A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc.

Read the official release (oshrc.gov)

Plain-English summary

A temporary employee collapsed while working on a commercial roof and later died from complications of heat stroke. The Commission found that the Secretary did not prove the worksite conditions presented a significant excessive-heat hazard, noting that the heat index reached only the lowest warning range, the work was not shown to be strenuous, and the expert did not adequately support his adjustment for direct sun. The employee's illness alone did not establish that the cited conditions created the alleged hazard, particularly because he had medical conditions unknown to the employer. The Secretary also failed to show that Sturgill's acclimatization, monitoring, and work-rest measures were inadequate. The separate training item was vacated because no hazard was proven and the Secretary did not show what additional instruction a reasonably prudent employer would have provided.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1); 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2)
• Outcome: Both serious heat-related citation items vacated; proposed penalties of $8,820 eliminated.
• Key point: Heat citations require worksite-specific proof of a significant hazard and clear evidence that the employer's existing controls or training were inadequate.

Full text (OSHRC public release)


A.H Sturgill Roofing 13-0224

United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

1120 20 th
Street, N.W., Ninth Floor

Washington, DC 20036-3457

Secretary of Labor,

Complainant,

v.

OSHRC Docket No. 13-0224

A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc.,

Respondent.

ON BRIEFS:

Scott
Glabman , Senior Appellate Attorney;
Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation;
Ann Rosenthal, Associate Solicitor;
M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor;
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.

For the Complainant

Ro bert T .
Dun levey ,
Jr.,
Esq.;
Dunlevey , Mahan, & Furry,
Dayton , OH

For the Respondent

Arthur G.
Sapper , Esq. ;
Melissa
A.
Bailey , Esq. ;
Lucas J. Asper , Esq. ; Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., Washington, DC
and Greenville, SC

For Amicus Curiae Utility Line Clearance Coalition , Tree Care Industry Association, United States Postal Service, and U.S. Chamber of Commerce

Victoria L. Bor , Esq. ;
Sue D. Gunter , Esq. ; Sherman Dunn P.C.,
Washington, D.C.

For Amicus Curiae North America’s Building Trade Unions

Bradford T. Hammock , Esq. ;
Tressi L. Cordaro , Esq. ; Jackson Lewis P.C., Reston, VA

For Amicus Curiae National Association of Home Builders of the United States

Cynthia L. Rice , Esq. ;
Javier J. Castro , Esq. ;
Ronald J. Melton , Esq. ; California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc.; Oakland, Stockton, El Centro, CA

For Amicus Curiae California Rural Legal Assistance ,
Inc. and California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation

Stephen M. Phillips , Esq. ;
Erin
Petre
Lis , Esq. ; Hendrick Phillips Salzman & Siegel, P.C.; Atl anta, GA

For Amicus Curiae National Roofing Contractors Association

DECISION

Before: Mac DOUGALL , Chairman; ATTWOOD and SULLIVAN, Commissioners.

BY THE COMMISSION:

A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc. is a commercial roofing company based in Dayton, Ohio. After an employee collapsed while working on a roofing project and subsequently died, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection and issued
Sturgill
a citation alleging
two serious
violations. Item 1
alleges
a violation of the general duty clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1), for
exposing employees “to the hazard of excessive heat from working on a commercial roof in the direct sun.” 1 Item 2 alleges
a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2) for failing to instruct employees on the recognition and avoidance of risk factors related to the development of heat-related illnesses. Administrative Law Judge Carol A. Baumerich affirmed both citation items. For the reasons discussed below,
we reverse the judge’s decision and vacate
both citation items.

BACKGROUND

On
August 1, 2012, Sturgill was working on the replacement of an approximately
eighteen-foot-high,
large, flat roof of a bank in Miamisburg, Ohio. Removing
the building’s existing
roof consisted
of tearing off a single-ply sheet rubber membrane and Styrofoam insulation under that membrane so that a new roof could
be
installed.

The crew consisted of eleven employees, including three supplied by a
temporary
staffing company. One of the temporary employees was
“MR,”
a 60-year-old man
with
various preexisting medical conditions, including
hepatitis C and congestive heart failure.

It was the
first day
that MR was assigned to work at Sturgill. He began work
that day
at 6:30 a.m. and
was tasked
with standing near the edge of the roof where other employees
brought
him a cart full of cut-up pieces of roofing material that he then
pushed
off the roof into a dumpster below. The assignment of this work was intentionally made by Foreman Leonard Brown because it was MR’s first day on the project. When
MR
began
his
work,
the temperature was approximately 72°F with 84 percent relative humidity. There is no dispute that
Brown
encouraged all employees to utilize the immediate access to ice,
water, rest, and shade, without fear of reprisal.

At around 11:40 a.m., after
other employees reported
being concerned about
MR
to Brown
and Brown
himself
observed him
“walking like clumsy,” MR collapsed and began shaking.
The temperature at that point was approximately 82°F with 51 percent relative humidity.

Emergency medical personnel
were
summoned,
and
they
took MR to the hospital where his core body temperature was determined to be 105.4°F. MR
was diagnosed with heat stroke
and
died three weeks later. According to the coroner, his death was caused by “complications” from heat stroke.

DISCUSSION

I.    Item 1 (General Duty Clause Violation)

To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must establish
the following: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. Arcadian Corp. , 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004). The Secretary also must prove that the employer “knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the
violative conditions.” Tampa Shipyards Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1535 (No. 86-360, 1992)
(consolidated).

On review,
Sturgill contends that the Secretary
failed to
prove
any
of these elements. We agree that
proof of at least two of these elements—the existence of a
hazard and a feasible means of abatement—is lacking, and therefore find that the Secretary has not met his burden of proving the alleged violation.

Hazard

To prove that a condition presents a hazard under the general duty clause, the Secretary is required to show that
it
exposed employees to a “significant risk” of harm. See Beverly Enters., Inc. , 19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1170-1172 (No. 91-3144, 2000) (consolidated);
see also
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft v. Donovan , 715 F.2d 57, 63 (2d Cir. 1983)
(holding that a “significant risk” of harm can be established by showing a “meaningful possibility” of injury);
Titanium Metals Corp. v.
Usery , 579 F.2d 536, 541 (9th Cir. 1978)
(the possibility of harm resulting must be “upon other than a freakish or utterly implausible concurrence of circumstances”);
Nat’l Realty & Constr. Co. v. OSHRC , 489 F.2d 1257, 1265 n.33
(D.C. Cir. 1973). The Secretary also must establish that the hazard at the worksite was “causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). The Secretary
is not required “to show that an accident is likely but rather that
if
an
accident were to occur, death or serious physical harm would be the likely result.” Beverly Enters. , 19 BNA OSHC at
1188
(emphasis
in original).

In the citation, the Secretary
alleges
that
all
of
the
employees
at Sturgill’s worksite
were exposed to
the hazard
of
“excessive heat from working on a commercial roof in the direct sun during the performance of
their
duties which included removal of roofing material, tossing the material off the roof into a dump truck, and installation of new roofing material.” The judge
agreed
that
employees were exposed to a “heat-related illness hazard,” because in her view: (1) the highest “heat index” was 85°F at 10:53 a.m., which is in the “caution” category on the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s
(NOAA)
National Weather Service (NWS) heat advisory chart; 2
(2) the employees were generally working in full sunshine and, pursuant to the NWS
chart,
that
permits increasing
the
temperature
by 15°F, placing
the heat index
in the
chart’s
“danger” category; (3)
Brown
testified
that it felt about 10°F hotter on the roof than on the ground; (4) the work
being
performed
was “physically demanding and strenuous”; and (5) Dr. Theodore Yee, who the judge qualified as an expert in occupational medicine and injuries for the Secretary, testified that there was a “heat-related exposure risk” at the worksite
on the day in
question
that ranged from “heat exhaustion for a younger person up to heat stroke for an older person.”

On review,
Sturgill argues that the record does not support the judge’s findings. Specifically,
it
contends that
the alleged
hazard did not exist on August 1, 2012 because excessive heat was not present, claiming that the
judge:

miscalculated the NWS heat index;
should not have given dispositive weight
to the opinion of the Secretary’s expert witness, Dr. Yee;
and
erred in finding
that
the heat conditions at the site
were hazardous. The company also argues
that the
judge

should
not have used MR’s heat stroke as evidence of a hazard, even though her decision explicitly states that her finding of a hazard is not based on MR’s illness. Upon
weighing the evidence, we
conclude
that the Secretary has not established the existence of a hazard likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

NWS
Heat Advisory
C hart

We find that the
judge erred in
her reliance
on the
NWS chart
to
establish the existence of
the alleged
hazard at Sturgill’s worksite on August 1 because the Secretary has failed to show that
any of
the chart’s
warnings
applied to the conditions present that morning. For heat index values of 80°F and higher, 3
the NWS
chart
sets out four ranges of values
and assigns a
warning
level
to each one—caution, extreme caution, danger, and extreme danger—to indicate the “likelihood of heat disorders
with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity .” 4 Consequently,
for any of the warnings
to have been applicable at the time of the alleged violation,
the
Secretary must show
either that there was “prolonged exposure”
to heat index values
that fall within the chart
or
that the work involved
“strenuous activity.”

The
record fails
to establish either of these prerequisites.

As
to
the extent of exposure,
the
evidence shows
that
the heat index
values
were
at most
in the caution
range
for
two
of the five hours the crew worked on the day in question. 5 Yet,
we cannot
determine if two hours
in those conditions
constitutes “prolonged exposure” because
the
Secretary
does not establish
what the
NWS
means by
“prolonged exposure”—in fact,
there is no
record
evidence on this
issue. 6

Nor does the record establish that
the
work
performed by Sturgill’s crew
was “strenuous.” Brown
explained that
employees
cut the
existing roof’s
membrane and
Styrofoam
sheets into small
pieces, put the materials
into
a four-wheel hand cart, and pulled the cart
near the edge of the roof for the materials to be discarded—by MR—into a dumpster below. None of the witnesses testified that this
work
involved anything more than “moderate” exertion;
Brown
stated
that he did not consider the work
overall
to be strenuous
and
Dr.
Yee
characterized
MR’s work
in particular
as
“light to moderate, if not moderate.” Additionally, an
OSHA website publication
entered into the record that addresses
“Occupational Heat Exposure” describes a “moderate work rate category” that
fits
Brown’s
characterization
of the
crew’s
work
that day:

Under motions, sustained moderate ha[n]d and arm work, moderate arm and leg work, moderate arm and trunk work, moderate pushing and pulling, walking at
moderate speed, lifting 10 pounds, ten times per minute or 25 pounds six times per minute. Under example task, picking fruits and vegetables, bending, squatting, painting with a brush, pushing or pulling lightweight carts or wheelbarrows, off-road operation of trucks, tractors or construction equipment, operating an air hammer, weeding or hoeing.

In short, there is no evidence that the work
in which
any of the employees
engaged
that day, including MR,
was
strenuous. Having
failed to
demonstrate that the
work was
strenuous or that the
workers
were exposed to heat index values within
any
of the
NWS
warning levels for a “prolonged”
period of time,
the
Secretary
has
not shown
that any of the
NWS
warnings
applied to the conditions at the
worksite.

Even if
we were to find that
the Secretary had established
one
of these prerequisites, the record shows that only the lowest of the
NWS chart’s
warning levels—the “caution” warning—applied. Indeed, the judge miscalculated the heat index
by
automatically
adding
15°F to the temperature to account for exposure to full sunshine; 7
the NWS chart, however,
allows
for
any
increase
to be added
“to the heat index
value[],”
not to the temperature. In addition, the chart does not state that the heat index
will
be increased
by
15°F whenever there is full sunshine; it states that “exposure to full sunshine
can
increase heat index values by
up to
15°F.”

(emphasis added.) There is
simply no
evidence in the record addressing the factors that are to be considered when determining how much of an increase (up to 15°F) to apply. Absent such evidence, even if the chart were applicable
here, there would be no basis to make any addition to the
heat
index to account for full sunshine.

In any event,
the Secretary has not shown that
conditions falling in the caution range rise to the level of a “hazard” under the general duty clause. In the context of the
chart’s
other warning levels—“ extreme
caution,
danger , and
extreme
danger”—“caution” simply does not
connote
a
significant
risk of harm. 8
Cf.
Kastalon , Inc. , 12 BNA OSHC
1928,
1937-39
(No. 79-5543, 1986)
(consolidated)
(finding that
the
Secretary
failed to
show that
amount of
carcinogen presented
a significant risk of harm, as the quantitative risk assessment
relied on
by
the
Secretary was too speculative).

That serious physical harm is merely “possible” does not satisfy the general duty clause’s
requirement that the hazard be “likely” to cause such harm. 9
Id .
(“[I]n order to prove the existence of a hazard within the meaning of the general duty clause, the
Secretary cannot merely show that there may be some degree of risk to employees. He must show, at a minimum, that employees are exposed to a significant risk of harm.”).

See
Indus. Union Dep ’ t, AFL-CIO v. Am .
Pet roleum
Inst ., 448 U.S.
607,
641
&
646 (1980) (plurality opinion) (the Act “was not designed to require employers to provide absolutely risk-free workplaces”; “The legislative history also supports the conclusion that Congress was concerned,
not with absolute safety, but
with
the elimination of
significant
harm.”).

Consequently,
the
NWS
chart does not establish that the
worksite
conditions posed a hazard likely to cause death or serious physical harm 10 —on the contrary,
it
stands as
evidence that the alleged heat hazard was
not
present at
the worksite. 11

Dr.
Yee’s
Testimony

Dr.
Yee, the Secretary’s expert,
testified that
the heat conditions at Sturgill’s worksite could cause at least heat exhaustion in
a
hypothetical worker who is age 61, lacks MR’s preexisting conditions, and is performing the same work as MR—that is, work involving
“light to moderate, if not moderate”
physical exertion. Dr. Yee’s
opinion
was
based in part on
his assumption that
conditions
at
the
worksite
included
working in
direct sunshine
for
a significant portion
of the
fivehour
period that began at 6:30
a.m.
and,
as a result,
the NWS heat index values for that period should be increased by
7.5°F.

Dr.
Yee, however,
failed to explain on what basis he determined that 7.5°F
was
the
appropriate
increase, stating only that “[h]eat accumulates in a person, so I would say it’s at least
[7.5°F]
more” and that
a higher increase
“would probably find disagreement among reasonable minds.”

See
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc. , 451 F.3d 104,
127
(2d Cir. 2006),
aff’d , 552 U.S. 312 (2008) (stating
that
“[a]n expert opinion requires some explanation as to how the expert came to his conclusion and what methodologies or evidence substantiate that conclusion[],”
and
dismissing
negligent manufacturing claim where expert failed to explain the basis for his opinion that catheter burst radially, not longitudinally);
SkinMedica , Inc. v.
Histogen
Inc.,
727 F.3d 1187, 1210
(Fed. Cir. 2013) (evidentiary value of conclusory expert testimony is “unhelpful”;
such opinions “lack
any substantive explanation tied to the intrinsic record”
and “without a more detailed explanation” as to how the expert “formed his conclusions,” they “deserve[] no weight”).

We therefore give
limited
weight to
Dr.
Yee’s
expert
opinion that
the conditions at the
worksite could cause
his
“hypothetical worker”
to have
a serious heat illness. See
Mosser
Constr., Inc. , 23 BNA OSHC 1044, 1046-47
(No.
08-0631,
2010) (finding expert’s opinion “unpersuasive” where
the expert failed to explain
factual
details underlying it);
Peterson Bros. Steel Erection Co. , 16 BNA OSHC 1196, 1203-04
(No.
90-2304,
1993) (discounting expert’s testimony because he did “not include the factual basis and reasoning behind
[his]
opinion”),
aff’d ,
26 F.3d
573 (5th Cir 1994).

Indeed, in the absence of credible evidence as to how much, if any, the NWS heat index values for that morning should be increased, the
weight of the
evidence
establishes at most
that the
heat
index was
in the caution range for two hours, which as discussed above
indicates
that the alleged hazard was
in fact
not
present that morning. 12

See
Boucher v. U.S. Suzuki Motor Corp . 73 F.3d 18, 21 (2d Cir 1996) (court
has discretion under Federal
Rule of
Evidence 703 “to determine whether the expert acted reasonably in making assumptions of fact upon which he would base his
testimony”)
(citation omitted).

Consequently,
we do not afford Dr. Yee’s testimony dispositive weight but instead weigh
all of
the evidence; in doing so,
we find that
his
opinion
that
a heat hazard was present
is outweighed by the other
substantial record
evidence
considered as a whole. See
Conn .
Nat .
Gas Corp.,
6 BNA OSHC 1796,
1800
(No. 13964, 1978) (“[E]xpert
testimony is not conclusive; it is up to the trier of fact to determine what, if any, weight will be given that testimony.”);
see also
29 U.S.C. § 660(a)
(Commission’s findings conclusive “if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole”).

MR’s
I llness

Finally,
the Secretary
has argued throughout this litigation that the occurrence of MR’s illness alone is evidence that a heat hazard was present
at the worksite
on the day in
question . This
reliance is unfounded. Although the coroner and MR’s treating physicians diagnosed MR as having heat stroke, the record does not establish that they were aware of the temperature and humidity levels at the worksite
that day —which ,
as discussed above, do not establish the existence of a hazard—or
th at
MR’s
work involved only
“light to moderate”
exertion . Moreover,
it is undisputed that
MR
had
preexisting medical conditions . Yet t he Secretary
and our
dissenting
colleague
would have us
reason backwards to
make a direct
causal
connection between
MR’s
diagnosis and
the
conditions
at the worksite
without any credible supporting evidence . 13

Compare
Arcadian , 20 BNA OSHC at 201 0
( “no question that the hazard of the pressure vessel explosion caused serious physical harm”
under 5(a)(1) ) , with
Coleco
Indus. , Inc. , 14 BNA OSHC 1961, 1964 (No. 84-546, 1991) ( noting that
hazard
of disabled
interlocks
and contacts
on elevator ,
which
caused employee to be crushed by inadvertent movement of the elevator , was
established
under 5(a)(1)).

