1)
&
(2); T. 153-54,
182-83,
230-33,
260-63,
284-85,
523-24, Ex. J-8
at
29 & 30). (The
trench and the
area
in
its
immediate vicinity
in the 4200 block of Adams Avenue are accurately
depicted in photographs
in Exhibits C-1, C-2,
and J-8.)

8. Ron Petrongolo
   was present at the Adams Site for the duration of Petrongolo’s work activity on January 27, 2020, serving as foreman of the Petrongolo crew. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(3); T. 260-61, 273-74).

9. Petrongolo had its backhoe at the Adams Site,
   and
   Ron Petrongolo operated
   it to
   remove the existing manhole and create the trench
   excavation. (T. 44, 52-53, 262-64, 296-97, 328,
   336-38; Ex. C-2 p.3).

10. The
    excavation exposed
    a
    segment of a cast iron
    gas main
    owned by PGW
    that ran parallel to the sewer at a depth slightly above
    and to the side of it. (T. 40-41, 44, 90-91, 121-22, 603-06; Ex. C-2 pp. 1 & 2). The exposed
    segment of the
    gas
    main
    had
    no soil underneath it to provide support. (T. 40-41, 91, 130-32, 604-05; Ex. C-2, pp. 1 & 2). This
    potentially
    could have
    led to
    the gas main fracturing
    and leaking
    gas. (T. 40-41, 603-06, 633-34).

11. Sometime
    after Petrongolo
    started digging the trench,
    PGW
    received a report that its gas main
    may have become exposed and its structural integrity compromised by the excavation
    activity. (T. 40-41, 90, 603-06). PGW dispatched Mr.
    Anthony Pereira,
    who was
    a
    Distribution Maintenance Supervisor
    for PGW,
    to
    investigate
    and inspect the condition of the gas main. He arrived
    at the Adams Site about 6:00 p.m.
    and remained on site until about
    12:30 a.m.

(T. 40-41,
43, 56). While there,
he took photos of the trench and the Adams Site
that are included in Exhibit C-2 and that accurately
depict
the condition of the trench
at the time he took the photos. (T. 46-53; Ex. C-2).

12. Around 8:30 p.m.
    on
    January 27, another PGW employee,
    Mr.
    Brian Eckroade,
    who is an Area Supervisor
    in PGW’s Maintenance Department,
    also
    arrived at
    the Adams Site, and he remained at the site until about 11:30 p.m. (T.
    82,
    90, 92). Messrs. Pereira and Eckroade discussed
    having PGW
    workers
    returning to the
    vicinity of the
    Adams Site the next day to
    oversee a
    “cut and cap” on the
    gas main
    because of continued concerns that the excavation activity
    could cause the gas main to fracture and leak
    gas.

(T. 91-92). A cut and cap operation would
have the effect of
bypassing
the
exposed gas main in the trench. This would be done by cutting and then capping the gas main at two
places on
opposite sides of the
excavation
to divert
the flow of
gas
around
the
segment
of the gas main
that was exposed in the trench. (T.
91-92).

13. Pereira asked
    either Ron Petrongolo
    directly or through
    an official of PWD for Petrongolo to stop work
    that evening. Petrongolo complied. Ron Petrongolo
    used Petrongolo’s backhoe to cover the unprotected trench excavation with steel plates, and the Petrongolo crew departed the Adams Site sometime later that night.

(T.
43, 45-46,
286, 329-31, 336-38; Ex. J-8, p. 20).

Events on January 28, 2020

14. On the morning of January 28, 2020, Ron Petrongolo
    led a crew of four other
    Petrongolo workers
    that
    returned to the Adams Site to continue work. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(2); T. 299-301). The other four workers were Luis Ortiz, Cesar Rosario, Luis Morales, and
    Dan Rosario.

(Ex. C-3).

15. Mr. Eckroade of PGW
    returned to the Adams Site
    around
    7:00 a.m.,
    and another PGW official, Mr. Steve Westergon,
    who was a
    Distribution
    Maintenance Supervisor,
    arrived
    about the same time, both to oversee PGW’s cut and cap operation. (T. 96-98,
    118-19,
    121). There is no direct evidence of the precise locations along the gas main
    where
    PGW
    performed its
    cut and cap
    operation, but
    Petrongolo’s Daily Report for January 28, which Ron Petrongolo prepared,
    suggests that it was
    done at
    both
    ends
    of the 4200 block of Adams Avenue, with one cut being done where Adams Avenue intersects
    Church Street, and the other cut being done where Adams Avenue intersects Ruan Avenue, with both cuts requiring that PGW
    create
    excavations. (Ex. R25;
    Ex. J-8 at 1 and
    9
    [Bates 189]   ; T. 158 ).

The
linear
distance between these two intersections is about 320 feet.   2

16. Ron Petrongolo used Petrongolo’s backhoe to remove the steel plates that he had put over the unprotected trench the night before. Around
    7:30 a.m.
    or
    8:00 a.m.,
    as both
    Eckroade and
    Westergon
    moved
    between the two cut and cap locations
    and passed by Petrongolo’s trench, they
    observed two workers in the
    unprotected trench standing on
    wood
    boards that had been
    arrayed
    side by side
    about six feet down
    inside the
    trench
    to
    create
    a work platform
    for them
    to stand on. (The number of
    wood
    boards constituting the work platform varies
    between four and six
    in the
    thirteen photos in Exhibit C-1, depending apparently on the progress of the work
    that was
    being done
    while the photos were being taken.) The workers were
    seen
    installing
    two 2x6 boards
    vertically against the
    walls
    of
    opposite
    sides
    of the trench and
    placing a
    metal jack-pipe
    in between the boards
    that
    appeared to
    serve as a cross-brace
    supporting
    the
    two
    vertical boards. The jack-pipe
    spanned the width of the trench about one foot above the wood
    boards
    the
    workers were
    standing on.

A ladder was inside the trench which appears to have provided the workers the means of
ingress and egress. The ladder appears also to be the same type of ladder in color and material as the ladder that
Petrongolo
had
put in the same trench
the night before
as reflected in the photos in Exhibit C-2.

Eckroade took
thirteen
photographs of the workers doing this
work
inside the unprotected excavation
at around 7:30 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. on January
28.

Those photographs accurately depict the condition of the trench when taken
and were received in evidence at Exhibit C-1. The faces of the two workers
inside
the trench
are not captured in any of the photographs.