In
fact, Sturgill
had neither actual
nor constructive
knowledge of
whatever aspects of
MR’s
physical
condition
might have
made him susceptible to
becoming ill
that day. 14
Tampa Shipyards Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC
at
1535
(stating that knowledge of the violative condition is required to establish
a general duty clause violation). Sturgill
did not know
MR’s age or
preexisting
medical conditions—MR was a temporary employee provided by a staffing company and the day of the
alleged violation was MR’s first on the job. Nor did Sturgill have constructive knowledge
of that
personal
information—as Sturgill correctly points out,
the company
was precluded from
seeking it by
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA),
42 U.S.C. § 12112,
and the Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA),
42 U.S.C.
§ 12101
et seq .,
as amended by the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008, P.L. 110-325
(ADA).

While health-related inquiries are permissible under
the
ADA if job-related and consistent with business necessity, guidance issued by the
U.S.
Equal
Employment
Opportunity
Commission
makes clear that
such inquiries
are only allowed
when an employer
“has a reasonable belief, based on objective evidence that: (1) an employee’s ability to perform essential job functions will be impaired by a medical condition; or (2) an employee will pose a direct threat due to a medical condition.” 15
EEOC Enforcement Guidance on Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees under the Americans with Disabilities Act , https://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/guidance-inquiries.html
(permissible questions include “asking an employee whether s/he can perform job functions”);
s ee also
42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A) (health-related inquiries permissible under ADA if job-related and consistent with business necessity); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.15(e)
(“It may be a defense to a charge of discrimination under [the ADA] that a challenged action is required or necessitated by another Federal law or regulation . . . .”) ;
Miller v.
W hirlpool
Corp. , 807 F. Supp. 2d 684, 688-89 (N.D. Ohio 2011)
(compliance with general duty clause cannot be used as justification for conducting medical inquiries
that
screen out an individual because of disability);
Cripe
v. City of San Jose , 261 F.3d 877,
885,
890 (9th Cir. 2001)
(citing
42 U.S.C.
§ 12112(b)(6))
(the standard to prove
the “business necessity” defense under the ADA to validate
an employer’s
qualification standard that “screen[s] out or tend[s] to screen out an individual with a disability”
is “quite high”).

Here,
Sturgill
made inquiries within the constraints that the
ADA and
ADEA
impose:

it
asked MR if he had prior roofing experience and whether he was
all right
once he started work. Since
MR responded yes to both questions,
Sturgill
had
no basis to believe that MR may have had medical conditions that
could
endanger his health if he performed the assigned work;
so,
it was precluded from inquiring further. Had Sturgill asked about MR’s age or underlying health
conditions and then
taken action
on that basis, it
could have been subject to a claim for redress under
both of
these statutes.

See
42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A) (employer “shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature of the disability, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.”);
42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) (powers, remedies, and procedures);
see also
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5 (enforcement provisions for equal employment opportunities); 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1)
(unlawful for an employer “to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age”); 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) (provision on e nforcement; prohibition of age discrimination under fair labor standards; unpaid minimum wages and unpaid overtime compensation; liquidated damages; judicial relief; conciliation, conference, and persuasion).
Under these circumstances,
the Secretary cannot
rely—directly or indirectly—on
any
susceptibility
MR may have had
to
heat
conditions at the worksite in attempting to establish the alleged violation. See U . S .
P ostal Serv. , 24 BNA
OSHC
2066, 2069-71 (No. 08-1547,
2014) (employer lacked constructive knowledge of information that Family and Medical Leave Act regulations prohibited from being disclosed).

Accordingly,
we conclude that the record does not support the
Secretary’s allegation that an excessive heat hazard was present
at the worksite. 16

Feasible and Effective Abatement Measures

To establish the feasibility of a proposed abatement measure, the Secretary must “demonstrate both that the
measure[] [is] capable of being put into effect and that [it] would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.” Arcadian , 20 BNA OSHC at 2011 (citing
Beverly Enters. Inc. , 19 BNA OSHC
at
1190).

Where an employer has undertaken measures to address a hazard alleged under the general duty clause, the Secretary must show that such measures were inadequate. U.S. Postal Serv. , 21 BNA OSHC 1767, 1773-74 (No. 04-0316, 2006).

On review,
the parties dispute whether Sturgill implemented five abatement measures proposed by
the Secretary
in the citation:

(1) implementing an “acclimatization plan”; (2) requiring employees to wear loose fitting, reflective clothing; (3) imposing a “formalized workrest regimen”; (4) imposing a “formalized hydration policy” that requires employees to drink water at regular intervals; and (5) monitoring employees for signs of a heat illness.

Before addressing this
element of proof, however,
we
must
first determine
whether
the
Secretary proposed each measure as an alternative means of abatement, in which case
implementing any one of them would constitute abatement
of the alleged violation,
or as
a
component of
a single means of abatement, in which case
all of
the measures must be implemented
to abate
the violation.

If the former, the Secretary can prevail
on this element
only if he proves that Sturgill implemented none of the measures. Id . If the latter, he need only show a failure to implement one of them. The
judge did not expressly address this threshold issue
but
analyzed the record
with regard to
each
of the “five means of abatement”
measures
and found that Sturgill had not implemented any of them.

We find, unlike our dissenting colleague,
that the Secretary litigated
his
proposed
measures as alternative means of abatement. Although the
citation is internally inconsistent in this regard, 17
the Secretary’s
post-hearing brief
clearly
identifies four measures as alternative abatement methods:

CSHO Wallace suggested
a number of
feasible abatement methods. Perhaps
the most obvious means
of reducing exposure to the hazards
was to acclimate
workers to working in the
heat . . . . Sturgill
could also have feasibly reduced exposure
to the heat hazards by preventing MR from working while wearing clothing wholly unsuitable for hot
environments . . . . Sturgill
could also have feasibly reduced exposure
to heat hazards by implementing a formalized work-rest
regimen . . . . Sturgill
could also have feasibly reduced exposure
to the heat hazards by implementing a formalized water drinking
program . . . . Sturgill could have
feasibly reduced employees’ exposure to heat hazards in at least
four separate
ways  . . . .

(emphasis added). Therefore, if the record shows that Sturgill implemented any one of the Secretary’s proposed measures, or is equivocal in that regard, the abatement element of
the Secretary’s burden of proof
has not been
established.

The record supports Sturgill’s contention that the company utilized
an acclimatization program that included assigning new employees to the lightest, easiest jobs, and providing a flexible work schedule that allowed new employees to take as many additional informal breaks as they desired.

Thomas Gould, Sturgill’s superintendent, testified that to acclimate new employees, “we start them out with the lighter tasks, less physical
duties . . . [a]nd
then work them up from
there . . . .” He stated that as part of its acclimatization program, Sturgill also:

(1) reduces the workload for all employees when the weather becomes hotter; (2) makes sure all employees take breaks; and (3) ensures that a shaded rest area is available to all employees.

As an example of its program,
Sturgill points to the fact that MR
was assigned
the easiest task at the worksite. Indeed, consistent with Gould’s testimony,
Brown
testified that he
gave
MR the easiest task “because it was his first day,” and told him to go at his own pace and to take rests when he needed. The
compliance officer’s
testimony confirms that Sturgill:
(1)
provided employees
at the worksite
with water, rest breaks, and shaded break areas;
(2)
allowed employees to work at their own pace; and
(3)
gave
MR as
a new employee the lightest task. The CO
not only
agreed that these measures are all components of an acclimatization program
but
acknowledged that an OSHA “Accident Investigation Summary,” prepared in part based on her investigation, states:

“It appears that [Sturgill] was utilizing an informal acclimatization program for the new temp agency employee.”

In the face of this evidence, the Secretary
has
never
delineated
what specific, additional steps—beyond those already implemented—Sturgill should have taken to acclimate
employees. See
Mid-South Waffles, Inc. , No. 13-1022, slip op. at 12
(OSHRC Feb. 15, 2019)
(“[W]hen an employer already has a safety program designed to eliminate the recognized hazard, the Secretary must ‘show [the]
specific additional measures ’ required to abate the hazard.”) (quoting
Pelron
Corp. , 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1836 (No 82-388, 1986) (emphasis added)). The Secretary claims that Sturgill could have limited the amount of time MR
spent working in
the heat, but
he
does not identify by
how much
Sturgill would have needed to limit MR’s time on the roof to have adequately met this proposed abatement measure. Similarly, Dr. Yee
stated
that acclimatization is
“important”
because it can allow an individual to dissipate heat from the body faster,
but
he
did not explain what
constitutes
acclimatization in practice, specifically in terms of what additional measures Sturgill needed to implement.

Moreover,
none of
the documents
the Secretary
submitted
into evidence
identify acclimatization measures beyond those implemented by Sturgill. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication “Working in Hot Environments” states
only that “[g]radual
exposure to heat gives the body time to become accustomed to higher
environmental
temperatures.
Heat disorders
in general
are more likely to occur among workers who have not been given time to adjust to working in the
heat . . . .” The
NRCA has published a toolbox talk sheet
on “Heat Stress”
that
simply advises:

“Work up to it. It can take about two weeks to get used to working in
a hot environment.”

As the Secretary
has
not
shown
that Sturgill’s acclimatization program was inadequate, he
has
failed to
prove
that this abatement method was not met.

The
Secretary has
also
failed to establish that Sturgill did not adequately implement two
of
his
other
proposed
abatement measures:

(1)
monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat illness;
and
(2)
a formalized work/rest regimen. As to monitoring, Gould testified that Sturgill instructs its employees on the signs and symptoms of heat illnesses, including use of the NRCA toolbox talk
sheet
which explains such signs. His testimony is consistent with that of
Brown, who testified that
as foreman,
he
is
responsible for monitoring employees and
knows
the signs and symptoms of heat illness. With respect to MR,
Brown
testified that he observed MR and checked on him
that morning
(and saw him drink a 44-ounce cup filled with ice water while taking a break), and he did not display any of those signs prior to his walking clumsily. As to a formalized work/rest regimen,
Gould testified that Sturgill has
a regimen consisting of formal rest breaks at mid-morning, lunch, and mid-afternoon, and that employees
are
“encouraged” to take additional informal breaks “any time” with “no retribution, no discipline, no looking down on
them . . . .” Again,
Brown
corroborated Gould’s testimony regarding the company’s work/rest regimen. As with acclimatization, the Secretary has not identified what more Sturgill should have done to satisfy either of these proposed measures.

In sum, we
find
the Secretary has proposed abatement measures as alternative means of abating the alleged violation
and therefore, his failure to prove that Sturgill did not adequately
implement three of those measures means that
the
abatement element has not been
proven. 18
Accordingly, we find that a
violation of the general duty clause has not been established
and vacate Item 1.

II .
   Item 2 (Safety Training Violation)

The Secretary alleges that Sturgill violated § 1926.21(b)(2) because it failed to adequately instruct its employees
on the recognition and avoidance of “risk factors related to the development of heat-related illnesses.” The judge agreed and affirmed the violation. On review, Sturgill argues not only that it instructed each of its employees in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe heat conditions but that the Secretary failed to provide evidence that a “reasonably prudent employer” would have given different instructions under the same circumstances. For the following reasons, we
vacate
this item.

If an employer “rebuts the allegation of a training violation ‘by showing that it has provided the type of training at issue, the burden shifts to the Secretary to show some deficiency in the training provided.’ ” N & N Contractors, Inc. ,
18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2126-27 (No. 96-0606, 2000)
(quoting
Am. Sterilizer Co. , 18 BNA OSHC 1082, 1086 (No. 91-2494, 1997)),
aff’d ,
255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001). To prove that an employer’s instructions are insufficient to satisfy
§ 1926.21(b)(2), the Secretary must “establish that the cited employer failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent
employer would have given in the same circumstances.” Compass
Envtl ., Inc. , 23 BNA OSHC 1132, 1134
(No. 06-1036, 2010),
aff’d , 663 F.3d 1164, 1168 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal citation omitted).

Further , “[an employer’s ]
obligation to
train is dependent upon the specific conditions [at the worksite], whether those conditions create a hazard,
and whether the employer or its industry has recognized the hazard.”

Id.
( quoting
W.G. Fairfield Co. , 19 BNA OSHC 1233, 1236 (No. 99-0344, 2000 ) ,
aff’d ,
285 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2002) ) .

Here, we have already concluded that no hazard was present. 19

Moreover, it is undisputed
that Sturgill instructs
its permanent employees and long-term temporary employees on how to recognize and avoid heat-related illnesses through a comprehensive safety program that includes:

(1) safety training videos that cover heat hazards;
(2) 10-hour OSHA classes, which address heat-related illnesses;
(3) distribution
and review of an NRCA “Pocket Guide to Safety”
that addresses
heat-related illnesses; (4) review of NRCA toolbox talk sheets titled “Weather – Personal Injury” and “Heat Stress”; (5) daily presentations at the start of each shift given by the foreman or superintendent; (6) distribution of Sturgill’s Employee Handbook, which includes
safety provisions; and (7) onsite presentations
by the owner related to heat stress and prevention.

In addition, Sturgill’s foremen warn employees through multiple pre-shift discussions to drink plenty of water and take rest breaks when needed.

As to MR,
Sturgill acknowledges that he did not receive
all of
these forms of instruction, as it was his first day
as a temporary employee
assigned to
the company,
but
Sturgill
contends that foreman
Brown
provided MR with sufficient instruction that day regarding the risk of a heat-related illness. Brown, who determined training for temporary employees “on a site-specific basis,”
told MR in a pre-job orientation meeting that it might be a hot day and
advised him to avoid
a heat-related illness by drinking water, taking rests, and utilizing shade. 20

Superintendent
Gould,
when
asked
whether the company has a “standard operating procedure” to impart the information in the NRCA toolbox talks to temporary employees,
confirmed Brown’s
testimony
about
the steps he took
that day:

“Absolutely. That’s why they don’t show up at
exactly the same
time as our
[permanent]
employees do. That gives [the foreman] time to talk to those employees, as temps, when they come out, to let them know what the situations are and what the hazards for that job and that day would be.”

The Secretary claims that the instructions
given
to MR
were insufficient to satisfy § 1926.21(b)(2) because they “did not include information on the need for frequent breaks, the importance of drinking water even before [becoming] thirsty, and how to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat illness.” The judge agreed, finding that MR should have been informed that lack of thirst and excessive sweating are signs of a heat-related illness, that he should drink water before being thirsty, and that it is necessary to “dress appropriately” in hot weather.

The Secretary also argues that Sturgill’s safety program for long-term employees
is insufficient because it
does
not include “specific instruction on the need to acclimate new employees or specific guidance on how to implement an acclimation program.” The judge
agreed that the training Sturgill provides
permanent employees
is
insufficient because it
does
not include “information regarding the need to acclimatize new employees” and “delegate[s]
to the employees the responsibility to recognize” when to take breaks and drink water.

Sturgill maintains, as it did before the judge, that there is no evidence a reasonably prudent employer would have given
its employees
different instructions than what the company provided, so the Secretary has failed to meet his burden of proving a violation. 21 The Secretary, however,
has never
responded to this argument either on review or in the proceedings below. 22 Given the Secretary’s silence,
which our dissenting colleague takes it upon herself to fill,
we
find
that
he
has failed to meet his burden of persuasion on this issue. See, e.g. ,
Avcon , Inc. ,
23 BNA OSHC 1440, 1444-45 (No. 98-0755, 2011) (consolidated) (finding that the Secretary failed to show amendment of the complaint was proper, an issue “for which she carries the burden,” where “the Secretary did not respond to [the employers’ review brief] arguments in her subsequently filed opening brief nor did she explain her reasons for not doing so.”);
Ragnar Benson, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC 1937, 1938 (No. 97-1675, 1999) (“The Commission need not review an issue abandoned by a party.”). Therefore, the Secretary has not
shown
that Sturgill failed to provide the instructions regarding heat-related illnesses that a reasonable employer would have given under the circumstances, and thus
he
has not established a violation of § 1926.21(b)(2). Accordingly,
we vacate Item 2.

Based on the foregoing,
both citation items are
vacated.

SO
ORDERED.

/s/               

Heather L. MacDougall

Chairman   

/s/               

Dated:    February 28, 2019   


   James J. Sullivan, Jr.

Commissioner

M ac DOUGALL, Chairman, concurring:

While I join in the majority opinion, I also write separately to express my concern that the Commission has been asked in this case to construe the general duty clause to cover work situations in ways that Congress never intended and to unreasonably stretch longstanding Commission precedent by applying the provision to broadly-defined risks inherent in the work being performed. See
Mo. Basin Well Serv., Inc ., 26 BNA OSHC 2314, 2316 n. 5 (No. 13-1817, 2018) (MacDougall, Chairman) (expressing concern that the alleged hazard—an unsafe distance between a pump and discharges of oil and gas from a tank—was too broadly defined to give the employer fair notice);
Mid-South Waffles, Inc.,
No. 13-1022, slip op. at 20-24
(OSHRC
February 15,
2019)
(MacDougall, Chairman, concurring) (finding that Secretary’s overly broad hazard definition—the risk of burns from failing to properly maintain a grease drawer to prevent a grease fire—fails to provide adequate notice of what employer could do to protect employees);
Pelron
Corp. , 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 1986) (“To permit the normal activities in . . . an industry to be defined as a ‘recognized hazard’ within the meaning of section 5(a)(1) is to eliminate an element of the Secretary’s burden of proof and, in fact, almost to prove the Secretary’s case by definition, since under
such a formula the employer can
never
free
the workplace of inherent risks incident to the business.”)
(emphasis added).

To implicate the general duty clause, a work situation must present a “hazard.” The term “hazard” refers to a concrete condition that poses a risk of harm. Longstanding Commission and court precedent
requires
that to constitute a cognizable hazard under the general duty clause, a worksite condition must pose more than the mere possibility of harm.

See , e.g.,
Pelron
Corp. , 12 BNA OSHC at 1835 (“Defining the hazard as the ‘possibility’ that a condition will occur defines not a hazard but a potential hazard.”);
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft v. Donovan , 715 F.2d 57, 64 (2d Cir. 1983)
(“[T]he Secretary must show more than the mere possibility of injury; he must show that the potential hazard presents a significant risk of harm.”) In addition, to comport with due process, the Secretary must define the hazard that he charges an employer with allowing to exist at its worksite in a manner that “apprise[s]
[the employer]
of its obligations, and
identif[ies]
conditions or practices over which an employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.” Davey Tree Expert Co. , 11 BNA OSHC 1898, 1983 (No. 77-2350, 1984).

Simply defining the hazard as “excessive heat,” as the Secretary has done here, falls far
short of meeting these well-established requirements. “Excessive heat” is a condition that is
inherent in the performance of outdoor work and one that only presents the
possibility
for harm, not an employment condition that by itself necessarily carries a significant risk of harm. See Mo. Basin Well Serv., Inc ., 26 BNA OSHC at 2316 n. 5 (MacDougall, Chairman) (“As the Commission observed in  Pelron , an employer cannot reasonably be expected to free its workplace of inherent risks that are incident to its normal operation.”). This vague definition also neither identifies a condition or practice over which
an
employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control nor provides
an
employer with fair notice of what it is required to do to protect its employees. In this case, what is meant by “excessive heat?” Is it the heat index the judge formulated by adding 15 degrees to the ambient temperature, or the heat index that would result from adding 10 degrees to the ambient temperature since the foreman said it felt about that much hotter on the roof, or some combination of factors perhaps set forth in OSHA’s website publication regarding “Occupational Heat Exposure”? To pose the question is to answer it. By defining the hazard
merely as “excessive heat,” the Secretary has failed to point to any specific, concrete environmental conditions, and has instead effectively defined the hazard as a sliding scale of possibilities. This open-ended, moving target is not a cognizable hazard under the general duty clause as it provides insufficient notice to the employer of exactly what it is required to free its workplace from to protect its employees.

Another requirement inherent in the type of hazard contemplated by the general duty clause is that the hazard be preventable, i.e., that feasible means of abatement exist that an employer can use to “free” its workplace of the hazard. “Congress intended to require elimination only of
preventable
hazards .” Nat’l Realty and Constr. Co., Inc. v. OSHRC , 489 F.2d 1257, 1266 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (emphasis added). Where the hazard at issue is a moving target with unclear parameters, how can the employer possibly prevent it?

Moreover, the general duty clause only applies to “recognized hazards.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1). This phrase draws its definition from the clause that modifies it:

not all hazards are cognizable
under section 5(a)(1), only those “that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to
[an employer’s]
employees.” “Causing” connotes a current, ongoing, continuous process, rather than a single isolated event or an inchoate possibility; it means “to be the cause of; effect; make happen; bring about.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
214 (New College ed., 1976). “Likely” means more probable than not and therefore more than a mere possibility. See Indus. Union Dep’t., AFL-CIO v. Am. Petroleum Inst. , 448 U.S. 607, 704 n. 25 (equating “likely” with “more probable than not”). Thus,
unsupported expert
testimony like Dr. Yee’s addressing a “heat-related exposure risk” that can lead to “heat exhaustion for a younger person up to heat stroke for an older person” is far too attenuated and broad to establish a breach of an employer’s obligation under the general duty clause.

Finally, an employer’s duty to keep its workplace free from recognized hazards extends not “to any employee”—a phrase used elsewhere in the statute—but rather “to his employees”—the phrase used in the general duty clause. Compare
29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1) (general duty clause)
with
29 U.S.C. § 666(e) (setting forth penalties for willful violations that “caused death
to any employee ,” demonstrating that Congress knew how to distinguish between a single employee and all employees) (emphasis added). Thus, the idiosyncratic underlying health conditions of a single employee cannot trigger an employer’s responsibility under the general duty clause. As the National Association of Home Builders of the United States observed in its amicus brief,
this provision
is referred to
as the “general” duty clause, not the “individual” duty clause: “Analyzing personal risk factors such as underlying health conditions or ages eliminates the sweeping concept of a ‘recognized hazard’ for all employees and instead turns the General Duty clause into an individual duty clause whereby the recognition of the hazard is now employeespecific.” Accordingly, evidence of a single employee’s unique susceptibility to heat
illness
cannot be
sufficient
to establish the existence of an “excessive heat” hazard.

I find that these are all further reasons to vacate the general duty clause violation alleged here by the Secretary. As the violation is being properly vacated, however, I leave the resolution of these troubling issues for another day.

/s/               

Dated:    February 28, 2019   


   Heather L. MacDougall

Chairman

ATTWOOD, Commissioner, dissenting:

Because I find that the Secretary has established all the elements of the
alleged
general duty clause violation, I dissent with respect to Item 1.

In addition, because I find that the Secretary has established that Sturgill failed to adequately train MR regarding measures to avoid the heat-related illness hazard and the signs and symptoms of that hazard, I dissent with respect to Item 2. Accordingly, I would affirm both violations.

DISCUSSION

I.
The General Duty Clause Violation

To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must establish
the following: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard; (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm; and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. Arcadian Corp. , 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004). T he Secretary must also show that the employer knew ,
or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the hazardous condition.   Burford’s Trees, Inc. , 22 BNA OSHC 1948, 1950 (No. 07-1899, 2010),  aff’d , 413 F.  App’x  222 (11th Cir. 2011) (unpublished).

A. Existence of a Hazard Likely to Cause Death or Serious Physical Harm

The judge found that “Sturgill’s employees were exposed to heat-related illness hazards during the PNC roofing project, and in particular, on August 1, 2012.” I agree based on evidence regarding :

( 1) the National Weather Service (NWS) “heat index” chart; 23
(2) the temperature on the roof that day; (3) the medical evidence; and (4) the testimony of the Secretary’s expert, Dr.
Theodore
Yee.

First, I disagree with the majority’s summary dismissal of the NWS heat index chart as insufficient to support the finding of a hazard here. The chart identifies four different warning levels (“Caution,” “Extreme Caution,” “Danger,” and “Extreme Danger”) based on a factor of temperature and humidity readings. 24 The warning levels in the chart apply when there is
either
“prolonged exposure or strenuous activity.” My colleagues assert that the heat index chart is
inapplicable here because neither prolonged exposure nor strenuous activity on the roof that morning has been shown.

On the contrary ,
the record proves
that
exposure that day was,
indeed, prolonged.

“Prolonged” is not defined on the heat index chart. However, it means “continuing for a long
time .  . . . ”

The New Oxford American Dictionary
( 2d
e d.
2005). Here, the record shows that the heat index values were at least in the “caution” warning zone for at least two of the hours the crew worked on the roof in the morning. 25
Moreover, it appears that, absent MR’s collapse, the crew, which was working an 8-hour shift, would have continued to work in hot conditions for at least two more hours. 26 Accordingly, the total time of exposure to conditions in the “caution” zone would have been in excess of four hours. In my view, working in hot conditions for half of a work day qualifies as “prolonged” exposure. Thus, unlike my colleagues, I conclude that the heat index chart provides relevant evidence regarding the presence of a heat-related illness hazard on August 1, 2012.

Second, my colleagues fail to factor into their analysis of the heat index
F oreman
Leonard
Brown’s testimony regarding the temperature on the roof on August 1. In his transcribed statement to the compliance officer, 27
Brown was asked whether the temperature on the roof was hotter than on the ground. He answered, “[it] was about a 10[ -]degree
difference.” There is every reason to credit Brown’s testimony in this regard: he has done roofing work for eighteen years ,
and therefore, has surely developed an understanding of the difference in temperature
that can exist
between the
roof and the ground. 28 Moreover, he had no incentive to exaggerate this number. Taking Brown’s unrebutted statement into account, the heat index on the roof would have been in the “extreme caution” zone. 29 Therefore, the majority’s insistence that readings in the “caution” zone fail to connote a significant risk of harm is irrelevant. 30

Third, MR’s diagnosis of heat stroke —a diagnosis supported by
all of
the credible medical evidence—shows that conditions at the worksite presented a heat hazard. Indeed, I find that the judge properly credited the medical opinions of MR’s attending physicians at the hospital and of Dr. Bryan
Casto , the coroner who reviewed the medical evidence, over that of Sturgill’s expert witness, Dr. David Randolph, a physician with a specialization in occupational medicine. 31 The
medical records show that all of MR’s attending physicians during his hospital stay diagnosed him with heat stroke. 32 And Dr.
Casto
testified that MR died due to “complications” from heat stroke. 33 Although he acknowledged that MR had preexisting “heart disease” and that this condition can make one “more likely
to succumb
to a heat-related illness,” Dr.
Casto
testified that he “would not expect [MR’s] heart disease, as defined in the medical record, to
cause
the elevated body temperature.”

( e mphasis added) . Dr.
Casto
also testified that he was unaware of any evidence “by history or by investigation” that would show MR’s heat stroke was related to prior substance abuse, as alleged by Sturgill. He noted that MR’s medical records show he was specifically tested for alcohol and cocaine on the day he was admitted to the hospital, and that both tests were negative.

Finally, MR’s diagnosis is consistent with Dr. Yee’s expert testimony that, based on his review of the medical records, the heat
conditions
at the worksite led to MR suffering
heat stroke. Because Dr. Yee’s expert testimony that conditions on the roof on August 1 presented a heat-related illness hazard
is
both reliable and compelling, I find that my colleagues’ decision to give
his opinion “little weight” makes little sense. Dr. Yee, who was qualified as an expert in occupational medicine and injury, 34
unequivocally testified that, in regard to a hypothetical worker who is “age 61” and lacks MR’s preexisting conditions, “[c] ertainly
that person on the first
day .  . . would [develop] some sort of heat-related illness” in the absence of appropriate protective measures. 35 He opined that the heat conditions at Sturgill’s worksite that day could cause at least heat exhaustion in such a worker and that heat exhaustion is a serious condition that “often” causes the victim to collapse, although the severity of any illness would vary. 36 This expert testimony was based on Dr. Yee’s evaluation of the work at Sturgill’s worksite as being “light to moderate,” which the record fully supports, as well as the fact that employees had spent most of the morning
working
on the roof
in direct
sunlight.

The
majority
acknowledges
the Secretary’s
contention
that MR
“ worked for about five hours in direct sunlight,” and
that an annotation on the NWS heat index states that “exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15°F.” Yet, my colleagues’ sole basis for discrediting Dr. Yee’s expert opinion is that ,
in their
view, he did not sufficiently explain his position that the exposure of Sturgill’s employees to direct sunlight warranted an increase of 7.5°F to the heat index values (for a total heat index of 92.5°F). But Dr. Yee did explain that “heat accumulates in a person,” an evident reference to the fact that if a body cannot get rid of excess
heat (i.e. through sweating) ,
it will store it. 37 Moreover, Dr. Yee’s 92.5°F heat index estimate is consistent with Foreman Brown’s estimate that it was 10 degrees hotter on the roof than it was on the ground, i.e., a heat index of 95°F, both of which are
in the “extreme caution” zone. 38 Finally, Dr. Yee did not base his opinion that a heat hazard was present on the fact that the heat index was elevated by 7.5°F. Rather, he stated his opinion in terms of the actual work and conditions present at Sturgill’s work site on the day in question. And Dr. Yee’s
expert
opinion on all these points is uncontradicted. 39

In my view, the record supports the judge’s determination that the opinions of MR’s treating physicians deserve the “greatest weight” because they were in the best position to diagnose him, and that the opinions of Drs. Yee and
Casto
should also be credited. 40 I therefore agree with the judge’s finding that MR’s heat stroke was reliable and persuasive evidence that a heat hazard
existed at the worksite. 41
For all these reasons, I conclude that the Secretary has proven the existence of serious heat-related illness hazard.

B. Hazard Recognition

Hazard recognition “may be shown by proof that ‘a hazard . . . is recognized as such by the employer’ or by ‘general understanding in the [employer’s] industry. ’ ”
Otis Elevator Co. , 21 BNA OSHC at 2207 (quoting
Kokosing Constr. Co. , 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873 (No. 92-2596, 1996)). To establish recognition, the Secretary must show that the industry or employer understood that the
conditions
(or practices) at a worksite that are the subject of the citation were hazardous. See Pepperidge Farm , 17 BNA OSHC 1993, 2003 (No. 89-265, 1997) (A hazard is “recognized” when “the potential danger
of a condition or activity
is either actually known to the particular employer or generally known in the industry.”) (citation omitted) (emphasis added). Here,
the Secretary has shown that Sturgill recognized that the specific climatological conditions at
its
worksite on the day in question
constituted a hazard. 42

Foreman Brown, whose supervisory status is not in dispute, testified that he knew it was going to be a “hot” day. In addition, he recognized that because it was “summer time when the heat was just beginning, . . . [the crew] had to take more breaks than normal.” He also knew it was inappropriate to wear black clothing. As to MR, Brown told him that if he was
hot
he could take additional breaks as needed. And he showed him where the water coolers were and where shade and cool air
from
“chillers”
was
available on the roof. This comprehensive testimony from a supervisor present at the worksite on the day in question unquestionably establishes that Sturgill recognized that there was a heat-related illness hazard. 43
See Beverly Enters. , 19 BNA OSHC at 1186 (warnings by company personnel regarding the existence of a hazard are persuasive evidence of hazard recognition);
Mo. Basin Well Servs. , 26 BNA OSHC 2314, 2317-18 (No. 13-1817, 2018) (supervisor’s recognition of hazard imputed to company);
N&N Contractors, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC
2121, 2123 (No. 96-0606, 2000) (imputing knowledge of foreman to company),
aff’d , 255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001) .

C. Knowledge

The Secretary must also show that the employer “knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative conditions.” Tampa Shipyards Inc. , 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 1535 (No. 86-360, 1992) (consolidated). The conditions constituting the hazard here included the climatic conditions (temperature and humidity), the exposure to full sunshine on a flat roof, and the physical nature of the work. Knowledge of all these conditions is established by
F oreman Brown’s testimony, as he acknowledged that he was present at the worksite and observed the conditions directly, including that it felt 10
degrees
hotter on the roof than the ground. See
Id.
at 1537 (“The actual or constructive knowledge of a foreman or other supervisory employee can be imputed to the employer.”) In addition to
its
foreman’s testimony, Sturgill’s knowledge is also evidenced by its superintendent’s testimony that he is “ well aware
of what the weather conditions are going to be for any given day,” and does “not wake up and think it is going to be 70 and it’s 100 degrees.” Thus, the Secretary has established Sturgill’s actual knowledge of the violative conditions.

D. Abatement

Finally, I disagree with the majority’s analysis of the abatement issue as well as its conclusion. My colleagues begin their analysis of this element by propounding an issue—whether the Secretary’s abatement measures were proposed as alternatives—that was not raised by either party before the judge or by the Commission itself in the briefing notice. My colleagues find that the Secretary’s abatement measures were proposed as alternatives and therefore conclude “if the record shows that Sturgill implemented any one of the Secretary’s proposed measures, or is equivocal in that regard, the abatement
element .  . . has not been established.” I disagree and find that the Secretary did not propose the abatement measures in a manner that would require the citation be vacated if the Secretary failed to establish that
all of
Sturgill’s abatement efforts were inadequate. In addition, I find the Secretary proved that Sturgill’s actions regarding the three proposed abatement measures discussed by the majority were plainly inadequate, as were Sturgill’s other abatement efforts. Finally, I find that the Secretary established that his proposed abatement efforts were feasible and would materially reduce the cited hazard.

1.
Abatement Measures Not Proposed as Alternatives

To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must establish that the proposed abatement measures are feasible and will eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. Arcadian Corp. , 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004) (citing
Pelron
Corp ., 12 BNA OSHC 1833, 1835 (No. 82-388, 1986)). Here, the citation specifically alleges that Sturgill “failed to develop and implement a heat-related illness prevention program which adequately addressed appropriate clothing for working conditions, a formalized work/rest schedule, worksite monitoring, guidelines for removing employees from hazardous conditions, and acclimatization for new or returning employees.” The citation then proposes those same measures as “feasible and acceptable methods” to abate the excessive heat hazard:

1. Develop guidelines for employees to wear loosely worn reflective clothing to deflect radiant heat
   . . . .

2. Develop a formalized work/rest regimen based on environmental working conditions. Remove employees from hazardous conditions when/if rest breaks are not taken.

3. Develop a work practice for monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness.

4. Develop guidelines for removal of employees from hazardous conditions when recognized through worksite monitoring.

5. Develop a formalized acclimatization work practice which includes the element of reduced time to hazardous conditions in addition to a reduction in work-load. 44

My colleagues argue that because the Secretary describes each of the five proposed measures as “methods” to abate the hazard, they are necessarily alternative means of abatement, and the Secretary, therefore, can only prevail on the abatement issue “if he proves that Sturgill implemented none of the measures.” In other words, my colleagues conclude that if the evidence supports a finding that Sturgill adequately undertook
any one
of the five listed abatement measures, the Secretary would fail to establish the abatement element, and thus, the general duty clause violation. The majority bases its erroneous conclusion that the Secretary proposes the abatement measures in the alternative on an illogical reading of the citation and a crabbed interpretation of various statements made by the Secretary. Specifically, the majority cites: (1) the language of the citation, which it finds is “internally inconsistent” on this issue; (2) the Secretary’s post-hearing
brief, which it finds proposes the abatement methods in the alternative; and (3) the Secretary’s response to my question at oral argument in the case, which the majority claims shows the “Secretary’s failure to appreciate the effect of proposing the measures as alternatives.”