Some of the photographs show the
lower
arms
or the
lower legs of at least one other worker
(or
possibly two different workers)
who
was
(or were)
outside the
trench. The
two
workers
inside the trench
depicted in the photographs
are accurately depicted working inside
an
excavation that was
deeper than five feet
and that
lacked an
adequate protective
system to protect them from a cave-in. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶¶ IV(A)(1)-(4); T. 97-106,
110,
11213, 121-24,
143-44,
147-48, 161, 163-64, 219-20, 227-28, 270-74, 279-80,
299-301,
313-22,
338,
561-64,
577-78,
649-52, 699-701; Exs. C-1, C-3, R-25).

17. Westergon was present when Eckroade took the photographs
    in Exhibit C-1. (T. 125). Westergon observed
    and heard
    Ron Petrongolo give oral instructions to
    the
    workers
    while the workers were
    inside
    the trench
    and
    when
    the trench
    lacked
    an adequate protective system to protect the
    workers
    from cave-ins. (T.
    123-24, 138-41, 143-44).

These
workers
were Petrongolo employees. There is no evidence that
employees of any employer other than Petrongolo would have reason to enter the unprotected trench
to begin installing timber shoring in the trench.

18. The
    workers
    in the
    unprotected
    trench were not PGW employees. The
    two PGW supervisors
    (Eckroade and Westergon)
    who observed the workers in the trench were familiar with
    excavation safety
    and recognized the
    unprotected
    trench was a hazard. They
    would not allow PGW employees
    to enter
    the unprotected trench. (T. 84-85, 99-100, 124, 146-47). One of the
    PGW supervisors
    (Westergon) admonished
    Ron Petrongolo that workers
    ought not enter the unprotected trench. (T.
    123, 137).

19. The workers in the unprotected trench were not
    employees of any of Petrongolo’s subcontractors (NA Pipe, or
    the
    plumbing
    or
    paving subcontractors) in that none of
    Petrongolo’s
    subcontractors did excavation work and none had reason to
    direct
    employees
    to enter the unprotected trench to begin to install timber shoring. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(4); T. 562-64).

20. Sometime after Eckroade took photos
    of the trench, Ron Petrongolo directed Petrongolo
    employees in
    completing
    the installation of timber shoring in the trench. The day before, Ron Petrongolo
    had
    assessed the
    trench’s
    soil
    type
    by performing a visual examination of the soil. (T. 268-70). He also performed a manual test by picking up a sample of the soil and rolling it around between his fingers. (T. 266). He
    found the soil type “inconsistent” and concluded it was probably not composed of a single type of soil. (T. 306-308, 341-43, 702). This led Ron Petrongolo
    reasonably
    to classify the soil as Type C, which is the least stable soil type.

(T. 306-308, 341-43, 682-83, 702).

21. Sometime after 8:00 a.m.
    (when
    Eckroade took the photographs at Exhibit C-1) and before noon,
    Petrongolo workers supervised by Ron Petrongolo completed installing
    timber shoring in the trench. (T. 265,
    302,
    697-700;
    Ex. J-8). There is no evidence that any workers were inside
    the unprotected trench
    while completing the installation of
    the
    timber shoring
    except for the
    photographs received in evidence at Exhibit C-1. After the
    timber shoring
    was
    completely
    installed, it
    constituted an
    adequate
    protective system to protect workers from cave-ins.

(T.
436-37, 445).

22. Petrongolo’s
    “Daily Report”
    that Ron Petrongolo
    prepared
    to record
    Petrongolo’s activity
    at the Adams Site
    on
    January 28,
    2020,
    indicates that
    PGW completed its cut and cap operation at about 7:00 p.m.
    that day,
    after which PGW
    cleared
    Petrongolo to
    proceed
    with the sewer relining. (Ex. R. 25).

OSHA’s Inspection and Citation

23. In response to
    PGW’s
    report
    to OSHA
    of a hazardous excavation
    at the Adams Site,
    OSHA
    dispatched a
    Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CO) to the Adams Site to
    conduct
    an inspection. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(6); T. 154-57, 204-07; Ex. J-7).

24. The CO arrived
    at the Adams Site
    on the
    morning
    on January 28, 2020,
    and by the time he arrived
    the Petrongolo
    crew
    had completed installing the timber shoring in the trench
    and had departed the Adams Site.   3 (T.
    158,
    179-82, 242-50, 445-46; Ex. J-8 pp. 3-14, 16, 19, 21, 24-25, 29-30). Sometime
    during his inspection,
    in late morning or early afternoon,
    Dan Petrongolo arrived at the Adams Site
    and met the CO. (T. 530).

Ron Petrongolo returned to the site
sometime after Dan arrived, and the CO
spoke to
both
at the same time. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(8);
T.
158-59,
184,
274-75,
528-30).

DISCUSSION

The Commission obtained jurisdiction under section 10(c) of the Act upon
Petrongolo’s timely filing of a notice of contest. 29 U.S.C. § 659(c). Petrongolo
has employees and is engaged in a business affecting commerce, and thus meets the Act’s definition of “employer.” 29 U.S.C. § 652(5); (Finding of Fact ¶
3).

Both Citations
allege violations of
safety standards promulgated
pursuant to section
6(b)
of the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 655(b). To establish a violation of
such a standard, the Secretary must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) there was noncompliance with its terms; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4) the cited employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violative condition. Donahue Indus. Inc.,
20 BNA OSHC 1346, 1348 (No. 99-0191, 2003).

Alleged Ins ufficiency of
Petrongolo’s
Type C
Soil
D etermination
Serious
Citation 1, Item 1 – Section 1926.652(c)(1 )

Citation 1, Item 1 alleges a violation of § 1926.652(c)(1), which provides in relevant part that “[d]esigns for timber shoring in trenches shall be determined in accordance with the conditions and requirements set forth in appendices A and C to this subpart.”

Appendix A
is
titled
“Soil Classification,”
and its
“scope” provision states:
“This appendix
describes a method of classifying soil and rock deposits based on site and environmental conditions, and on the structure and composition of the earth deposits.

The appendix contains definitions, sets forth requirements, and describes acceptable visual and manual tests for use in classifying soils.”

Appendix C is titled “Timber Shoring for Trenches ” and its
“scope” provision
states
in part :

This appendix
contains information that can be used
[when]
timber shoring is provided as a method of protection from cave-ins in trenches that do not exceed 20
feet
…
in depth.
This appendix must be used
when design of timber shoring protective
systems is to be performed in accordance
with §   1926.652(c)(1).