With regard to
the first point, my colleagues emphasize that “[t]he abatement portion of the citation . . . begins with a sentence that uses and references the plural word ‘methods’. . . suggesting that each measure is an alternative means of abatement.” I see no reason to read the proposed abatement measures in this restrictive manner. First, my colleagues’ reliance upon the fact that the word “methods” is expressed in the plural form conveniently ignores the basic axiom that citations are to be construed liberally. Erickson Air-Crane, Inc. , 2012 WL 762001 at *2 (Mar. 2, 2012, No. 07-0645) (“It is well-settled that pleadings are to be liberally construed and easily amended.” );

Gen .
Dynamics Land Sys. Div. , 15 BNA OSHC 1275, 1279-80 (No. 83-1293, 1991) (same ) ,
aff’d , 985 F.2d 560 (6th Cir. 1993) ;

s ee
Nat ’ l Realty & Const. Co., Inc. v. OSHRC , 489 F.2d 1257, 1264-65 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (“[C] itations
under the [OSH] Act are drafted by non-legal personnel, acting with necessary dispatch. Enforcement of the Act would be crippled if the Secretary were inflexibly held to a narrow construction of citations issued by his inspectors.”).

Second, the citation’s assertion that
Sturgill
failed to implement a “ heat-related illness prevention program ” consisting of five measures can only be read as requiring that all five measures be present in the program . (emphasis added). As this assertion is coupled with the citation’s abatement section, which lists the
very same
five measures, it is only reasonable to read the citation’s abatement section as requiring a program consisting of
all
five measures .

Third, to the extent the citation’s language can be characterized as ambiguous, the very nature of the proposed abatement measures here—measures that were proposed as materially reducing the hazard, not eliminating it—dictates that they cannot be alternatives. Instead,
the measures
are, by their very terms, cumulative measures that each address distinct aspects of the excessive heat hazard and together form a complete prevention program. The Secretary’s brief on review makes this abundantly clear:

First, the Secretary’s proposed implementation of an acclimatization plan is feasible because, as the Secretary’s expert explained, acclimatization
materially reduces
the heat hazard by increasing an employer’s ability to cool off in the heat.

---

Second, the Secretary’s proposed requirement that employees wear loose-fitting reflective clothing in the heat is feasible because such clothing tends to reflect heat while dark clothing, such as that worn by M.R., tends to absorb and retain heat. Both the CDC and
the NRCA recommend such clothing because it keeps the worker cooler, i.e.,
materially reduces
the heat hazard.

---

Third, the Secretary’s proposed implementation of a formalized work-rest regimen based on weather conditions, increasing the ratio of rest periods to work periods when appropriate, is feasible because such work-rest cycles
materially reduce
the heat hazard by giving the body an opportunity to get rid of excess heat
. . . .

---

Fourth, the Secretary’s proposed implementation of a specific, formalized hydration policy requiring employees to drink water at regular intervals when working in the heat is feasible.

---

Finally, the Secretary’s proposed practice of monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat illness is feasible. This practice of monitoring employees for heat illness would
materially reduce
the heat hazard because, as the CDC explained, “[e] arly
recognition and treatment of heat stroke are the only means of preventing permanent brain damage or death.”

(emphasis added). Thus, the Secretary’s brief clarifies that taking one of these measures, such as wearing lightweight reflective clothing would not eliminate the need to drink quantities of water, just as drinking quantities of water would not eliminate the need to acclimat e
to
the heat. 45 Indeed, when dealing with a hazard
that cannot be eliminated through implementation of a single abatement measure,
such as excessive heat,
the Secretary’s failure to prove that an employer did not implement one of the proposed abatement measures would never be the end of the matter. The Secretary could still prove that the employer failed to implement one or more of the other proposed measures, and that such implementation would
further
materially reduce the incidence of the hazard. 46

This is exactly the case here. Because the Secretary arg ue s
in
his
brief that each of the proposed measures would
materially reduce , not eliminate, the hazard, the measures cannot possibly be read as alternatives. Thus, even if Sturgill had taken one of the proposed measures, the Secretary could still prevail by establishing that one of the other proposed abatement measures was feasible and would
further
materially reduce the hazard. In short, my colleagues analyze this issue both
upside
down and backwards.

Fourth, reading the citation’s list of abatement measures as alternatives is inconsistent with the way the parties
actually tried
the case. For example, Sturgill’s counsel and the Secretary’s expert, Dr. Yee, engaged in the following colloquy:

Q. And is your opinion here today that acclimatization would have prevented M.R. having what you claim to be heat-related illness on August 1, would acclimatization [have] made a difference?

A. I believe that if they had a
full injury illness prevention program
which would include acclimatization and proper education, proper work/rest schedules emphasizing rest, water, shade and enforced water breaks and enforced shade breaks, that combined—a comprehensive injury illness prevention program should have prevented his death. Acclimatization in and of itself probably not.

Q. . . . So even though you mentioned it six times in your opinion, you are now telling me that acclimatization is not significant to the situation, that it would not have made a difference?

A. If he were not acclimatized regardless of whether else they did, he probably still would have died   . . . .
A full illness and injury prevention program probably would have prevented his death. Even if you had all of that minus an acclimatization of over seven to fourteen days or five to fourteen or something similar to that minus the acclimatization, he probably would have still died   . . . .
An acclimatization program in and of itself would not have prevented his death
. . . .

(emphasis added). As this exchange clearly establishes, the Secretary’s theory of the
case
is
that the proposed abatement measures
ha ve
to
be evaluated together. Indeed, Sturgill approached the case from the exact same vantage point, specifically arguing that it developed and utilized
“a Comprehensive Heat Related Illness Prevention Program.”

Nowhere does Sturgill even suggest the hidebound theory propounded by my colleagues.

The judge also understood that the proposed abatement measures were to be evaluated as a whole “heat-related illness prevention program,” not as separate alternatives. Indeed, the judge found that “Sturgill’s heat -related illness safety program is inadequate in a number of ways,” and then discussed Sturgill’s failure to:

give heat - related toolbox talks in the summer; provide the NRCA
P ocket
Guide to S afety, orientation safety videos, and OSHA 10-hour training to temporary employees; inform new or temporary em ployees when they should use the shaded rest areas; specifically instruct temporary employees that additional breaks were anticipated and required for employees unaccustomed to working in the heat; train MR regarding heat-related hazards or the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness; have a plan to monitor its employees ’
hydration; assure that employees wore clothing that was suitable given the weather conditions; and implement an acclimatization program. Thus, everyone involved in this case, including the judge, has understood that the citation proposed a prevention program, with separate component measures, not five alternative means of abatement.

Finally, the colloquy during oral argument that my colleagues reference began when I asked the Secretary’s counsel whether the Secretary needed to establish that the employer inadequately implemented each of the five mentioned methods of abatement. After initially responding “yes,” the Secretary’s counsel
stated
“on reflection it’s a matter of establishing that overall the hazard was effectively abated.” It is not surprising that the Secretary’s counsel failed “to appreciate the effect” that the majority now ascribes to the Secretary’s listing of proposed abatement measures; it would defy logic for the Secretary to support a reading of the citation that would doom his case if he did not establish that Sturgill failed to implement any one of the proposed abatement measures that comprised an effective prevention program. Thus, the initial failure by the Secretary’s counsel to “appreciate the effect” of proposing the measures as alternatives only serves to further highlight the illogicality of my colleagues’ position.

For all these reasons, I reject the majority’s assertion that the Secretary was required to prove that Sturgill’s efforts to comply with each one of the Secretary’s proposed abatement measures were inadequate. However, as discussed below, I also find that the Secretary established that Sturgill’s abatement measures were inadequate.

2. Respondent’s Measures Were Inadequate

To prove
that
a
proposed abatement meas ure will eliminate or materially reduce the hazard, “the Secretary must submit evidence proving, as a threshold matter, that the methods undertaken
by the employer to address the alleged hazard were inadequate.” U.S. Postal Serv. , 21 BNA OSHC 1767, 1773-74 (No. 04-0316, 2006). Sturgill argues that it had an adequate heat-related illness prevention plan because it:

(1)
carried out an acclimatization program; (2) instructed all employees on heat-related illnesses including
their
signs and symptoms and how to prevent such illness as well as treatment options; (3) presented two N RCA
tool box talks on heat-related issues; (4) provided employees with the NRCA Pocket Guide to Safety, which contain s
a section on heat-related illnesses describing symptoms and treatment for heat exhaustion and
heat stroke; 47
(5) provided 10-hour OSHA training; (6) provided drinking water on the roof; (7) encouraged employees to take breaks during the day in addition to the three scheduled breaks; and (8) during periods of extreme heat worked an abbreviated schedule or worked at night. Finally, Sturgill argues that it had an acclimatization program which it implemented for MR by assigning him to the least strenuous job on the roof, encouraging him to drink water, and informing him that he could take additional unscheduled breaks.

In a seven-page discussion of the abatement element, the judge found that none of the abatement measures Sturgill used
that day
were adequate . My colleagues analyze the evidence regarding three of those proposed abatement measures—a formalized acclimatization work practice, monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat illness, and a formalized work/rest regimen—and find that the Secretary failed to establish that Sturgill did not adequately implement those measures. And, as a result of their previous erroneous conclusion that the abatement measures were proposed as alternatives, they conclude that the Secretary failed to establish the abatement element of the general duty clause violation.

I disagree with the majority’s findings regarding these three measures and, in accord with the judge’s well - supported findings, conclude that the Secretary established inadequate implementation
with regard to
the remaining measures.

a. Acclimatization, Including Formalized Work/Rest Regimen

The Secretary proposed that Sturgill “[d] evelop
a formalized acclimatization work practice which includes the element of reduced time [sic] to hazardous conditions in addition to a reduction
in work-load.” The Secretary introduced various similar descriptions of acclimatization to a heat hazard. For example, in “Working in Hot Environments , ” the CDC states:

Humans are, to a large extent, capable of adjusting to the heat. This adjustment to heat, under normal circumstances, usually takes about 5 to 7 days, during which time the body will undergo a series of changes that will make continued exposure to heat more endurable. On the first day of work in a hot environment, the body temperature, pulse rate, and general discomfort will be higher. With each succeeding daily exposure,
all of
these responses will gradually decrease, while the sweat rate will increase. When the body becomes acclimated to the heat, the worker will find it possible to perform work with less strain and distress.

Gradual exposure to heat gives the body time to become accustomed to higher environmental temperatures. Heat disorders in general are more likely to occur among workers who have not been given time to adjust to working in the heat or among workers who have been away from hot environments and have gotten accustomed to lower temperatures. Hot weather conditions of the summer are likely to affect the worker who is not acclimatized to heat.

Similarly, in “Heat: A Major Killer,” the NWS
notes that “[a] cclimatization
has to do with adjusting sweat-salt concentrations, among other things. The idea is to lose enough water to regulate body temperature, with the least possible chemical disturbance—salt depletion.” 48

The judge found that “Sturgill did not have an acclimatization plan.” 49 She relied on OSHA and CDC documents
submitted into evidence by the Secretary
which explain the need to acclimat e
and outline the elements of an adequate acclimatization program. She also cited
to
a Sturgill toolbox talk on heat stress, which advised that employees should “[w] ork
up to it. It can take about two weeks to get used to working in a hot environment.” The judge found that,
in spite of
Sturgill’s own warning, there was no schedule for new employees to build up a tolerance to working in the heat. Moreover, although
F oreman Brown testified that he assigned MR the lightest job—throwing materials off the roof—because it was his first day
at the worksite
and he was
“a much older guy,” he did not relate that assignment to any concerns he might have had that MR needed
to be
acclimated to the
heat. 50 In fact, as the judge found, Brown stated that MR was limited in what jobs he could do
because he had no tools. 51 Thus, I agree with the judge’s finding that Brown did not assign MR the
task that he did
as part of an acclimatization plan. Indeed, there is no evidence that Brown thought MR needed any acclimatization because MR answered in the affirmative when asked whether he had done roofing work before. 52 There is no indication in the record
when
MR had previously done
this
roofing work; the record shows only that immediately prior to his assignment to Sturgill, MR had worked for three years on the night shift of an air-conditioned printing facility.

The judge acknowledged Sturgill’s practice of allowing employees to take breaks beyond the three scheduled breaks per day when they needed to. However, she found that:

[T]here is no evidence in the record that a new temporary employee would be comfortable asking for and taking additional breaks. Fearing loss of additional days of employment at this job assignment, a temporary employee likely would be reluctant to take multiple unscheduled breaks on his first day on the job, absent a specific instruction that additional breaks were anticipated and required for new employees unaccustomed to working in a hot environment. 53

Moreover, the judge found Sturgill’s
informal
practice of allowing breaks with the foreman’s approval, rather than implementing a formalized work/rest regimen based on the
day’s
particular
weather
conditions, to be inadequate. 54 I agree with both findings.

My colleagues, without addressing the judge’s findings, conclude that Sturgill used an acclimatization program that included assigning new employees to the lightest, easiest jobs, and providing a flexible work schedule that allowed for informal breaks.

And they conclude that the
Secretary did not delineate specific additional steps that Sturgill should have taken in addition to the ones Sturgill identified. Thus, the majority concludes that the Secretary has not proven that Sturgill’s acclimatization program was inadequate. I disagree.

First, the totality of Superintendent Gould’s testimony regarding Sturgill’s acclimatization program consists of the following:

Q. As part of the heat illness prevention program, does the A.H. Sturgill Company do anything with respect to acclimatization?

A. Sure, we do . . . .
[W]e
start
them out with the lighter tasks, less physical duties that you could have on a particular project. And then work them up from there, so to speak.

. . . .

A. In addition, if I may, the breaks, we’ll make sure that they have a place to break, not just to take a break but to have a place to break with shade available.

This bare-bones
testimony contrasts with the
detailed
advice provided by OSHA in
its
“ Campaign to Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers
-
Protective Measures to
. . . . , ”
submitted into evidence here by the Secretary, as to the elements of a
formal
acclimatization program:

Develop a heat acclimatization program and plans that promote work at a steady moderate rate that can be sustained in the heat. For example, allow workers to get used to hot environments by gradually increasing exposure over at least a 5-day work period. Begin with
50% of the normal workload
and
time spent in the hot environment
and then gradually build up to 100% by the fifth day. New workers and those returning from an absence of two weeks or more should have a 5-day minimum adjustment period. While a significant amount of acclimatization occurs
rapidly in that first week, full acclimatization may take a little longer. Some workers require up to two or three weeks to fully acclimatize. 55

Second, my colleagues find it significant that “[t]he CO not only agreed that [Sturgill’s] measures are all components of an acclimatization program but acknowledged that an OSHA ‘Accident Investigation Summary,’ prepared in part based on her investigation, states: ‘It appears that [Sturgill] was utilizing an informal acclimatization program for the new temp agency employee.’ ” 56
I n light of the numerous inadequacies of Sturgill’s purported acclimatization plan, this statement in the Accident Investigation Summary is clearly inaccurate. 57

Third, Sturgill’s practice of allowing workers to ask for breaks in addition to the scheduled ones, while commendable, was not part of a formal plan designed to adjust new workers to hot conditions. And although Brown told MR to let him know “if he g[o]t hot you know he[’s] got to tell me and if he
wanted a break if he can’t do it let me know,” he made no attempt to explain to MR the reasons
why
it was essential for him to take numerous breaks in order to acclimate himself, and he did not insist that MR do so. Without an explicit instruction ,
MR, a temporary employee working his first day on the job, could not be expected to run what any such worker would perceive as an unacceptable risk of asking to take extra breaks. For these reasons, I conclude that the Secretary established that Sturgill’s informal acclimatization
program and work/rest regimen were inadequate.

b. Monitoring Employees for Signs and Symptom of Heat Illness

My colleagues find that the Secretary failed to establish
that
Sturgill’s prevention plan did not adequately assure that employees were monitored for signs and symptoms of heat-related
illness. 58 My colleagues point to Gould’s testimony that, utilizing the NRCA toolbox talk sheets, Sturgill instructs its employees in the signs and symptoms of heat illnesses, and Brown’s testimony that he knew those signs and symptoms. My colleagues also accord weight to Brown’s testimony that he checked on MR that morning, saw him drinking water at the midmorning break, and did not observe MR displaying any signs of heat-related illness until Brown saw him walking clumsily. However, even though Brown observed MR drinking water at the break, he repeatedly testified that he was not paying any particular attention to MR. 59 And although he asked MR how he was doing twice that morning, Brown was unable to discern any initial signs of heat-related illness— such as sweating 60
and odd behavior 61 —only 15 minutes before MR collapsed. 62 As the judge found:

Sturgill could have developed a practice of monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. The initial signs that M.R. displayed of heat related illness, that morning, odd behavior, sweating, and not drinking water, went unnoticed and unrecognized by foreman
Brown  .  . . . A work practice of monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness would have disclosed [that] M.R. was experiencing the initial warning signs and symptoms of illness.

For these reasons, I find that Sturgill’s monitoring of employees for signs and symptoms of heat related illness was inadequate.

c. Clothing and
Hydration

My colleagues do not discuss the measures of appropriate clothing and a formalized hydration program, but I
find that the Secretary has shown that Sturgill failed to adequately implement these measures
as well . As to clothing, the Secretary asserts that Sturgill failed to institute “guidelines for employees to wear loosely worn reflective clothing to deflect radiant
heat   .   .   .   .” 63 The evidence establishes that MR was wearing all-black clothing, including a black sweater on August 1. Foreman Brown was aware
that black clothing was not appropriate for
roofing work : “ I mean I’m no tripping [sic] but when you go on a roof during a hot day you are suppose[d] to wear light clothes. He had on all black.” However, Brown said nothing to MR about his clothes because “[MR] said he had done [roofing work] before.” The NWS document warns, “Dress for summer. Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing to reflect heat and sunlight.” The judge correctly found that “Sturgill could have required its employees to wear suitable clothing when working on a roof in the heat.”

As to a hydration program, Sturgill routinely provided its workers with water and ice at the worksite. 64 However, the Secretary argues that Sturgill could have done more to ensure that workers, including new workers such a MR, drank
sufficient
water. He asserts that “Sturgill
could  .  . .  have feasibly reduced exposure to heat hazards by implementing a formalized water drinking program.” The CDC provides clear, specific advice about the need for significant amounts of water when working in hot environments:

In the course of a day’s work in the heat, a worker may produce as much as 2 to 3 gallons of sweat. Because so many heat disorders involve excessive dehydration of the body, it is essential that water intake during the workday be about equal to the amount of sweat produced. Most workers exposed to hot conditions drink less fluids than needed because of an insufficient thirst drive. A worker, therefore, should not depend on thirst to signal when and how much to drink. Instead, the worker should drink 5 to 7 ounces of fluids every 15 to 20 minutes to replenish the necessary fluids in the body.

As I have noted above, MR apparently drank very little water during the five hours that he worked on the roof, 65
and Brown did next to nothing to assure that MR remained hydrated. Gould also expressed a laissez-faire attitude toward worker hydration. In his transcribed interview with OSHA, Gould described how Sturgill provides water and ice, but explained that no one is mandated to drink water :

“ Well you give them breaks but you can’t force a guy, you can’t hold his head and pour water down his throat  . . . . But the water is available, they know they need to drink it, they know it is
there  .  . . . [B] ut
you can’t like I say, you can’t force it down their throats.” There are many possible ways to encourage the drinking of water short of “pour[ ing ] water down
[the] throat” of an employee. 66 However, Sturgill took no action in this regard, and Brown paid little attention to whether MR was drinking. Given that MR
was not acclimated to the heat, I find Sturgill’s failure to better attend to this aspect of an adequate
heat -related
illness prevention program was particularly serious.

For all these reasons, I find
that
the Secretary has established all the elements of
the alleged general duty clause violation and would therefore affirm the violation.

II.
The Training Violation

The Secretary alleges that Sturgill violated
29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2)
because it

did not ensure that its
full[ -]time permanent employees, including managers, and temporary employees all received reasonable and necessary instruction specific to the recognition and avoidance of risk factors related to the development of heat-related illnesses such as, but not limited to heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps and heat rash. 67

The judge affirmed the violation, finding that Sturgill did not provide adequate training to recognize and avoid heat - illness hazards to its permanent employees, including
F oreman Brown, and to its temporary employees, including MR. Because I find that Sturgill failed to provide MR with the training that a reasonably prudent employer would provide, I agree with the judge and dissent from the majority’s contrary conclusion. 68 To prove a violation of § 1926.21(b)(2) the Secretary must establish that:

(1) The standard applies to the cited working conditions, (2) the terms of the standard were not complied with, (3) employees had access to the violative conditions, and (4) the employer knew of the violative conditions or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence.

Pressure Concrete Const. Co. , 15 BNA OSHC 2011, 2015 (No. 90-2668, 1992);
Bardav , Inc ., 24 BNA OSHC 2105, 2111
(No. 10-1055, 2014). I find that all four elements have been established.

M y finding above—that there was a recognized heat-related illness hazard at the worksite on the day of the incident—establishes the first element of proof of the training violation.
See
W.G. Fairfield Co. , 19 BNA OSHC 1233, 1236 (No. 99-0344, 2000)
(where underlying violation is of generalized standard,
“employer’s obligation to train is dependent upon the specific conditions, whether those conditions create a hazard, and whether the employer or its industry has recognized the hazard”) (citation omitted),
aff’d , 285 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2002). To establish the second element of the training violation, the Secretary must prove that Sturgill “failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same circumstances.” El Paso Crane & Rigging Co. , 16 BNA OSHC 1419, 1424 (No. 90-1106, 1993) (citations omitted);
Compass
Envtl ., Inc. , 23 BNA OSHC 1132, 1134 (No. 06-1036, 2010),
aff’d , 663 F.3d 1164, 1168 (10th Cir. 2011) (same). Based on my analysis of the record, I disagree with my colleagues’ conclusion that this element has not been proven.

My colleagues’ analysis rests on their flawed description of the facts. As explained in my discussion of the general duty clause violation above, the judge found—and I agree—that the only heat-related illness training MR received involved Foreman Brown telling him that if he got hot, he could ask to take a break. 69 MR was not informed of the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses or given a copy of the NRCA pocket guide (which identified several precautions against heat-related illness and described the symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke). He was not instructed about heat-related illness based on the two toolbox talks that Sturgill gave to permanent
employees at other times during the year, even though Brown recognized that it was going to be a hot day. MR was not given a work/rest regimen ,
or training on how to use such a regimen ,
to
acclimate himself to t he heat. 70 Likewise, although he was shown where water was located, he was not told that it was important that he drink lots of water, and that he must drink water even if he was not thirsty. Nor was he instructed that standing by the chillers
on the roof
was necessary to help him cool down. And, finally, although MR was wearing all black clothing, he was not told that he should wear lightweight, reflective clothing.

My colleagues paint a very different picture of these facts, which is inaccurate in several respects. A lthough it is true, as I note above, that Brown told MR that it was going to “get hot,” showed him where the water was located, showed him where breaks could be taken in the shade, and told him that if he became hot and “if he wanted a break if he can’t do it let me know,” there is absolutely no support in the record for my colleagues’ finding that Brown told MR “ to avoid a heat-related illness
by drinking water, taking rests, and utilizing shade.” (emphasis added). Indeed, the fundamental problem with the “instructions” that Brown did give to MR is that they were not explicitly tied in any way to the signs, symptoms, or dangers of heat-related illness. Without that link, the limited guidance that Brown provided was inadequate to
equip
MR with the information
he needed to protect himself from heat-related illness. Moreover, my colleagues do not even mention the topics that Brown did not discuss at all, such as the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses; a formal acclimatization plan and formal work/rest regimen; the importance of drinking lots of water, even if MR was not thirsty; and that he should only wear lightweight, reflective clothing, not all black.

Based on their version of the facts, my colleagues assert that there was no evidence that a reasonably prudent employer would have given its employees different training than what the company provided, and the Secretary failed to respond to that argument. They conclude that “[g] iven
the Secretary’s silence, we find that he has failed to meet his burden of persuasion on this issue.” I disagree. Because evidence in the record establishes that a reasonably prudent employer would have given its employees different training, and, indeed
Sturgill
did give its
permanent
employees
different training, I find the Secretary has established this element of the training violation with respect to MR. 71

Importantly,
there is
evidence in the record relating to the “reasonably prudent employer” inquiry. Industry practice is relevant (although not necessarily dispositive) to a “reasonably prudent employer” inquiry. See, e.g.,
W.G . Fairfield Co. , 19 BNA OSHC at 1235-36. And industry practice is reflected in this case by the NRCA Pocket Guide to Safety that Sturgill identified as its safety manual and the two NRCA toolbox talks that Sturgill used in its training of
its
permanent employees. 72 Together, these documents instruct employees on the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke ;
recommend that employees take frequent breaks in shady areas
and
wear appropriate clothing; emphasize the importance of acclimatization (“Work up to it. It can take about two weeks to get used to working in a hot environment”); and stress that employees should drink “lots of water” throughout the day (“don’t
wait until you feel thirsty”). I find that the NRCA documents are evidence of industry practice for training employees on heat-related illness hazards and therefore support a finding that a reasonably prudent employer would have included
at least
those items in its heat-related illness training for all employees, including MR.

As my colleagues find, “Sturgill instructs its permanent employees and long-term temporary employees on how to recognize and avoid heat-related illnesses” through a safety program that includes, among other things, the NRCA documents. Because the NRCA documents constitute at least a portion of the training a reasonably prudent employer would provide to its employees regarding heat-related illness hazards, and because Sturgill itself provided this training to its permanent employees, but
not to MR , who was exposed to
exactly the same
heat-related illness hazard, the Secretary has established noncompliance with the training standard. As
§ 1926.21(b)(2) states, “[t]he employer shall instruct
each employee
in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe
conditions  .  . . . ”

Because there is no dispute that MR had access to the violative condition, and that Sturgill knew that it did not provide adequate training to MR regarding the heat-related illness hazard, I
conclude that Sturgill violated the training standard. For all these reasons, I agree with the judge and would also affirm the citation in its entirety.

/s/               

Cynthia L. Attwood

Dated:    February 28, 2019   


   Commissioner

United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

1120 20 th
Street, N.W., Ninth Floor

Washington, DC 20036-3457

Secretary of Labor,

Complainant,

v.

OSHRC Docket No. 13-0224

A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc.,

Respondent.

APPEARANCES:                                 

Paul Spanos, Esquire

U.S. Department of Labor, Cleveland, Ohio

For the Secretary

Robert T.
Dunlevey, Jr., Esquire

Dunlevey, Mahan & Furry, Dayton, Ohio

For the Respondent

BEFORE:    Carol A. Baumerich

Administrative Law Judge

DECISION AND ORDER

This proceeding is before the Occupational
Safety and
Health Review Commission (the Commission) pursuant to section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. § 659(c) (the Act). A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc. (Sturgill
or Respondent) is a commercial roofing firm in Dayton, Ohio with 36 employees.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) opened an inspection
in August 2012 after receiving a referral regarding the death of an employee. OSHA issued a two-item serious citation and notification of penalty (citation) to Sturgill on January 16, 2013, with a total proposed penalty of $8,820.00. The citation alleged that Sturgill had not adequately implemented a heat
illness
prevention
program in violation of the general duty clause and that it had not provided adequate training to its employees for heat-related
hazards in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2).

Sturgill filed a timely notice of contest, bringing this matter before the Commission.

A three-day hearing was held in Dayton, Ohio from March 25-27, 2014. Both parties filed post-hearing briefs. 73 For the reasons set forth below, I affirm both citation items as serious and assess a total penalty of $8,820.00.

Jurisdiction

Based upon the record, I find that at all relevant times Sturgill was engaged in a business affecting commerce and was an employer within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act . I also find that the Commission has jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter in this case.
(Tr. 10).

Background and Factual
Findings

Sturgill has been in the roofing business for
almost 20
years. (Tr. 469). On
July 13, 2012, Sturgill began
a roofing
project at a
PNC bank building in
Miamisburg , Ohio.
(Tr.
5,
446; CX-11).
The
flat, white,
roof cons isted of a rubber roofing membrane
over
a layer of
Styrofoam insulation.
(Tr. 446-48, 490).
The project req uired the
tear-off of the existing roof and installation of a new roof.
(Tr.
446). Sturgill’s job superintendent, on the PNC roofing project, was Thomas Gould . (Tr. 431 ; CX-12, p.
1). Sturgill’s jobsite foreman was Leonard Brown. (Tr. 487; CX-13, p. 1).

On August 1, 2012, employees were
tearing off and removing the existing roofing materials.

(Tr. 446). To tear-off the roof, employees removed the roofing materials and cut
the Styrofoam and rubber
into smaller size
pieces,
so that one person could handle the material fo r disposal. (Tr. 488-89; CX-13, pp. 2-3).
The Styrofoam pieces were light-weight , weighing one or two pounds. T he rubber pieces weighed up to
ten
pounds
each . ( Tr. 447;
CX-13, p. 3 ;
RX-16, 16A, 17, and
17A). The materials were loaded on to
a cart and moved to
a
staging area at the roof edge,
where the materials
were lifted over a
39 inch
parapet wall and
thrown into a d ump truck below. (Tr. 490, 500, 502; CX-13, p.
3) .

During the PNC roofing
project
the outside weather conditions were hot, from July 13, 2012, up to and including August 1, 2012. (CX-1, CX-2; CX-3). On August 1, 2012, foreman
Brown recalled that
the temperature
that mor ning was in the 80 s
with a predicted high
that day
of 89 ° F . (CX-13, p p .
4 , 8-9 ). Brown knew it would be hot working on the roof that day. (Tr. 497- 98; CX-13, p. 4). That morning the hourly high temperatures ranged from 72ºF to 83ºF. There were generally clear sky conditions, with occasional scattered clouds. (CX-1). Much of the roofing work performed by the employees that morning, as the noon hour approached, was in direct sunlight. (CX-7; RX-18. See
Tr. 102-04).

A t several
places
on the roof , the roofing materials to be installed were
double-stacked ,
forming an 8-foot high stack of 4x8 foot
wide
roofing material. (Tr. 451 -52, 492-94 ; RX-18). Depending on the position of the sun during the day, there were s haded areas
on the roof
behind
the
stac ks of roofing materials
and
behind the large air-condition ing
units on the roof . (Tr.
10 ; CX-7; CX-13, pp. 5-6 ). The air-conditioning units
provided a jet of cooled air .
74
(Tr.
10 , 454-55, 492; CX-7; CX-13, p. 9 ). On the PNC roofing jobsite, employee b reak areas included
tree
shaded areas on the ground with picnic tables and benches. (Tr. 9-10 , 495 ). Air-conditioning w as available to the employees in
the PNC
break room
below the roof, if necessary. (Tr. 9-10).

On August 1, 2012, Sturgill assigned nine permanent employees, 75
including foreman Brown, to work on the PNC roofing project. 76 (CX-11, Tr. 504, 519). That day
Labor Work s -Dayton, LLC, (Labor Works), a temporary employment agency, supplied three temporary employees to Sturgill
to work on the PNC roofing project.

(Tr. 9; CX-11; CX-13, p. 3 ).

M.R.
77
was one of the temporary employees.
78 (Tr. 9). M.R. was 60 years old on August 1, 2012. (Tr. 9-10). M.R.
had been employed by Labor Works for ten years.
(Tr. 287). Over the years,
M.R. had
been placed at
several
temporary
assignments
for Labor Works . Immediately before his assignment to Sturgill’s PNC roofing project, M.R.’s Labor Works assignment, for three years, had been
working
the night shift
in an air-conditioned
printing facility. (Tr. 291). M.R. had prior experience performing construction and roofing work.
(Tr. 9-10, 297-98). The record does not disclose when M.R. previously performed construction work. Labor Works relied on the
client company
Sturgill
to
supervise and direct the temporary employees and to provide the required individual training for the assigned
positon . (Tr. 286 , 292 ).   

The first day M.R. was assigned by Labor Works to work at Sturgill was on August 1, 2012.

Early that morning, before M.R. reported to the Sturgill PNC roofing jobsite, in accordance with their regular practice, Labor Works administered a breath-alcohol test to M.R. (Tr. 289, 293-94). 79 M.R.’s test results detected no alcohol. 80

(Tr. 289, 294). That day, M.R.
started
work at
the PNC roofing jobsite at
approximately 6:30 a.m. (Tr. 9-10). Sturgill’s
permanent employees
started roofing work at 6:00 a.m. that day.
(Tr. 497). Foreman
Brown was responsible to
provide
the necessary training to the temporary employees. (Tr. 470; CX-13, pp. 4, 12).

Because it was M.R.’s first day on the worksite, foreman Brown asked M.R. if he had
done
roofing work before . M.R. told Brown that he had. (Tr. 497-9 9 ; CX-13, p p .
4 , 7, 9 ).

Brown asked no follow-up questions regarding when M.R. previously performed roofing work – recently or in the distant past. (CX-13, p. 9). Foreman
Brown took M.R. to the roof and showed
M.R.
the safety warning lines. (Tr. 497 ; CX-13, pp. 4, 9 ). Brown
told M.R. that it was going to be
hot that day and showed him the water coolers on the roof. (Tr. 497-98 , 508-09, 511-13; CX-13, p. 4 ). Brown
showed M.R. the break area
on the roof
and
told him
that if he got hot and needed an extra break to tell him . (Tr. 497-98, 508-09, 511-12). Brown recalled telling M.R.:

if he
get
hot, you know, he got to tell me and if he wanted a break, if he can’t do it, let me know. I won’t be mad.

(CX-13, p.
4 ; Tr. 509-10) .

Foreman Brown provided no training to temporary employee M.R. on heat-related hazards or on recognizing the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness.

Foreman
Brown noticed that M.R.
was wearing
all black clothing; however, he didn’t say anything to M.R. about
his clothing
because M.R.
had stated to Brown that he
had done roofing work before. ( Tr. 506;
CX-13, pp. 6-7). When interviewed by the OSHA Compliance Officer
(CO) during the investigation, foreman
Brown
told the CO
that “you are supposed to wear light clothes” when you work on a roof on a hot day. (CX-13, p. 7 . See also
CX-10; RX-9 ).

B ecause M.R. “was a much older guy , ”
foreman
Brown assigned M.R. to the least strenuous work on the roof . “T he only thing he had to do was stand there and throw the trash.” ( Tr. 499-500;
CX-13, p p .
3- 4 , 12-13 ). Brown also gave
this assignment
to
M.R.
because M.R.
did not have any tools with him and Sturgill would not loan him tools. (CX-13, p. 4).
There was a shaded area (from a stack of roofing
materials) about 10-15 feet away from M.R.’s work area. (Tr. 50 0-0 1). Foreman Brown
stated that he didn’t want M.R. to pull the cart of discarded materials to the roof edge because it was heavy and sometimes it took two people to move the cart. (CX-13, p.
4). Other employees
put the
discarded
roofing materials in the cart and then took
the cart
to M.R. for disposal. (CX-13, p. 3). M.R. was assigned to take the materials, remove them from the cart, lift them over the 39-inch parapet wall, and toss them into the dump truck below. (CX-13, p p .
3- 4). That morning sometime between 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., 81
the crew took it s first usual, scheduled
15-minute break. (Tr.
449 ; CX-13, p. 5 ) A
co-worker took a 44-ounce cup of
ice
water to M.R. during the break . Brown was unsure if
M.R.
drank
all
th e
water. (CX-13, p.
5; Tr. 503,
519). Foreman Brown did not believe
M.R. drank any other water that morning. (C X-13, p. 5).