Citation 1, Item 1 alleges that Petrongolo violated § 1926.652(c)(1) by “fail[ing] to obtain the soil type to determine the proper configuration when using timber shoring.”   4

T he
cited
standard appl ies
to the Adams S ite
trench excavation , and
Petrongolo does not contend otherwise. See
§ 1926.650(a) (“ This subpart applies to all open
excavations
made in the earth’s surface.
Excavations
are defined to include trenches”) ; § 1926 .650(b)
( defining
the terms “ trench ” and “trench excavation ”
as
“ a
narrow excavation (in relation to its
length) ” that
is generally deeper than it is wide
but
is
not wider than
15 feet ).

Appendix A
establishes four soil classifications:
Stable Rock,
and
Types
A, B, and C
soil. See
29 C.F.R. § 1926, Subpt. P, app. A
¶
(b). Type C
is the least stable soil type. See
App. A (b);
see also
(T. 306-07, 682-83). The use of design data in Appendix C is dependent on the soil classification that is determined
according to the criteria set forth in
Appendix A. See
Appendix C, ¶ (b) (providing that “[i]n order to use the data presented in this appendix [C], the soil type or
types in which the excavation is made must first be determined using the soil classification method set forth in appendix A”).

Appendix A
requires
a competent person to perform at least one visual and one manual test on the soil to determine
the soil
type. App. A
¶
(c)(2). The
appendix sets forth a series of “[a]cceptable visual and manual tests”
and provides also
that
a
competent person may rely on other
recognized
methods
of testing as well. Id.
(“Such [visual and manual] analyses shall be conducted by a competent person using tests described in paragraph (d) below, or in other recognized methods of soil classification and testing such as those adopted by the America Society for Testing Materials, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture textural classification system.”).

The preponderant evidence
established that
Ron Petrongolo, who is
a
registered professional
engineer with
years of experience
in testing soil and
performing excavations
in the Philadelphia area,
is
a “competent person” as defined in § 1926.650(b).   5

(T. 289-93). The Secretary recognizes as much. (Sec’y Br. 6-7). Ron Petrongolo
performed at least one manual and one visual test of the soil at the Adams Site in conformance with the requirements of Appendix
A. (Findings of Fact ¶
20). These tests
and other relevant information available to him
caused him reasonably to conclude
that the timber shoring design
for the trench’s timber shoring
must be adequate for
Type C
soil. (T. 306-08, 341-43).

Even if Ron Petrongolo had failed to conduct the visual and manual tests
required by Appendix A, it would not have mattered, because his determination that the soil was Type C
rendered any
soil testing superfluous and thus not required. See
OSHA Interpretation Letter,
“Testing of type C soil is not necessary if employees are adequately protected,” (June 5, 1991)
(stating that “ soil testing would be superfluous and not required ” if soil is classified as Type C and the protective system is adequate to protect against cave-ins in Type C soil);
( see also
T. 306-308, 682-83). The Secretary makes no argument that this
1991
letter of interpretation, which is published on OSHA’s public website, does not accurately
represent
current OSHA policy respecting the need to test soil
in the manners
specified
by Appendix A where that soil is regarded to be
Type C
soil.

The Secretary
did not
establish that
Petrongolo
failed to comply with
§ 1926.652(c)(1)
in the manner
alleged in Citation 1, Item 1, and accordingly
that citation item
must be vacated.

Alleged
F ailure to Provide
Adequate Protecti ve
System
Repeat
Citation 2, Item 1 – Section 1926.652(a)(1)

Citation 2, Item 1 alleges a violation of
§ 1926.652(a)(1), which provides in relevant part that “[e]ach employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section …
.” Citation 2, Item 1 alleges that Petrongolo
violated this section because it “failed to ensure that each employee working inside an excavation of approximately twelve (12) feet deep were protected by cave-in protection.”

T he
cited
standard appl ies
to the trench excavatio n
for the same reasons the
excavations
standard applied to
Citation 1, Item 1 . Petrongolo does not contend otherwise.

Alleged
Violation on
January 27, 2020

This decision adjudicates only whether Petrongolo
employees
were exposed to the violative condition on January 28, 2020, when the PGW officials
observed and took photographs of workers in the unprotected excavation
who appear to have begun
installing
timber shoring as depicted in the photographs in Exhibit C-1.

The Secretary argues that the evidence established employee exposure to an unprotected trench on
the evening of
January 27, 2020,
as
Mr. Pereira
of PGW
testified
he
had
observed. This argument is not considered because the
Citation
identifies the
next day, January 28, as the “on or about” date of the violation
(not on or about January 27
and
January 28). Moreover, the
assistant area director of the
OSHA area
office that issued the citation testified that the citation item was
not grounded
upon
any claimed worker exposure on
January 27, 2020, but rather was based on the
near conclusive
photographs of worker exposure
that were
taken
on the morning of January 28. (T.
418-24; Ex. C-1). The issue of whether the Petrongolo violated the cited standard on January 27 will not be adjudicated because the scope of the alleged violation is
limited to whether Petrongolo
violated the cited standard on January 28, not January 27, and the
unpleaded issue
of whether a separate violation occurred on January 27
was not tried by consent. See
McWilliams Forge Co., Inc. , 11 BNA OSHC
at 2129.

The imprecise
and somewhat
unfocused
evidence as to employee exposure on
the evening of
January 27 is further indicative that
the
parties did not try
that issue by consent. While Mr. Pereira testified
that
he observed workers in the unprotected trench, he took no photographs of that violative conduct, although he did take
photographs of the
empty trench and PGW’s exposed gas main therein. (Ex. C-2;
T.
44-45, 80).

Mr. Pereira’s testimony did not squarely controvert Ron Petrongolo’s testimony that Petrongolo employees entered the trench on January 27 only when
they were inside
the precast concrete manhole that Ron Petrongolo had
temporarily placed
in the excavation
on January 27. Rather, Pereira at least partially corroborated
Ron Petrongolo’s
account—Pereira testified that
employees were in the trench at the same time the manhole was in the trench. (T. 44-45 & 79-80). With respect to the adequacy of the manhole to protect the workers from cave-ins,
the Secretary presented no
testimony respecting
how or why
that
asserted
method
was noncompliant. In his closing briefs, the Secretary makes
no argument that the use of the manhole for providing cave-in protection in the manner that Ron Petrongolo claimed was non-compliant with the cited standard. ( See
Sec’y Reply Br. 2-3). The adequacy of the
cavein
protection
that the
concrete
manhole provided the workers in the trench on January 27 is similarly not
adjudicated.