Sometime
after the morning break, temporary employee M.R. began to show signs of heat-related illness. Foreman
Brown noticed
M.R. was sweating,
but M.R. said he was fine and didn’t need anything to drink. (CX-13, p.
5).
Later that morning, employees asked
foreman
Brown to check on “the old guy” when M.R. wouldn’t speak t o them. (Tr.
516 ; CX-13, p. 7 ). The employees “figured something was wrong” with M.R. (CX-13, p. 7 ). Brown stated that he
checked on M.R., who seemed fine . 82 (Tr. 516 -17, 523-26 ).

M.R. told foreman Brown that he was “alright.” (CX-13, p. 7 ). However, a bout
fifteen
minutes later,
foreman
Brown observed M.R. walking in a clumsy fashion and went over to him .
(Tr. 504-05; CX-13, pp. 7, 12). M.R.
did not want to sit down and wanted to
continue working, but
foreman
Brown
insisted and
guided hi m to a “shaded area” on the roof. 83 (Tr. 505, 513-14; CX-13, p. 6). At approximately 11:41 a.m. M.R. became ill and collapsed on the roof. (Tr. 9-10). M.R. be gan shaking, so
foreman
Brown called 911. (Tr.
5 08 ; CX-13, p. 7 ). One of the workers began CPR on M.R. As instructed by the EMS, foreman Brown wet down M.R.’s clothing. (CX-13, pp. 7-8; Tr. 515).
When
the
EMS
personnel
arrived
M.R. was found in direct sunlight. (Tr. 102-04). The EMS personnel
provided shad e for M.R. by holding a sheet
ove r
him. (Tr. 369).

M.R. was admitted to Sycamore Hospital and remained in the hospital for 21 days until he died on August 22, 2012. (Tr. 9-10). M.R. was admitted with a core
body temperature of
105.4 ° F
and
diagnosed with heat stroke.

(CX-16). The coroner concluded that M.R. died from complications of heat strok e. (Tr. 308; CX-8 ).

Sturgill’s heat -related illness prevention
program

The National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) is a leader in the roofing industry. (Tr. 467-68). The NRCA publishes toolbox talks on heat hazards
and a pocket safety guide that
includes a section on heat-related illnesses. The toolbox talks and the pocket safety guide include information regarding methods to avoid heat-related illness, the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness, and a discussion of what an employee should do if a coworker shows signs of heat illness. (Tr. 469-70; CX-10; CX-14; RX-9, pp. 5-6).

Superintendent Gould provided orientation and training to the company’s permanent employees. (Tr. 436). Sturgill
provided NRCA’s
pocket safety guide to each
permanent
employee.

(Tr. 466). Superintendent Gould presented two 40-minute videos to each permanent employee
at orientation. 84

(Tr. 456-57). Gould then reviewed the content of the videos and
pocket safety guide and addressed heat-related illness hazards. 85 (Tr. 457).

Further, every two or three years, Sturgill’s permanent employees received
the OSHA 10-hour training which included a segment on heat stress. 86

(Tr. 433; RX-13).

Sturgill’s
foreman presented an NRCA
toolbox
safety
talk each week to the employees.

Two of the weekly toolbox talks concerned heat-related hazards entitled “Weather – Personal Injury” and “Heat Stress.” (CX-10; CX-14). Superintendent Gould stated
that
the toolbox talks were presented as part of
a
52-week program and whatever topic was next
was presented – the heat-related
toolbox talks were not necessarily presented during the summer. (CX-12,
p. 2; CX-13, pp. 11-12).

The job foreman was responsible for training the temporary employees regarding safety issues on a
site specific
basis.
87

(Tr. 470). The temporary employees working on the PNC roofing jobsite did not receive the information in the toolbox talks regarding heat-related hazards. (Tr. 518-19; CX-13, pp. 11-12).   

At the worksite, Sturgill provided large, five to seven gallon, coolers of water on the roof
every morning. (Tr. 444, 495). Employees could purchase ice and water for the crew, if needed, and be reimbursed. (Tr. 456). Additionally, superintendent Gould or the foreman would occasionally buy Gatorade for the crew. (Tr. 456). At the PNC roofing jobsite, Sturgill
had the use of the PNC break
room and
its ice machine. (Tr. 452, 495). Superintendent Gould testified that in addition to the three scheduled breaks per day, each employee could take an informal
break at any time without retribution. (Tr. 443, 496-97). Sturgill had a break location with shade available for its employees. (Tr. 446).

Whether Sturgill Was
The
Employer For Its Temporary Employees

The Act
requires each employer to provide a workplace “free from recognized hazards” and to comply with “occupational safety and
health standards.” See
§
5(a) of the Act. An employment relationship must be established because
only an “employer” may be cited for a violation. See
§
9(a) of the Act;
Don Davis , 19 BNA OSHC 1477, 1479 (No. 96-1378, 2001). I find
Sturgill was the employer, with respect to the OSH Act, for the temporary employees
hired through Labor Works at its PNC roofing jobsite.

To determine whether the Secretary has established the existence of an employer-employee relationship, the Commission relies upon the “Darden factors.” Sharon & Walter Constr., Inc ., 23 BNA OSHC 1 286, 1289 (No. 00-1402, 2010) . In
Darden , the Court set out several factors to consider when evaluating the existence of an employment relationship. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Darden , 503 U.S. 318, 323-24 (1992) ( Darden ).

T he Commission has noted that the critical factor in the analysis is the “ the hiring party’s
right to control the manner and means by which the product [was] accomplished.” Sharon & Walter,
23 BNA OSHC at
1289 ;
quoting Darden
503 U.S. at 323.

The facts here compare favorably to those in
Froed t ert Mem. Lutheran Hosp., Inc.,
20 BNA OSHC 1500,
(No. 97-1839, 2004). In that case , while
the hospital obtained employees from a staff leasing company , the hospital
supplied the tools, materials, and supervised the work.
Id.
at 1506-07. The Commission found that the hospital was an employer because it
“exercised extensive control” over the employees acquired through the leasing company.
Id.
at 1507.

There is no dispute that Sturgill controlled the
means, methods, location, and timing of the work of its
temporary workers.

Here, Sturgill was responsible for assigning job tasks, training, and supervising the temporary employees . Therefore, for the purpose of the OSH Act, Sturgill was the employer
responsible for the safety of
all
its
employees on
the PNC roofing jobsite, including its
temporary employees.

DISCUSSION

Citation 1, Item 1

This citation item alleges a serious violation of § 5(a)(1), also referred to as the “general duty clause.” Section 5(a)(1) requires
an
employer to “furnish to each of his
employees
employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. §
654(a)(1).

The citation alleged
a violation as follows:

The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to workers, in that workers were exposed to excessive heat:

On or about August 1, 2012, full time and temporary employees of A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc. were exposed to the hazard of excessive heat from working on a commercial roof in the direct sun during the performance of their duties which included removal of roofing material, tossing the material off the roof into a dump truck, and installation of new roofing material. The employer had not developed and implemented an adequate heat-related illness prevention program.

Such exposures may lead to the development of serious heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. A temporary employee working on the roof in the direct sun throwing roofing material off the roof into a dump truck developed heat stroke as a result of working on the project, his first day with the company. The employee began work between 6:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. on August 1, 2012. At approximately 11:41 a.m. the employee
collapsed
and emergency medical assistance was summoned. On August 22, 2012, the employee died due to complications from heat stroke. NOAA Heat Index values for the morning of August 1, 2012 at the time of the employee’s collapse were approximately 85 degrees Fahrenheit. NOAA Heat Index values are devised for shady, light wind conditions, and it has been noted that exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15 degrees Fahrenheit. The employer failed to develop and implement a heat-related illness prevention program which adequately addressed appropriate clothing for working conditions, a formalized work/rest schedule, worksite monitoring, guidelines for removing employees from hazardous conditions, and acclimatization for new or returning employees.

Feasible and acceptable methods to abate this hazard were stated, as discussed below.

See
Complaint,
Exh. A.

The Secretary's Burden of Proof

To prove a violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must establish that: (1) a condition or activity in the workplace presented a hazard, (2) the employer or its industry recognized the hazard, (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and (4) a feasible and effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. See, e.g., Arcadian Corp. , 20 BNA OSHC 2001, 2007 (No. 93-0628, 2004) (citation omitted). The Secretary must also establish that the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable
diligence could have known, of the hazardous condition. Burford's Tree, Inc. , 22 BNA OSHC 1948, 1949 (No. 07-1899, 2010) (citations omitted).

Whether a Condition or Activity in the Workplace Presented a Hazard

I find that Sturgill’s employees were exposed to heat-related illness
hazards during the PNC roofing project,
and in particular, on
August 1, 2012. The Secretary has established that
while
Sturgill was at the
PNC roofing jobsite,
in July 2012
and on August 1, 2012, the
daily high temperature
exceeded 80 ° F for every day,
except one. ( See
CX-1; CX-2).

“The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature.” (CX-4, p. 2).

A NOAA/National Weather Service (NWS) heat advisory publication includes a heat index chart
to calculate the “likelihood of heat disorders with
prolonged exposure or strenuous activity.”

Id.
The NWS publication states that the heat index values are devised for “shady, light wind conditions, exposure to
full sunshine can increase the
heat index values up to 15 ° F.” Id.
The Secretary utilizes the NWS heat index value as a starting point to determine whether a heat-related hazard exists.
(Tr. 32).

OSHA’s guidance to employers is to implement a heat-related illness prevention plan “when the heat index is at or above 80 ° F.” (CX-5, p. 9).

Dayton Wright Patterson (DWP) Airport is two miles from the Sturgill worksite. (Tr.104). National Climatic Data Center 88
records
from DWP Airport for the morning work hours on August 1, 2012 show that hourly high temperatures ranged from 72 ° F to 83 ° F and relative humidity ranged from 51% to 87%. (CX-1). The sky conditions that morning
were
generally clear with occasional scattered clouds. Id.

On August 1, 2012, temporary employee M.R. collapsed at the jobsite at 11:41 a.m. That morning, at 10:53 a.m., the temperature was 83 ° F, with 55% relative humidity, for a
heat index
of 85 ° F. (CX-1, CX-3). This heat index was in the “caution” category on the NWS heat index chart “for the likelihood of heat disorders with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity.” (CX-4, p. 2). Further, adding 15 ° F for
working in direct sunlight (i.e. 98ºF)
increased
the heat index
category
from “caution” to
“danger.” 89 (CX-4, p.
2.
See
Tr. 102-04).

The
NWS chart calculates the
heat index for light wind
and
shady conditions.
(CX-4, p.
2). Those were not the working conditions
on the
PNC bank
roof where the Sturgill employees were working on August 1, 2012. There were only occasional scattered clouds that morning. (CX-1). The
“shade” available was from 8-foot stacks of new roofing material and the air-conditioning units on the roof. (Tr. 9-10). This was not overhead shade, such as
shade provided by
an awning
or overhead cover. The amount
and location
of
the
shade
from the stacked material and air-conditioning units was relative to
the sun’s position in the sky. As the noon hour approached, there would be little to no shade available on the roof where the employees were working. Foreman
Brown
stated that he moved M.R.
to the shade when he realized
M.R.
was ill. This
indicates that
M.R. was working
in direct sunlight, not
in a
shaded
area.

Foreman Brown confirmed that it was generally hotter on the roof than on the ground. (CX-13, p.
9). Because it was a white roof, he believed
it
was about
ten
degrees hotter. If it had been a dark roof, it would “really be hot.” (CX-13, p.
9). Further, the work on the roof was physically demanding and strenuous – tearing off roofing materials, cutting them down, and then tossing them over a parapet wall, into a dump truck on the ground. Additionally, the Secretary’s expert, Dr. Theodore Yee,
confirmed that the conditions on the roof that day
were
hazardous. Dr. Yee 90
stated
that depending on an individual’s age,
and other conditions,
the heat-related exposure
risk ranged
from that of heat exhaustion for a younger person
up to
heat stroke for an older person. (Tr. 155, 157-59; CX-4, p. 3).
I find that the
working
conditions
on
the
PNC
roofing project,
on August 1, 2012,
did present a heat-related illness
hazard for the employees.    Respondent asserts there was no hazard of “excessive heat” that day. 91 (R. Br. 25). Respondent argues that because there was no heat advisory issued by NOAA that day and
because
the heat index was
only
in the caution zone,
and
not the danger zone,
that a heat hazard did not exist. (R. Br. 25).

An employer is responsible to assess the environment that its employees are working in and establish a safety program accordingly. See
Associated Underwater Services , 24
BNA
OSHC
1248 (No. 07-1851, 2012);
W.G. Fairfield Co.,
19
BNA OSHC
1233, 1237 (No. 99-0344, 2000) ( Fairfield ),
aff’d by
285 F.3d 499 (6 th
Cir. 2002). It is not reasonable for a roofing employer to rely solely on the generic NWS heat index to determine if a heat hazard exists at its worksite. It is also not reasonable to only implement a heat-related safety plan at the “danger” level on the NWS chart. Moreover, as noted above, calculation of the heat index that morning, for employees working in direct sunlight, increased the heat index category to danger. An employer must assess the conditions of its worksite to determine if its heat-related safety program must be implemented. The working conditions on the roof magnified the effects of the heat. First, the roof was hotter than the ground. Second, the work was in direct sunlight. Finally, the work was physically demanding and strenuous. These conditions, in their entirety,
establish the existence of a heat-related illness
hazard.

Whether Sturgill Or I ts Industry Recognized the Hazard

I find that that both Sturgill and the roofing industry recognize heat as a hazard for employees engaged in roofing work. As noted above, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) publishes toolbox talks on heat hazards
and a pocket safety guide that
includes a section on heat-related illnesses
and
precautions to avoid heat exhaustion or heat stroke. (CX-10; CX-14; RX-9, pp. 5-6).
The NRCA pocket guide states:

Roofing can be hot work. Hot weather makes it even more difficult to stay cool. Too much heat can lead to heat exhaustion or, worse, heat stroke. Both conditions can be dangerous, so it is important to understand the precautions you need to take to avoid heat-related illnesses. (RX-9, p. 5)

Further, Sturgill recognized heat as a hazard. Sturgill
distributed the NRCA pocket guide to
all
of
its permanent employees. Sturgill
utilized two NRCA toolbox talks entitled “Heat Stress” and “Weather-Personal Injury”
as part of its training program. (CX-10, CX-14).

Both note the serious nature
of heat
illness from roofing work.

In particular, “[w]hen your body is exposed to heat, your system can become stressed to the point where it cannot effectively deal with it.” (CX-14). The “Heat Stress” toolbox talk addressed the importance of employee acclimatization to prevent heat illnesses stating: “ Work up to it . It can take about two weeks to get used to working in a hot environment.” (CX-14).

Sturgill argues that it did not recognize that a heat hazard existed on August 1, 2012,
because it had no prior problems with heat-related illness at this worksite. (R. Br. 25-26). This argument is without merit. The lack of a prior illness or injury on the worksite is not determinative
regarding the finding
of hazard recognition by an employer or industry.

See
Titanium Metals Corp. of America v.
Usery , 579 F.2d 536, 542 (9 th
Cir. 1978). An employer’s past record is not dispositive, “in light of the Act’s declared policy to prevent the occurrence of accidents and injury.”
Id.
(citation omitted).

On August 1, 2012, an
unacclimatized,
temporary
employee,
M.R.,
began work on the PNC roofing
jobsite. The risks of working outside in hot, direct sunlight, conditions are greater for an employee
unacclimatized
to working in heat, than for
an
employee who over time has
had
the opportunity to “work up to it.” (CX-14). Foreman Brown acknowledged, early that morning, that it would be hot working on the roof. Sturgill knew temporary employees would be working on the PNC roofing jobsite without training regarding heat hazards or recognizing the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. The evidence shows that Sturgill did recognize that heat was a hazard for its roofing employees
working on the PNC roofing jobsite.

Whether
The
Hazard Was Likely To Cause Death Or Serious Physical Harm

I find that the heat-related illness hazard was serious and likely to cause death or serious physical harm. 92 Determination of whether a hazard can cause serious harm is not based on the likelihood that an injury will occur, instead it is whether there is a likelihood that death or serious physical harm could result if an
accident occurs. The
Duriron
Co., Inc. , 11 BNA
OSHC
1405, 1407 (No. 77-2847, 1983);
s ee also
Compass Environmental, Inc. ,
23 BNA OSHC 1132, 1136 (No. 06-1036, 2010)
( Compass ),
aff’d , 663 F.3d 1164, 1168 (11 th
Cir. 2011). Sturgill’s own
training documents
highlight
that heat exhaustion and heat stroke are serious conditions which require medical attention. (CX-10, CX-14, RX-9). There is no dispute that exposure
to excess
heat can cause serious harm ranging from heat exhaustion to heat stroke.

Further,
M.R. was hospitalized for a heat-related illness – heat stroke. M.R. was admitted to the hospital on August 1, 2012
with a core body temperature of 105.4ºF. He was diagnosed
with heat stroke. He remained in the hospital, at times in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), until his death on August 22, 2012. (CX-16, pp. 1-2). Multiple physicians treated M.R. throughout that time and each
continued to
confirm the primary diagnosis of
work-induced
heat stroke. The
Montgomery County Deputy Coroner Dr. Bryan
Casto
reviewed the medical records of the treating physicians and
found
the
cause of death was complications of
work-induced
heat stroke.

(Tr. 308; CX-8). The Secretary’s expert
Dr. Yee also
reviewed the medical records and
agreed
that heat stroke was the cause for M.R.’s admission. The Secretary’s expert Dr. Yee opined that the conditions on the roof that morning
– “occupational heat exposure” – contributed to M.R.’s development of
heat stroke.

(Tr. 82). Dr. Yee stated that
the conditions that morning were more likely to result in heat cramps or heat exhaustion in a younger worker
and that heat stroke was more likely to result with a 60-year-old employee, especially when it was an employee’s first day working in hot conditions without acclimatization. (Tr.
98-99, 155, 157-59).

Sturgill asserts that M.R. did not suffer the effects of work-related heat stroke and instead M.R.’s hyperthermia was caused by pre-existing medical conditions. (Tr. 335; R. Br. 22-23). Sturgill’s expert Dr. David Randolph posited several opinions as to the possible cause of M.R.’s death. Dr. Randolph’s July 23, 2013 opinion was that
M.R.’s
cause of death was “cocaine-induced hyperthermia.” (Tr. 366). Dr. Randolph admitted that at the time of his first report in July he did not know that medical testing revealed that there was no cocaine in M.R.’s system. (Tr. 362). Later, in a November 12, 2013 addendum to his initial report, Dr. Randolph revised his opinion as to M.R.’s cause of death to “chronic alcohol abuse.” (Tr. 366-67). Finally, at the hearing, Respondent’s expert Dr. Randolph again changed his opinion as to the cause of M.R.’s death to “an acute cardiac event.” (Tr. 337). Even though he disagreed with the diagnosis of M.R.’s treating physicians, Dr. Randolph admitted that he assumed the medical records he reviewed were accurate. (Tr. 352).

The Secretary’s expert
Dr. Yee testified that
the
medical records show that
M.R.
did not test positive for alcohol or drugs of abuse.
(Tr. 85-87). The medical records show that
neither alcohol nor cocaine was
present in either
the
blood or urine specimens collected
from
M.R.
upon his admission to the hospital on August 1, 2012.

(Tr. 85-87; CX-16,
pp. 35, 37). Further, Labor Works’ breath-alcohol testing of
M.R., on the morning of August 1, 2012,
did not detect
alcohol. 93

(Tr. 289, 294).

I
give
the greatest
weight to the contemporaneous diagnosis of M.R.’s treating physicians, who
actually
observed, examined,
and treated M.R. (CX-16; RX-14). I find that the physicians, who personally treated M.R., upon his admission and
during his hospitalization,
were
in the best position to make a diagnosis
and, therefore, I give great weight to their primary diagnosis of heat stroke. The coroner,
Dr.
Casto,
is a neutral party in this action, so his opinion is also highly credited. Dr. Yee,
the Secretary’s expert provided
an opinion consistent with that of Dr.
Casto
and
M.R.’s
treating physicians. Dr. Yee’s opinion also is given great weight.

I find the varied opinions offered by Respondent’s expert Dr. Randolph unreliable and unpersuasive. I give the opinion of Dr. Randolph regarding M.R.’s diagnosis no weight. Likewise, no weight is accorded to Dr. Randolph’s opinion that it would not have made a difference for M.R. had Respondent implemented an acclimatization program for M.R. on his first work day on the PNC roofing jobsite. Each opinion offered by Respondent’s expert appeared predetermined to support
a
conclusion that
work-related
heat exposure could not have caused M.R.’s admission to the hospital and subsequent death. His opinion that hyperthermia was cocaine-induced
was not supported by laboratory results. The opinions of Respondent’s expert were in stark contrast to all other medical opinions regarding M.R.’s diagnosis. Respondent’s expert never observed
M.R.

Dr. Randolph’s
opinions
changed too often
to be accorded any
weight. Finally, his assertion that all the treating physicians simply copied the prior physician’s diagnosis
without question
is not believable. Many physicians from multiple disciplines treated M.R. during
his
three-week
hospitalization. (CX-16; RX-14). There was ample opportunity during
M.R.’s lengthy hospital
stay
for another diagnosis to be
made
by a treating physician. Respondent’s argument that something other than occupational heat-related illness led to M.R.’s hospitalization is rejected.

In summary, I find that the heat-related illness hazard present on August 1, 2012, on the PNC roofing jobsite, was serious and likely to cause death or serious physical harm. I give great weight to Dr. Yee’s stated opinion that
the
working conditions on the Sturgill PNC roofing jobsite,
on the morning of August 1, 2012,
were more likely to result in heat cramps or heat exhaustion in a younger worker
and were
more likely to result in heat stroke in a 60-year-old employee, especially when it was an employee’s first day working in hot conditions without acclimatization. (Tr.
98-99, 155, 157-59). Dr. Yee’s opinion is consistent with the guidance set forth in the NWS publication “Heat: A Major Killer,” regarding the hazards of exposure to excessive heat. (Tr.
91;
CX-4, p. 3).

Whether Feasible and Effective Means Existed to Eliminate or Materially Reduce the Hazard

The
Secretary must show that the
proposed abatement method
is
feasible and
will
materially reduce the hazard. Arcadian Corp.,
20 BNA OSHC 2001,
2011 (No. 93-0628, 2004). “[T]he Secretary need only show that the abatement method would materially reduce the hazard, not that it would eliminate the hazard. The Secretary is therefore not required to show that the abatement method's absence was the
sole
likely cause of the serious physical harm.”
Id. citing
Morrison-Knudsen
Co. /Yonkers Contracting Co. , 16 BNA OSHC
1105, 1122 (No. 88-572, 1993) (emphasis
in
original). I find that Sturgill could have feasibly abated
and materially reduced
the heat-related
hazard at this worksite.

The Citation sets forth five means of abatement:

1. Develop guidelines for employees to wear loosely worn reflective clothing to deflect radiant heat and/or by providing cooling vests or wetted garments in high temperature and low humidity conditions. Remove employees from hazardous conditions when/if guidelines are not being followed.

2. Develop a formalized work/rest regimen based on environmental working conditions. Remove employees from hazardous conditions when/if rest breaks are not being taken.

3. Develop a work practice for monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness.

4. Develop guidelines for removal of employees from hazardous conditions when recognized through worksite monitoring.

5. Develop a formalized acclimatization work practice which includes the element of reduced time to hazardous conditions in addition to a reduction in work-load. Develop an acclimatization program and provide training of heat related illness.

See
Complaint,
Exh. A.

Secretary has shown that feasible means existed to abate the hazard of heat-related illness. First,
Sturgill did not have an acclimatization plan. Acclimatization is the body’s way
of
gradually adjusting
to
work
in hot conditions. (CX-5, p. 24). “On the first day of work in a hot environment, the body temperature, pulse rate, and general discomfort will be higher.” Id. OSHA recommends a minimum of a five-day build-up period to allow the body to adjust to work in the heat for
both
new employees and
for employees that
have been absent from the worksite for
two
or more weeks. Id. Most of the
body’s
acclimatization occurs in the first week, but full acclimatization takes
two
or
three
weeks. Id. The CDC/NIOSH advises that gradual exposure to heat gives an employee’s body time to adjust to higher environmental temperatures. “Heat disorders in general are more likely to occur among workers who have not been given time to work in the heat
. . . .”
See
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DHHS (NIOSH) publication no. 86-112 (April,
1985)(CX-9, p. 5). Further, Sturgill’s own training document, an NRCA toolbox talk, states that an employee should: “Work up to it. It can take about two weeks to get used to working in a hot environment.” (CX-14).

On August 1, 2012, temporary employee M.R.’s work
schedule was the same as the
work schedule of the
other workers on the roof.
Just prior to the Sturgill PNC roofing job,
M.R. worked
at night in an air-conditioned printing
facility for three years. (Tr. 291). Sturgill’s only modification was to have M.R. do
the “lightest” job on the roof. (Tr. 499). However, just because it was the “lightest” job available on the roof, does not mean it was not strenuous. In direct sunlight, at the roof edge,
M.R. had to toss roofing materials, some weighing up to
ten
pounds,
over the 39-inch parapet wall into the dump truck below. M.R.
worked
for
about
five
hours
on the
morning
of August 1, 2012. Foreman Brown stated that he gave the lightest task on the roof to M.R. because he didn’t have any tools and because
M.R. was an older guy. (CX-13, p. 4).

It was not a
plan designed
to help an employee acclimatize to working in the heat all day. Further, as discussed below, foreman Brown’s statement to M.R. that if he needed a break, or couldn’t do it, to let Brown know, was not equivalent to an effective acclimatization program.

Sturgill did not
implement an
acclimatization program for the employees based
on the extent to
which they had
recently worked outdoors in a hot environment. Foreman
Brown admits that, even with a white roof, it is about
ten
degrees hotter on the roof than
on
the ground. Brown knew August 1, 2012
was going to be a hot day.
Nonetheless, there was no acclimatization plan in place for
temporary employee
M.R.’s adjustment, over time,
to work
in a hot environment. There was no schedule
for
a new employee,
unaccustomed to working in the heat,
to build up a tolerance or acclimatize. There is no evidence that Sturgill had a plan that allowed temporary employee M.R., or any other new employee, to acclimatize to the heat that day and on other days during the PNC roofing project.

Second,
Sturgill could have required its employees to wear
suitable
clothing
when
working on a roof in the heat. If an employee did not comply, he could have been removed from the worksite. The proper clothing would depend on the working conditions. Foreman
Brown noticed that
temporary employee
M.R. was wearing all black clothing
on
August 1, 2012,
and
knew that it was not suitable for working on the roof. (Tr. 506; CX-13, pp. 6-7). However,
M.R. was not told to wear light-colored clothing. This requirement
could have easily been
communicated
to the temporary employees
through Labor Works.

M.R. was not instructed to change into suitable clothing before he began work on the roof.

Instead,
M.R.
was allowed to
work on the roof in his unsuitable, all-black clothing.

Next,
Sturgill could have implemented a formalized work-rest regimen that accounted for the weather
conditions
and
removed from the roof
any
employee
who
did not follow
the
regimen.

(CX-9, p. 5). A work-rest schedule is based on the weather conditions of the day and on a one-hour cycle. (CX-5, p. 18). For
example
a 15/45 schedule is 15 minutes of rest and 45 minutes of work per hour. In extreme heat and
humidity
a schedule of 45 minutes of rest and 15 minutes of work may be needed. Further, other factors such as age and acclimatization are considered to determine an adequate work-rest schedule. Id.

Instead, Sturgill maintained its
routine
schedule of two 15-minute breaks and
a 30-minute lunch
break each day. (Tr. 9, 444, 496; CX-13, p. 5). Employees
were allowed to
take more breaks after notifying the foreman. (CX-13, pp. 4, 6). This is not an adequate schedule that considers the weather conditions of the day. This put the responsibility on the employee to
understand the symptoms of heat illness and
take breaks when necessary. An
unacclimatized
employee cannot be relied upon to recognize his own symptoms and remove himself from the roof. Sturgill’s own toolbox talk noted that “altered behavior” and “increasing disorientation” are both symptoms of heat illness; therefore, an employee experiencing these conditions
cannot be relied upon
to take the necessary breaks. (CX-14). Further, an employee who has not been instructed in the recognition and avoidance of heat-related illness hazards will not be knowledgeable regarding when to take additional, necessary breaks.
On August 1,
2012,
M.R., an
unacclimatized
employee,
had only one 15-minute break in
five hours of work. (Tr. 513).

Foreman Brown’s statement to M.R. that “if he wanted a break, if he [couldn’t] do it,” to let Brown know, and Brown “[would not] be mad” is not equivalent to an appropriate work-rest regimen designed to acclimatize an employee to work in a hot environment. (CX-13, p.
4; Tr. 509-10). Brown’s comment
likely would be
heard by a temporary employee
as a caution
that
if the employee
was unable to sustain work in these conditions,
he would not retain this temporary work assignment,
and the employer would not be angry. 94

In addition,
Sturgill could have implemented a specific, formalized hydration policy. Water was provided, but Sturgill
relied on a worker’s thirst for adequate hydration rather than being proactive and monitoring its employees’ intake. 95

(Tr. 519).

Superintendent Gould stated that water was always available and ready for whenever employees wanted to take a drink, “but you can’t force a guy, you can’t hold his head and pour water down his throat.” (CX-12, p. 3). According to the CDC/NIOSH,
it is common for “workers exposed to hot conditions [to] drink less fluids than needed because of an insufficient thirst drive. A worker, therefore, should not depend on thirst to signal when and how much to drink.” (CX-9, p. 6).
A worker needs to drink 5-7 ounces of water every 15-20 minutes to replenish necessary body fluids. A worker may lose as much as two to three gallons of sweat on a hot work day and needs to hydrate accordingly. (CX-9, p. 6).

Instead,
Sturgill’s policy relied on a worker to know when and how much to drink even though thirst is not an adequate signal for proper hydration. The inadequacy of this policy became apparent on August 1, 2012. A
fellow worker brought M.R. a 44-ounce cup of
ice
water at the morning break; however, it is unknown if he drank it. Foreman Brown admitted that M.R. said he wasn’t thirsty
later that
morning, even though he was sweating noticeably. (CX-13, p. 5). Sturgill could have communicated and enforced a simple policy regarding water breaks and necessary water consumption. If an employee was not following the hydration schedule, Sturgill could have removed the employee from the roof until he was adequately hydrated.

Sturgill could have developed a practice of monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. The initial signs that M.R. displayed of heat related illness, that morning, odd behavior, sweating, and not drinking water, went unnoticed and unrecognized by foreman Brown. (Tr. 524; CX-13, pp. 5, 7). A work practice of monitoring employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness would have disclosed the M.R. was experiencing the initial warning signs and symptoms of illness. I find that the Secretary has shown that feasible means existed to reduce the hazard of heat-related illness for Sturgill’s employees working on the PNC roofing project.

Sturgill’s heat-related illness prevention program was not adequate

Sturgill asserts that its heat hazard program exceeded that of most roofing companies and that the Secretary’s proposed abatement is not valid because he did not provide
an expert from the roofing industry
to set forth
feasible means to abate heat-related hazards. (R. Br. 25, 38). Respondent also asserts
that M.R.’s heat illness came on quickly and there were no signs or symptoms that could have been recognized earlier
that morning. (R. Br. 37; Tr. 504, 524). Further, Sturgill asserts that
none of the Secretary’s proposed abatements would have improved M.R.’s condition. (R. Br. 37). Finally, Sturgill asserts that it
included
all
of
the abatement measures listed in an internal July 19, 2012 OSHA memorandum
(“Galassi
memo”)
regarding heat hazards
and, therefore, Sturgill had an adequate heat-related safety program. (RX-4).

Review of the Sturgill’s heat-related safety program discloses that Sturgill’s program was not adequate. A comparison to other roofing companies is inapt. The Act requires an employer to provide a safe workplace for its employees; it is not relevant whether other employers are compliant with OSHA’s regulations. Further, a roofing expert is not needed to set forth abatement measures for working in the heat. To prove his case,
the Secretary is only required to
show that the proposed abatement is feasible and could
materially
reduce the hazard. See

Arcadian ,
20
BNA OSHC at 2011. The record evidence discloses that M.R. did have symptoms of heat illness earlier that morning. Whether or not the abatement
proposed by the Secretary would have changed M.R.’s
particular
outcome is not
the relevant inquiry. Rather, the relevant inquiry is whether the working conditions on the PNC roofing project,
on or about
August
1,
2012, presented a heat-related illness hazard to Respondent’s employees, including employees who were not acclimatized to working in hot weather, in direct sunlight, performing strenuous work.

Sturgill asserts that the
Galassi
memo
shows that
its
safety program for heat-related hazards was adequate, as
Sturgill
provided
all of
the
stated
abatement
methods. (R. Br. 24). The
Galassi
memo,
entitled
“Extreme Heat-Related Outdoor Inspections,”
is
from OSHA’s Director of Enforcement Programs, Thomas
Galassi,
to OSHA’s Regional Administrators. (RX-4). This memorandum is an enforcement instruction with examples of “evidence that could establish each of the factors
[for a general duty clause violation]; they are not the only types [of evidence] that would satisfy OSHA’s burden.” Id. The abatement methods listed in the
memorandum are:

provide immediate access to water, rest, and shade, and allow workers to use it; implement an acclimatization program for new employees and those returning from an extended time away from work; implement a work/rest schedule; or provide a climate-controlled area to cool down. (RX-4, p.
2).

The
Galassi
memo is designed for OSHA’s enforcement
employees investigating heat-related violations. It is not
a
compliance guide designed for employers. This memorandum does not provide any important or procedural rights
to the Respondent. See
United States v. Myers,
123 F.3d 350, 355-56 (6 th
Cir.1997) (holding that a violation by the DOJ of its internal operating procedures, on its own, does not create an enforceable right). Importantly, the record reveals that Sturgill had not effectively implemented the abatement methods listed in the
Galassi
memo. Sturgill’s assertion that the
Galassi
memo shows its heat-related safety program is adequate is rejected.

I find that Sturgill’s heat-related illness safety program is
inadequate in
a number of
ways. First,
there was no attempt to strategically present a heat-related
toolbox talk during hot weather. The foreman presented a toolbox talk each week to the employees.

Superintendent Gould stated it was a
52-week program and whatever topic was next
was presented – the heat-related
toolbox talks were not necessarily presented during the summer. (CX-12,
p. 2; CX-13, pp. 11-12). On the day of the incident, there were
three
temporary
employees at the worksite.

(CX-11, p. 4).

During the PNC roofing project, the temporary employees did not receive the information in these heat-related toolbox talks. (CX-13, p. 11-12). In particular, the toolbox talks were not presented to M.R. (Tr. 472, 518-19).

Next, the NRCA pocket safety guide was only distributed to Sturgill’s permanent
employees;
it was not
provided
to the
temporary employees. (Tr. 466, 473). The
safety
videos
were only
presented
to
permanent
employees. (CX-13, pp. 10-11). There is no credible evidence that the videos included safety information about heat hazards. 96 The
OSHA
10-hour training was not
available to the temporary employees or
permanent employees
hired after the training dates in March 2012. (Tr. 433; RX-13). At the PNC roofing jobsite, five permanent
employees
had
start dates after the
OSHA10-hour training had been presented. (CX-11).