Alleged
Violation
on
January 28, 2020  

On January 28, 2020, the trench
was
well over five feet deep
and thus constituted a hazard
for so long as it
was open and
lacked an adequate protective system. See Flint Eng’g & Constr. Co. , 15 BNA OSHC 2052,
2055
n.8 (No. 90-2873, 1992) (rejecting cited employer’s argument that an unprotected trench was not
a hazard so long as employees were not
in the trench, concluding
instead
that
“[t]he open trench was the hazard”). Accordingly, the open trench was non-compliant with the cited standard on January 28, 2020,
from the time that Ron Petrongolo removed the steel plates
covering it
to
the time that the Petrongolo crew
completed
installation of the timber shoring that was in place by the time the CO arrived at the
Adams Site
later
that
morning.

The
photographs in Exhibit C-1
show
two
workers in the
unprotected
trench at the Adams Site
that was at least ten feet deep. Those two workers
were
exposed to a cave-in hazard.

Ford Dev. Corp. , 15 BNA OSHC 2003,
2011
(No. 90-1505, 1992) (“The standard speaks of the depth of the trench, not of the position of employees in the trench”),
aff’d , 16 F.3d 1219 (6th Cir. 1994);
see also P. Gioioso & Sons, Inc. v. O SHRC , 115 F.3d 100, 109 (1st Cir. 1997) (“The safety standard is implicated by the depth of a particular trench, without regard to an individual worker’s precise position in it”).

Petrongolo defends on the grounds (1)
the Secretary did not prove that the workers
in the unprotected trench
were
Petrongolo employees,
and
(2) that the Secretary did not prove that
Petrongolo had knowledge that
any
workers
(whether
Petrongolo employees or the employees of
some other employer)
had entered the
unprotected
trench. (Resp’t Br.
3,
21-25).

As discussed below, the Secretary proved both
(1)
that the workers in the unprotected
trench were Petrongolo employees, and (2) that Petrongolo had
both
actual and constructive knowledge that its employees were in the unprotected trench. It
is
therefore
unnecessary to
adjudicate
the Secretary’s alternative
theory of liability under the multi-employer worksite doctrine
or
Petrongolo’s counterargument that the Secretary did not prove it had knowledge that employees of other employers
were in the unprotected trench.

(Sec’y Br. 24-25;
Sec’y Reply Br. 5).

The parties have stipulated that Petrongolo
was the only contractor performing excavation work
on the inspected trench. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶¶ IV(A)(4); T. 270, 561-64, 649-52). There is likewise no dispute that
on the morning of January 28,
Petrongolo
employees
installed
all
the timber shoring
that
had been completely installed
sometime by the time
the CO arrived
that morning. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(2);
T. 163-64; Exs. C-3, R-25). Ron Petrongolo was present at the Adams Site on the morning of January 28. He used Petrongolo’s backhoe to remove the steel plates that had covered the trench overnight. He supervised the
Petrongolo
crew in installing
all the
timber shoring that
had been
completely installed by the time the CO arrived
later that morning. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(3); T.
158-59,
271-72, 299-301, 699-700).

In their hearing testimony, neither
Ron nor Dan Petrongolo
could rule out the possibility that the workers depicted in the photographs in the
unprotected
trench may have been
Petrongolo employees. (T. 313-23, 577-78; Ex. C-1).

No other employers
other than Petrongolo
had cause to have their employees
enter the unprotected trench on January 28
and begin to install timber shoring in the
unprotected trench, as the workers depicted in the photographs in Exhibit C-1 appear to be doing.

(Findings of Fact ¶¶
17–19).

This circumstantial evidence
is sufficient to prove to a
reasonable certainty
that the workers
inside the unprotected trench were Petrongolo employees. This circumstantial case is bolstered by Westergon’s reliable and credible testimony that he
observed and heard Ron Petrongolo
giving oral instructions to workers who were inside the
unprotected
trench.

(Findings of Fact
¶
17).

Westergon testified that he recognized Ron Petrongolo from
having had
prior contacts
with him
on other
projects and that on the morning of January 28
he spoke to him face to face. (T. 123). Ron Petrongolo acknowledges that he spoke to PGW representatives
while
at the Adams Site. (T. 282). And while Westergon did not expressly testify that he observed Ron Petrongolo directing the workers in the trench
at a time when the trench was unprotected , that detail is reasonably implied from the context of his direct and cross examination, including his tone and demeanor in responding to
those
questions. (T.
123-24, 143-44).

Petrongolo argues that
during cross-examination
Westergon
equivocated
away from the
certainty
he
had
expressed in his direct examination that
the person he saw and heard directing workers in the unprotected trench
was Ron Petrongolo.

(Resp’t Br. 22). The
undersigned finds
Westergon’s
testimony reasonably reliable and not significantly undermined by the somewhat unrelenting, albeit respectful, cross-examination regarding the reliability of
his
recognition of Ron Petrongolo. (T. 138-41). Moreover, it bears noting that the hearing witnesses were sequestered and that Westergon and Ron Petrongolo were never present in the videoconference hearing at the same time. Thus, neither Westergon nor Ron Petrongolo was afforded the opportunity to view the other’s video image for the purpose of confirming or denying whether they had a
face-to-face
encounter on January 28
as Westergon described them having. (T. 123, 137).

(Petrongolo could have conceivably tested the reliability of Westergon’s testimony that on January 28 he recognized Ron Petrongolo
based on
prior contacts
by requesting that Ron Petrongolo
join the
videoconference hearing briefly
during Westergon’s testimony for purpose identification only, but Petrongolo made no such request.)

Other than Ron Petrongolo’s testimony that he never saw any workers inside the unprotected trench,
Petrongolo has presented
no probative
evidence that
the workers
depicted
in the photographs in Exhibit C-1
were not Petrongolo employees. Although Petrongolo identified the four other employees that were working at the Adams Site on January 28 (Ex. C-3), none were called to testify respecting whether they had entered the unprotected trench that day or to
testify that
they were
not
one of the two workers inside the trench depicted in Exhibit C-1. Cf.
Well Sols . , Inc.,
17 BNA OSHC 1211,
1215
(No. 91-340, 1995) ( determining that the
Secretary’s prima facie case
was
sufficient to prove
a
violati o n where
evidence
that would
have been in
possession
of the employer was not presented to
rebut th at
prima facie case ) ;
Thomas Indus. Coatings , 21 BNA OSHC 2283,
2288
(No. 97-1073, 2007) (finding a violation where the employer failed to present evidence to rebut the most reasonable inference
to be
drawn from the evidence).

While the whole of the evidence may
be susceptible of
other inferences, those inferences are considerably less plausible than
the
reasonable
inference that the workers depicted inside the trench in the photographs of Exhibit C-1 were Petrongolo employees, and
on this record the undersigned finds no other inference
to be
reasonable. S ee
R.D. Anderson Const r ., 12 BNA OSHC 1665, 1666 (No. 81-1469, 1986) (a fact is established by a preponderance of the evidence where “the evidence taken as a whole shows that the fact sought to be proved is more probable than not”).

As to the fourth element of the Secretary’s burden of proof, a preponderance of the evidence establishes that Petrongolo
knew or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known of a
violative
condition or conduct. Calpine Corp. , No. 11-1734, 2018 WL 1778958, at *5
(OSHRC
Apr. 6,
2018),
aff’d
774 F. App’x
879
(5th Cir. 2019) (unpublished);
Kerns Bros. Tree Serv. , 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96-1719, 2000).

A supervisor’s knowledge of the violative condition or conduct is imputable to the employer. Calpine Corp. , 2018 WL 1778958, at *5;
Tampa Shipyards, Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1539 (No. 86-360, 1992) (consolidated).

There is no dispute
that Ron Petrongolo, as the foreman of the Petrongolo crew at the Adams Site, was a supervisor
whose knowledge is imputable to Petrongolo. See Rawson Contractors, Inc. ,
20 BNA OSHC 1078,
1080
(No. 99-0018, 2003) (supervisory status of an employee is based on a consideration of the “indicia of authority that the employer has empowered a foreman or other employee to exercise on its behalf”). As
previously found, the
greater
weight of the evidence is that
Ron Petrongolo
supervised and gave oral
directions to the Petrongolo employees
who were installing shoring in the
unprotected trench. (Findings of Fact ¶
17). Ron Petrongolo thus had actual knowledge of the employees’ violative conduct, and his knowledge is imputed to
Petrongolo. Calpine Corp. ,
2018 WL 1778958, at *5;
Tampa Shipyards, Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC at 1539.

Even if the Secretary had failed to prove
Ron Petrongolo’s
actual knowledge, the
greater
weight of the evidence
also establishes that Ron Petrongolo could have
discovered or prevented the
employees’ violative
conduct
with the exercise of reasonable diligence, and thus
he
had constructive knowledge of the violative condition.

See Mastec N. Am., Inc. , No. 15-1574, 2021 WL 2311875, at *6 n. 7 (OSHRC, Mar. 2, 2021) (commenting that in determining whether a supervisor had constructive knowledge of an employee’s violative conduct, “the question is whether [the] supervisor exercised reasonable diligence in monitoring” the employee’s work). Reasonable diligence can implicate “several factors, including an employer’s obligations to implement adequate work rules and training programs, adequately supervise employees, anticipate
hazards, and take measures to prevent violations from occurring.” S.J. Louis Constr. of Tex. , 25 BNA OSHC 1892, 1894 (No. 12-1045, 2016).

Ron
Petrongolo
was the foreman and supervised the work Petrongolo was performing
at the Adams Site
on January 28, 2020. (Joint Pre-Hr’g Statement ¶ IV(A)(3)   ).

He was in charge of running the worksite,
he
remained there the entire shift
“for the most part,”
and
he
directed the work during the excavation. (T. 261). He
operated
Petrongolo’s
backhoe and removed the
steel plates
covering the
trench
on the morning of January 28, and
he
thus
had actual knowledge that
the unprotected
trench
was open and accessible to
the
Petrongolo employees
who were present to
begin to
install the timber shoring.

(Findings of Fact ¶
16). And, while the
evidence
does not
establish
precisely establishes how long the workers were in the unprotected
trench,
the progress
they had made in installing
the
timber
shoring as depicted in
the
photographs
of Exhibit C-1 permits the reasonable inference that they
were in the trench for more than a “brief or indeterminate duration.” See David Weekley Homes , 19 BNA 1116, 1119 (No. 96-0898, 2000).

Even assuming Ron Petrongolo temporarily left the Adams Site after he had removed the steel plates that had been covering the trench, he had a heightened responsibility to keep
the Petrongolo
crew
from
entering the unprotected trench in his absence. There is no evidence that he took any affirmative steps to do so, such as admonishing the employees not to enter the unprotected
trench or
by re-covering the trench with the steel plates. His lack of reasonable diligence is even more apparent considering that before
Messrs.
Westergon and Eckroade
of PGW observed the Petrongolo employees in the unprotected trench,
Westergon
made a point of warning Ron Petrongolo
directly
that the Petrongolo workers should not enter the unprotected
trench. (T. 123, 137).

A preponderance of the evidence establishes that in the exercise of reasonable diligence
Ron Petrongolo
could have prevented the violation from occurring. S.J. Louis Constr. of Tex. , 25 BNA OSHC
at
1894; c f. KS Energy Servs. Inc. , 22 BNA OSHC
at 1267-68
(foreman’s presence at the worksite where hazardous conditions was in plain view was relevant to determining constructive knowledge). Ron Petrongolo’s constructive knowledge is imputed to
Petrongolo. Calpine Corp. , 2018 WL 1778958, at *5;
Tampa Shipyards, Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC at 1539.

Repeat
C lassification
for Citation 2, Item 1

Section 17(a) of the
Act, 29 U.S.C. § 666(a),
allows for
heightened penalties for “[a]ny employer who … repeatedly violates the requirements of
…
any standard
…
promulgated pursuant to section 6 of this Act
…
.” “ A violation is properly classified as repeated under section 17(a) of the Act if, at the time of the alleged repeated violation, there was a Commission final order against the same employer for a substantially similar violation. ”

Jersey Steel Erectors , 16 BNA OSHC 1162,
1167
(No. 90-1307, 1993) , citing
Potlatch Corp.,
7 BNA OSHC 1061, 1063
(No. 16183, 1979)
( Potlatch ).   6
The Secretary can
make a prima facie showing of
substantial similarity
“ by showing that both violations are of the same standard. ”
Id.
This prima facie showing of substantial similarity may be rebutted “by evidence of the disparate conditions and hazards associated with these violations of the same standard.”

Id.

The Citation alleged
Petrongolo’s violation of § 1926.652(a)(1) was a repeat violation based on the following:

Petrongolo Contractors, Inc. was previously cited for a violation of [§ 1926.652(a)(1)] which was contained in OSHA inspection number 1347967, citation number 2, item number 1 and was affirmed as a final order on April 26th, 2019, with respect to a workplace located at Broad Street and Wharton Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Petrongolo Contractors, Inc. was previously cited for a violation of [§ 1926.652(a)(1)] which was contained in OSHA inspection number 1347967,  7
citation number 2, item number 1 and was affirmed as a final order on November 1st, 2018, with respect to a workplace located at Broad Street and Ell[s]worth
Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Petrongolo Contractors, Inc. was previously cited for a violation of [§ 1926.652(a)(1)] which was contained in OSHA inspection number 1323007, citation number 1 item number 2 and was affirmed as a final order on November 1st, 2018, with respect to a workplace located at 20 th
and
Poplar, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

At the hearing, the Secretary submitted the following
evidence
regarding the
prior violations:

· Regarding
the previous violation
arising out of inspection 1347967, occurring
on September 21, 2018,
at Broad Street and Wharton Street (Broad-Wharton Citation): the Citation
alleging a violation of § 1926.652(a)(1)
and the Violation Worksheet for the Broad-Wharton Citation. (Exs. J-5,
J-6).

· Regarding
the previous violation
arising out of inspection 1326082, occurring
on June 28, 2018,
at Broad Street and Ellsworth Street (Broad-Ellsworth Citation): the Citation
alleging a violation of § 1926.652(a)(1), the Photo Mounting Worksheet for the Broad-Ellsworth Citation, the Violation Worksheet for the Broad-Ellsworth Citation, and an Informal Settlement Agreement for the Broad-Ellsworth Citation signed by Ron Petrongolo on October 25, 2018. (Exs. C-7, C-8, J-1, J-3).

· Regarding
the previous violation
arising out of inspection 1323007, occurring
on June 15, 2018,
at 20th and Poplar Street (Poplar Citation): the Citation
alleging a violation of § 1926.652(a)(1), the Photo Mounting Worksheet for the Poplar Citation, the Violation Worksheet for the Poplar Citation, photos of employees in an unprotected excavation
taken in connection with the Poplar Citation, and an Informal Settlement Agreement for the Poplar Citation signed by Ron Petrongolo on October 25, 2018. (Exs. C-4, C-5, C-6, J-2, J-4).

Based on the
evidence submitted for the Broad-Ellsworth and Poplar Citations,   8
the Secretary has established a prima facie case of
substantial
similarity for purposes of classifying
Petrongolo’s violation of § 1926.652(a)(1) as a repeat violation. Jersey Steel Erectors ,
16 BNA OSHC
at
1167 ;
Triumph Constr. Corp. , 26
BNA OSHC
1331 ,
1346-47
( No. 15-0634 , 2016)
(ALJ)
( determining
that
an
informal settlement agreement constitute s
a “Commission final order” for purposes of repeat classification) ,
aff’d , 885 F.3d 95 (2d Cir. 2018) . The burden therefore shifts to
Petrongolo
to rebut th e Secretary’s
showing. Lake Erie Constr. Co. , 21
BNA OSHC
1285 ,
1289
( No. 02-0520 , 2005). In so doing,
Petrongolo
must show that the previous violations resulted in different
hazards , not just distinguish the
factual
circumstances surrounding the instant violation and the previous ones. Amerisig S e. , Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1659, 1661
(No. 93-1429, 1996)
( “[T]he princip a l factor in determining whether a violation is repeated is whether the two violations resulted in substantially similar hazards ” ) ,
aff’d without published opinion , 117 F.3d 1433 (11th
Cir. 1997) .
Petrongolo
has not rebutted the Secretary’s prima facie case
for either the
Popla r or the
Broad-Ellsworth Citations.

Poplar Citation

For the Poplar Citation,
Petrongolo
points out that, as indicated in the Violation Worksheet for that Citation, there was
no
shoring installed for workers in a trench that was over five feet deep. ( Resp’t Br. 27 ,
citing Ex. J-2). Petrongolo asserts that t his was because “Petrongolo did not anticipate needing to excavate further than five feet, so it did not bring shoring materials to the job site.” ( Resp’t Br. 27 ) . By contrast,
Petrongolo
goes on to argue, the shoring for the instant Citation was alleged to have been
inadequate
rather than non-existent .
( Id.
28 ).

This argument is rejected. The violation at the Adams Site involves the exposure of two Petrongolo employees who
we re inside an unprotected trench
and
beginning to install timber shoring. The Petrongolo employees at the Adams Site were exposed to a substantially similar, if not identical, hazard as the employee who was inside an unprotected excavation in connection with the Poplar Citation, as
that employee is depicted
in the photographs at Exhibits C-4 and C-5. Amerisig S e. , Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC
at
1661 ;
Lake Erie Constr. Co., Inc. , 21
BNA OSHC at
1289
(“ We find that the record supports the judge ’ s finding that these violations were substantially similar because both involved the same standard and the same hazard, a fall of more than 20 feet to a road below ” ) ;
see also
T. 186-89
( describing the cave-in hazards associated with a n unprotected
trench five feet
or more in depth ). Indeed, Dan Petrongolo acknowledged that the possibility of severe injury or death is a hazard associated with any trench
that lacks an
adequate
protective
system in place. (Tr. 590-91) .

C f.
Par Elec. Contractors, Inc. , 20
BNA OSHC
162 4 , 1628 (No. 99-1520 , 2004)
(finding substantially similar hazards where
foreman acknowledged the hazards were similar in nature).

Broad-Ellsworth Citation

For many of the same reasons
discussed in connection with the Poplar Citation ,
Petrongolo ’s attempts to distinguish the Broad-Ellsworth Citation
from the instant Citation
also
fail. Petrongolo
again points to the fact that the Broad-Ellsworth Citation allegedly involved a trench with
no
cave-in protection, whereas this case involves the use of two types of cave-in protection at one time or another. ( Resp’t Br. 29 ) . This argument again fails for the reasons
set
forth above.

Petrongolo
also points t o a photograph in the Violation Worksheet for the Broad-Ellsworth Citation which
Petrongolo characterizes to be
an employee working on
a
water main. ( Resp’t Br. 29 ,
citing Ex. J-1;
see also
Ex. C-7 ) . Petrongolo
argues that, because “such utility work falls within the scope of work for much of Petrongolo ’s
business,” it is more likely that this photograph depicts an employee doing “authorized work in an excavation over 5-feet deep . ”

( Resp’t Br. 29 ) . This argument is contrary to the fact s found herein that
Petrongolo
employees
were
inside the
unprotected
trench on January 28, 2020, while receiving oral instructions from
Ron Petrongolo , and thus performing work that Ron Petrongolo was explicitly authorizing that they do . In any event, this argument does not
alter the incontrovertible fact that the employees at the Adams Site and the employee at the Broad-Ellsworth site were exposed to
substantially similar cave-in hazards, which is the crux of the inquiry for purposes of repeat characterization.
Lake Erie Constr. Co. ,
21
BNA OSHC at
1289 .

Finally,
Petrongolo
argues
generally
that “substantially similar” must “be construed sufficiently narrowly [so] that the citation for the first violation placed the employer on notice of
the need to take steps to prevent the second violation.” Resp’t Br. 26,   9
quoting
Caterpillar, Inc. v. Herman , 154 F.3d 400, 403 (7th Cir. 1998)
(“ Caterpillar ”) ; Resp’t Br. 30-31 .

Further citing to
Caterpillar ,
Petrongolo
argues that a repeat characterization is “only warranted where an employer fails to learn from experience.” Id. , quoting
Caterpillar , 154 F.3d at 402. The Seventh Circuit’s decision in
Caterpillar
is not controlling precedent in this matter, but even if it were , it would not alter the result
here . I n
Caterpillar ,
the Commission found that the employer had failed to rebut the Secretary’s prima facie showing of similarity for violations under the same standard, and the
court
affirmed that finding .
Caterpillar , 154 F.3d at 404 . The language
Petrongolo quotes
merely recognize s , as
the
Commission
has since
Potlatch , that
an employer can rebut a
prima facie showing of
substantial similarity
for violations under the same standard
by proffering
sufficient “evidence of the disparate conditions and hazards associated with these violations of the same
standard.” Potlach , 7
BNA OSHC at
1063 .

Petrongolo
has simply failed to make that showing here.   10

The Secretary’s evidence established a prima facie case that Citation 2, Item 1 was substantially similar to the violations in the Poplar and Broad-Ellsworth Citations. Petrongolo
has not rebutted the Secretary’s showing , and a ccordingly
Petrongolo ’s violation of § 1926.652(a)(1)
i s properly c lassified
as a repeat violation.

Penalty

Section 17(a) of the
Act, 29 U.S.C. § 666(a),
provides, in relevant part, that “[a]ny employer who … repeatedly violates …

any standard … promulgated pursuant to section 6 of this Act
…
may be assessed a civil penalty” that is up to ten times the maximum penalty for a serious or other-than-serious violation.

The
maximum penalty for
the
repeat violation
proven
here is
$ 134,937.

29 C.F.R. § 1903.15(d)(2) (2020).

The Commission and its judges conduct
de novo
penalty determinations and have discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria. Valdak Corp. , 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995)
aff ’ d ,
73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1996);
Allied Structural Steel , 2 BNA OSHC 1457, 1458 (No. 1681, 1975). Section 17(j) of the Act,
29 U.S.C. § 666(j), requires that in assessing penalties, the Commission give “due consideration” to four criteria:

the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the employer’s good
faith, and its prior history of violations. Specialists of the S., Inc. , 14 BNA OSHC 1910, 1910
(No. 89-2241, 1990).

Gravity is the primary consideration among these four statutory criteria and is determined by “such matters as the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood that any injury would result.” J.A. Jones Constr. Co. , 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993).

The Secretary proposes a penalty of
$29,687 for the repeat violation . At the hearing,
the OSHA assistant area director indicated
that th is
proposed penalty was
based on a
determination that the
gravity of the
violation was high
because the severity of any injury that could result from the violation was “higher” and the probability of an injury occurring was “greater.” (T. 393-94). The photographs at Exhibit C-1 indicate that soil on at least one wall of the trench was visibl y
unstable. (T.
104-05,
146-47 ).

The undersigned concurs
in that assessment
of the statutory
gravity
factor , so that if the penalty were based solely on
its
gravity, the maximum penalty
of $13, 494
for a serious violation
would be appropriate .

29 C.F.R. § 1903.15(d)( 3 ) (2020);
c f. Mossier Constr., Inc. , 23 BNA OSHC 1044,
1047
(No. 08-0631, 2010) (“[R]egardless of the probability of a cave-in, we find that the gravity of the violation remains moderate to high considering the serious consequences in the event a cave-in occurred”).

The undersigned further concurs
with the Secretary’s
penalty calculation
in reducing th at figure
by 60% to account for Petrongolo’s small size. (T. 394). The undersigned concurs further with the Secretary
in
providing no reduction for good faith in
view of
the violation being repeated based on two prior violations of the same standard occurring within 20 months of the
violation
proven here . The undersigned d oes
not
concur in increasing that figure by 10% to account for history of violations as the Secretary
has
propose d , because the substantial enhancement of the penalty for
to account for its
repeated nature sufficiently addresses that statutory factor .

The undersigned concurs in
multiplying
the resulting figure for a repeated violation based upon
the
two prior violations of the same standard occurring within 20 months of the
instant
violation. The Secretary ’s proposed penalty was based on
the
assertion that there were three prior violations of the same standard, rather than two prior violations
that
the Secretary proved . Although there was no testimony on the point, the Secretary’s proposed penalty would presumably have been
lower had the Secretary formulated it based on two, rather than three ,
prior
violations
of the same standard . For this reason , a penalty of $22,000 will be assessed for the repeat violation based upon Petrongolo’s two prior violations of the same standard, both occurring less than two years before the
violation proven here . Cf.
M.V.P. Piping Co. , 24 BNA OSHC 1350, 1352 (No. 12-1233, 2014) (“a high gravity violation of the cave-in protection standard typically warrants a substantial penalty”).

ORDER

The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance
with Commission Rule 90(a)(1). 29 C.F.R. § 2200.90(a)(1).
Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is ORDERED that:

1. Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a
   serious
   violation of 29 C.F.R.
   § 1926.652(c)(1), having not been proven, is VACATED.

2. Citation 2, Item 1, alleging a
   repeat
   violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1)
   is
   AFFIRMED as a
   REPEAT
   violation and a penalty of $22,000
   is ASSESSED.

/s/ William S. Coleman

WILLIAM S. COLEMAN

Administrative Law Judge

Dated:
September 28, 2021

"

1
References herein to “Petrongolo” are references to the Respondent only. Messrs. Ron and Dan Petrongolo
are
referred to by f ull
name
only .

2   No evidence of the length of this segment of Adams Avenue was presented at the hearing. T his finding
respecting the distance between the two intersections
is based on
judicial
notice of a Google map and satellite image of
the area , the accuracy of which cannot reasonably be questioned for purposes of this case.

See
Pahls v. Thomas , 718 F.3d 1210, 1216
n.1
(10th Cir. 2013)
(taking
sua sponte
j udicial notice of a Googl e map and satellite image as a “‘ source[ ] whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned’ for purposes of this case” under Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2));
accord U.S. v. Burroughs , 810 F.3d 833, 835
n.1
(D.C. Cir. 2016)
(taking judicial notice of the same on motion of party).

3
The CO testified that he arrived at the Adams Site in the morning, but there is no more precise evidence of the time he arrived. (T. 158). The CO took 30 photographs of the Adams Site, which were admitted in evidence as
Exhibit J-8. (T. 178-79). Eight of the
photographs have timestamps ranging from 12:19 p.m. to 12:25 p.m ., but the other photographs have no timestamps . (Ex. J-8, pp. 1-8).

In his testimony, the CO indicated that these timestamps may have been one hour off, but he did not indicate whether this discrepancy was one hour earlier or later. (T. 200).

4
T he Secretary
has argued that Petrongolo’s
design of the t imber shoring d id not conform to the requirements of Appendix C. (Sec’y Br. 22-23). That issue will not be adjudicated because the
scope of the alleged violation is limited to whether Petrongolo conformed with the requirements of Appendix A
for
classifying
the soil
type. The citation item does not allege a violation of
Appendix C respecting the design of
Petrongolo’s
timber shoring
system, and so t he
issue
of whether
Petrongolo’s
design conformed with Appendix C is outside the scope of the pleadings. Moreover,
that
issue
was not tried by consent of the parties such
that
a
judge
could
sua sponte
amend the pleadings
post-hearing . Fossett , 7 BNA OSHC 1915 (No. 76–3944, 1979) (upholding Commission judge’s decision to amend a citation item
sua sponte
after the close of the hearing pursuant to the
provisions
set forth in current
Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(b)(2)   );
McWilliams Forge Co., Inc. , 11 BNA OSHC 2128, 2129-30 (No. 80-5868, 1984) (deciding that amendment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b)(2) “is proper only if two findings can be made – that the parties
tried
an unpleaded issue and that they
consented
to do so ” ;
and stating further that
“[t]rial by consent may be found only when the parties knew, that is, squarely recognized, that they were trying an unpleaded issue”).

In any event, even if the
issue
were
deemed to have been
within the scope of the pleadings or
tried by consent, the evidence that Petrongolo’s design
failed to meet
the requirements of Appendix C was not preponderant. ( See
T. 435-36, 664-67).

5
The defin ition is :
“ Competent person
means
one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.”
§
1926.650(b) .

6
The employer or the Secretary may appeal a Commission
final
order to the federal court of appeals for the circuit in which the violation allegedly occurred or where the employer has its principal office, and the employer also may appeal to the District of Columbia Circuit. See
29 U.S.C. §§ 660(a) and (b). Here, the violation occurred in Pennsylvania, in the Third Circuit, where Petrongolo’s office is also located. See
Citation at 1 (listing
Petrongolo ’s business address in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The
Third Circuit has adopted the
Commission ’s
Potlatch
test.

Reich v. D.M. Sabia Co. , 90 F.3d 854 (3d Cir. 1996) .

7   T he documentation
received in evidence reflects the actual
inspection number
being
1326082. (Ex. J-3).

8
No evidence of a final order respecting the
Broad-Wharton Citation
was presented . In arguing that this Citation was
disposed of by informal settlement , the Secretary cites only to
vague, general
testimony from
OSHA’s assistant area director
and Dan Petrongolo
concerning settlement
negotiations . ( Sec’y Br. 29 ,
citing T. 362, 574). This is insufficient to establish the existence of a
“ Commission final order ”
for the Broad-Wharton Citation, and
so that
Citation
is not regarded to constitute a pr ior
violation for purposes of classifying the current violation as repeated
or for assessing
the
penalty .

9
In support of this argument Petrongolo
also cites
to
the Commission’s decision in
Angelica Textile Servs., Inc. , 27 BNA OSHC 1246 (No. 08-1774, 2018) ,
vacated as moot , 803 F. App'x 542 (2d Cir. 2020) (unpublished). A vacated decision of the Commission has no precedential effect. Reich v. Contractors Welding , 996 F.2d 1409, 1413-14 (2d Cir. 1993) (analysis in a vacated Commission decision may not “retain any precedential effect” because the Commission lacks rulemaking authority and adjudicating cases based on a decision that could not be reviewed due to intervening mootness is unfair).

Petrongolo
also cites to the Fourth Circuit’s decision in
George Hyman Constr. Co. v.
OSHRC , 582 F.2d 834 (4th Cir. 1978). This decision pre dates the
Commission’s
Potlatch
decision . However, the
c ourt did note that it had “deliberately avoided setting forth an all-inclusive and rigid definition of
‘ repeatedly ’
under the Act” and was “allowing the Commission flexibility in working out reasonable guidelines in enforcing the Act.”

George Hyman Constr. Co. , 582 F.2d at 841.

In the more than forty years after the
Commission decided
Potlatch , the Fourth Circuit has n ot
revisited the issue of what standard to apply to determine repeat
classification , and there is no reason to conclude that the Fourth Circuit would
now
regard
Potlatch
not to provide “reasonable guidelines” for classifying a violation as repeated .

10  Petrongolo
also argues that defining the hazard addressed by §   1926.652(a)(1) simply as a “cave-in hazard,” as the Secretary does, “could describe virtually any violation of 29 C.F.R. §   1926.652(a)(1) ,
[which] would broaden the concept as to render ethereal any supposed ‘advance warning’ from prior citations.”
( Resp’t Br. 31, quoting
Mondo Constr.
Co. , 25
BNA OSHC
1285
(No. 13-1332, 2014) (ALJ)
(addressing how a predicate violation may provide a basis for a repeat classification for the violation of a different standard)   ).
Unlike
Mondo Construction , the two pr ior
violations here were for violations of the same standard as the instant violation, which is
specifically focused on protecting employees
in excavations
from cave-ins . §   1926.652(a)(1).