Sturgill did have a climate-controlled area available in the PNC break room. Sturgill
told employees to drink water, rest,
or find shade whenever they needed to. However, there is no indication in the record that new or temporary employees knew when they should use the shaded rest areas. Further, there is no evidence in the record that a new temporary employee would be comfortable asking for and taking additional breaks. Fearing loss of additional days of employment at this job assignment, a temporary employee likely would be reluctant to take multiple unscheduled breaks on his first day on the job, absent a specific instruction that additional breaks were anticipated and required for new employees unaccustomed to working in a hot environment.

Sturgill inconsistently trained
its permanent employees
and purposely provided limited training to its temporary employees. Sturgill
did not train M.R. on heat-related
hazards or on the recognition of the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses. Instead,
Sturgill
relied on the employees to know when to drink water, take a break,
and recognize the signs and symptoms of heat-illness. An employer cannot shift its responsibility for safety to its employees. The
Commission addressed this attempt to shift responsibility to an employee in
Pride Oil Well Svc.,
15 BNA OSHC 1809, 1815 (No. 87-692, 1992). An employer “cannot fail to properly train and supervise its employees and then hide behind its lack of knowledge of their dangerous working practices.” Id.
(citations omitted.)

Finally,
I find that Sturgill did not implement an acclimatization program. Giving
temporary employee
M.R. the “lightest” job on the roof is not a program designed to gradually
condition an employee to work
in the heat. Foreman Brown gave M.R. this job because he was an older guy and did not have any tools. Sturgill
did not
provide the jobsite foreman with an
acclimatization plan for
new employees unaccustomed to working in a hot environment. The 15-minute breaks and lunch break were
not a
heat-related work-rest schedule adapted to the work and weather conditions of the day. These were Sturgill’s routine work breaks.

I find that Sturgill ’s
heat -related
illness prevention program
was not
sufficient . 97 As discussed above, it did not include acclimatization for new employees . It did not have a plan to proactively monitor its employee’s hydration or determine if a break was needed when the early symptoms of a heat-related illness occurred. Finally, there was no plan to implement a modified work-rest schedule each day based on the weather. The Secretary has proven that feasible abatement methods existed to materially reduce the heat-related illness hazard for Sturgill’s employees and that Sturgill’s safety plan was inadequate.

Sturgill
Had Knowledge of the H azardous
Condition

The Secretary must prove the employer either knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. Dun-Par Engineered Form Co.,
12 BNA OSHC 1962, 1965 (No. 82-928, 1986). I find that Sturgill had actual knowledge of the heat hazard on August 1, 2012. In particular, I
find that Sturgill
knew
that a new temporary employee,
who
had not been acclimatized to the heat,
was starting
work that day. The PNC roofing project had been ongoing since mid-July and
every day, except one, the high
temperature
was over 80 ° F
with eight days over 90 ° F. (CX-1, CX-2). Therefore,
Sturgill knew that it was likely to be a hot day
requiring it to implement its heat safety program. Sturgill was aware that
its roofing work occurs outside
and that its
employees were
exposed to direct sunlight. Further, Sturgill knew that roofing work was strenuous.

“The actual or constructive knowledge of a foreman or supervisor can be imputed to the employer.” N&N Contractors, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2123 (No. 96-0606, 2000) (citation
omitted)( N&N ),
petition for review denied,
255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001).

Knowledge is directed to the physical conditions that constitute a violation. The Secretary need not show that an employer understood or acknowledged that the physical conditions were hazardous. Phoenix Roofing, Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079-1080 (No. 90-2148, 1995),
aff’d without published opinion , 79 F.3d 1146 (5 th
Cir. 1996).

The knowledge of both
superintendent Gould and foreman Brown is imputed to Sturgill. Superintendent
Gould was responsible for obtaining temporary employees from Labor Works for the PNC project. (CX-13, p. 10). Gould testified that he relied on
foreman
Brown to train the temporary employees
because
he
knew they
would not receive the same
orientation
training as
the
permanent employees. (Tr. 480). Gould also knew that the toolbox talks were in
random rotation
and not likely
to
occur on the day a new employee starts. Therefore,
Gould knew that
August 1, 2012, was temporary employee
M.R.’s first day working for Sturgill and that the only training M.R.
would
receive
was
from
the foreman. Foreman Brown also knew that M.R. had not received the same training as a permanent employee.   

Foreman
Brown
knew that
it was going to be hot
working
on the roof that day. Brown knew the predicted high was 89 ° F
and
Brown knew that it was about
ten
degrees hotter on the roof, than on the ground. Foreman
Brown knew that the only “shade” available on the roof came from stacked roofing materials and air-conditioning units, shade dependent upon the angle of the sun. Further, superintendent Gould testified that, as roofers, they “plan ahead
. . .
we know what the weather is going to be.” (CX-12, p. 4; Tr. 443). Sturgill
was
aware of the weather conditions in order to plan its roofing work. Sturgill
also
had to
plan ahead
to request additional temporary employees
from Labor Works.

Therefore, Sturgill
knew it was going to be hot that day and that a new employee was starting.

Superintendent
Gould
and foreman Brown were able
to
inquire and
obtain
information, from the temporary agency and from the employee directly, regarding
a new employee’s
prior jobs
and working conditions. This important information could be used
to
determine
whether the
new employee was
ready for heat exposure or needed to be acclimatized. Both Gould and Brown knew
that
there was no
particular plan
to acclimatize the
new
temporary
employee
on
August 1, 2012. The Secretary has shown that Sturgill knew of the hazardous conditions on August 1, 2012 and that an
unacclimatized
employee would be exposed. This serious citation item is affirmed.

Respondent
argues that the instant case is distinguishable from the decision in
Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.,
24 BNA OSHC 1155 (No. 10-2587, 2012)
(ALJ) ( Post ). (R. Br. 35-37).
In
Post
an administrative law judge affirmed a violation of the general duty clause for a heat-related fatality at an archaeological worksite. I note that
the Secretary did not cite to this case. I find the parallels between the instant case and
Post
outweigh the differences. Respondent seems to argue that only a desert-like jobsite is subject to heat hazards and that the evidence does not support the existence of a heat hazard in the instant case. This argument is rejected. As discussed above, a heat-related hazard was present on the Sturgill PNC roofing project on August 1, 2012. Respondent’s assertion that M.R.’s heat illness came on suddenly, when compared to the employee in
Post,
also is rejected. (R. Br. 37). As discussed above, the record reveals that temporary employee M.R. displayed signs and symptoms of heat illness, during the morning of August 1, 2012, prior to his collapse on the roof. The findings in the
Post
case are not contrary to the findings here.

Citation 1, Item 2

The Secretary’s Burden of Proof

To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must prove that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) one or more employees had access to the cited condition; and (4) the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. Astra Pharm. Prod .,
Inc. , 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981),
aff’d in relevant part,
681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982).

Citation 1, Item 2 alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2)
as follows:

The employer
did not
instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his/her
work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury:

(a) . . . On or about August 1, 2012, [Sturgill] did not ensure that its
full time
permanent employees, including managers, and temporary employees all received reasonable and necessary instruction specific to the recognition and avoidance of risk factors related to the development of heat-related illnesses such as, but not limited to heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat rash.

(i) Temporary employees had not been provided with detailed information related to the hazards, danger signs and symptoms, and methods of prevention associated with heat-related illnesses.

(ii) Permanent employees, including foreman, had not received effective heat-related illness training as demonstrated by:

(A). An employee wearing dark clothing on a white, reflective work surface in direct sun conditions was not encouraged to change clothing or prevented from working under those conditions.

(B). A formalized work/rest regimen has not been developed or applied based on working conditions.

(C). An employee that was demonstrating signs of heat exhaustion (i.e. refusing to drink water, profuse sweating) was not immediately removed from the work environment and provided shade, water and medical attention.

(D). An acclimatization program has not been formalized and lacked the element of reduced time in elevated heat conditions.

For the reasons that follow, I find that Sturgill did not provide adequate training to its
permanent and temporary
employees to recognize and avoid heat-related hazards. 98 To prove a violation of
§
1926.21(b)(2), the Secretary must show that the cited employer failed to instruct employees on “how to recognize and avoid the unsafe conditions which they may encounter on the job.” O’Brien Concrete Pumping, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC
2059, 2061 (No. 98-0471, 2000) ( O’Brien ) (citations omitted). “An employer’s instructions must be ‘specific enough to advise employees of the hazards associated with their work and the ways to avoid them,’ and modeled on the applicable OSHA requirements.” Id.
(citations omitted). The Secretary must show “that the cited employer failed to provide the instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same circumstances.” Compass , 23 BNA OSHC
at 1134
(citations omitted). If the employer rebuts the alleged training violation, with proof that it provided the training in question, the burden shifts to the Secretary to show that the training provided was deficient. N&N ,
18 BNA OSHC
at 2127.

There
is no dispute that the standard applies.
99
Superintendent Gould and foreman Brown knew that temporary employees did not receive the same training as Sturgill’s permanent employees.
Temporary employees did not receive OSHA10-hour training,
new employee orientation training, and
did not receive the NRCA pocket safety guide.

Gould also knew that
the toolbox talks about heat-related hazards were not timed to coincide with hot weather. Foreman
Brown
did not present the
heat hazard
toolbox talks to
employees, including temporary employees, during the PNC roofing project. S uperintendent Gould and foreman Brown knew that a new temporary employee was starting work at the PNC roofing jobsite on
August 1, 2012, and
would not have the same training as a permanent employee. Foreman
Brown and
superintendent
Gould admitted that
temporary employee
M.R.
had no
training
other than foreman
Brown’s limited work instructions at the start of the day
on August 1, 2012. T he knowledge of the superintendent and foreman is imputed to Sturgill. Through its superintendent and foreman, Sturgill had knowledge that the temporary employees were working on the roof, in hot weather conditions, without adequate training on how to recognize and avoid heat-related hazards.

Sturgill asserts that it only trained its temporary workers for the
particular tasks
they were assigned and did not train them for safety issues not encountered during the day. (Tr. 539). However, the facts of this case show that Sturgill did not train its temporary employees for hazards they would encounter. Clearly, the temporary employees had equal exposure to any heat-related hazard as did the permanent employees. Further, a temporary employee would be more likely to suffer a heat-related illness due to the lack of acclimatization.

Respondent asserts that it is being cited for not enforcing its work rule rather than for inadequate training. 100

I disagree. The facts in the instant case reveal that Sturgill’s heat-related illness training program was inadequate, especially regarding Sturgill’s temporary employees.

The Commission has held that failure to enforce compliance with a safety rule does not establish proof of a training violation. See
N&N , 18 BNA OSHC
at 2128
(citation omitted). The instant case is easily distinguished from
N&N . In
N&N , the Commission found that the employer had provided adequate fall protection training through its written work rule requiring the use of fall protection equipment, training at the corporate office, training at the worksite, monthly safety meetings, special training from the worksite’s general contractor just four months before the inspection, training of the foremen by the safety coordinator two days before the inspection, and toolbox talks by those foreman to the employees at the site. Id . The Commission
found that the training was adequate to provide employees with the knowledge to recognize and avoid fall hazards.

In contrast, in the instant case, Sturgill employed temporary employees at the PNC roofing worksite with almost no training regarding the recognition and avoidance of heat-related hazards. The minimal instruction foreman Brown provided to temporary employee M.R. on August 1, 2012, regarding working in a hot environment, disclosed that the foreman’s jobsite work instructions were deficient. The minimal instruction was simply to show M.R.
the
water
coolers on the roof and tell him to ask for a break if he was hot. Foreman Brown’s generalized instructions were not “specific enough” and did not include a discussion of heat-related illness hazards or information regarding how to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. Foreman Brown’s limited jobsite instructions did not include information regarding the importance of acclimatization for new employees unaccustomed to working in the heat, the need for frequent breaks, the importance of water consumption even if the employee is not thirsty, and the need to dress appropriately when working in a hot environment. (CX-13, p. 11). Temporary employee M.R. could have been informed that a lack of thirst and excessive sweating are symptoms of heat illness. He could have been trained to recognize these symptoms, take frequent breaks, and hydrate.

Sturgill did have heat-related hazard training for its permanent employees that covered many useful topics. That said, I find Sturgill’s heat-hazard training for its permanent employees working on the PNC roofing project, including its foreman, was also deficient as it lacked important specific information regarding the need to acclimatize new employees. Foreman Brown had not received guidance regarding implementation of
an acclimatization program for new employees unaccustomed to working in a hot environment, including monitoring the employee’s condition, water consumption, appropriate clothing,
and work / rest schedule. Foreman Brown had not received guidance on development of a work / rest schedule based on the weather conditions. Foreman Brown had not received instruction to require that a
new
unacclimatized
employee take more frequent break periods, during his initial period on the job, as the employee “worked up to it.” (CX-13, p. 11). Further, Sturgill’s heat hazard training for permanent employees was deficient because its instruction delegated to the employees the responsibility to recognize when to take additional breaks and the amount of water to consume based on thirst.

“An employer's obligation to instruct and train is dependent upon the specific conditions, whether those conditions create a hazard, and whether the employer or its industry has recognized the hazard.” Fairfield ,
19
BNA OSHC
at 1235.

In
Fairfield,
even though the employer recognized and addressed the hazard and had identified a possible means of abatement, the Commission found that the employer did not provide adequate training. It allowed employees the discretion as to how and when to cross a busy highway when, instead, it should have given the employees “specific guidance for making such decisions.” Id.
at 1236. (citations omitted).

Similarly, here Foreman Brown’s generalized jobsite instructions given to temporary employee M.R. were not “specific enough” and did not include a discussion of heat-related illness hazards or information regarding how to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. Absent this information, Foreman Brown’s vague instruction to M.R., to let the foreman know if he was hot, was woefully insufficient. Likewise, Sturgill did not give its permanent employees, including its foreman, necessary information and specific guidance regarding the need to acclimatize new employees unaccustomed to working in a hot environment and specific
guidance regarding implementation of
an acclimatization program. See also
Danis
Shook Joint Venture XXV , 19 BNA OSHC 1497, 1500-01 (No. 98-1192, 2001),
aff’d ,
319 F.3d 805 (6 th
Cir. 2003) (Commission found the employer’s training program was inadequate because it did not give specific instructions on how to recognize and avoid the particular hazard at issue . );
O’Brien ,
18 BNA OSHC at 2061
(Commission found that although the employer did provide training and a general warning, the training was inadequate because it did not include safety instructions for the particular work activity.). I find that Sturgill did not provide adequate training to its
permanent employees, including its foreman, and to its temporary employees to recognize and avoid heat illness.

I conclude that the Secretary has met his burden of proving the alleged violation of the cited standard. The Secretary classified
Citation 1, Item 2
as serious. A violation is properly classified as serious if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result” if an accident occurs. See
Com pass ,
23 BNA OSHC at
1136.
A lack of training regarding effective methods to avoid heat-related illness when working in a hot environment may result in employees developing a serious heat-related illness. A lack of training regarding the recognition of the signs and symptoms of heat-related illness may result in an employee not receiving timely appropriate treatment, thereby allowing the condition to progress from heat stress, to heat
exhaustion, to heat stroke. This case demonstrates the serious consequences of overexposure to heat.

This item is therefore affirmed
as a serious violation.

Penalty

Section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission to give due consideration to four criteria in assessing penalties: the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the employer’s good faith, and its prior history of violations. Gravity is generally the primary factor in the penalty assessment. See
J. A. Jones Constr. Co. , 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993).

The statutory maximum
penalty for a serious violation is $7,000.00. See
§ 17(b) of the Act. The Secretary classified Citation 1, Item 1, and Citation 1, Item 2 as serious and proposed a penalty of $4,410.00 for each. As discussed above, these items are properly characterized as serious.

OSHA assessed the proposed penalties to reflect both the high severity and high probability of heat illness for both violative conditions;
in particular, the
high probability of harm for an
unacclimatized
employee. (Tr. 71). The statutory maximum of $7,000.00 was reduced after consideration of the size of the company and Sturgill’s lack of a prior OSHA citation history.
There was no reduction for good faith. (Tr. 71).

I conclude the proposed penalties are
appropriate. A penalty of $4,410.00
is assessed for each item for a total penalty of $8,820.00.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination of the contested issues have been made above. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). All proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are denied.

ORDER

Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED that:

1. Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a
Serious violation
of §
5 (a)(1) is AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $4,410.00 is ASSESSED.

2. Citation 1, Item 2, alleging a
Serious
violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2), is AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $4,410.00 is ASSESSED.   

/s/         

Carol A. Baumerich

Judge, OSHRC 

Date:
February 23, 2015

Washington, D.C.

"

1
The general duty clause provides that “[e]ach employer . . . shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).

2
The NWS chart calculates a “heat index” based on ambient temperature and relative humidity; it is a measure of “how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature.” The NWS heat index has an annotation that states, “exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15°F.”

3
A heat index of 80°F reflects a temperature/relative humidity combination of 80°F/40%.

4
The NWS heat index chart states as follows:

5
The crew worked from 6:00 a.m. until the time MR collapsed, which was approximately 11:40 a.m., and the record is silent as to whether the crew subsequently resumed work that day. There is no evidence that the heat index prior to 9:53 a.m. was high enough to register on the NWS chart—in other words, to even register in the “caution” category. The chart itself does not include heat index values for temperatures below 80°F and the highest recorded temperature prior to 9:53 a.m. was 79°F at 8:53 a.m. The record reflects the following temperature and humidity readings for the remainder of the time the crew worked:

Time

Temperature

Humidity

Heat Index

9:53am

82°F

58%

84°F

10:53am

83°F

55%

85°F

11:53am

83°F

51%

84°F

However, these temperatures are based on a measurement the witnesses referred to as “dry bulb” temperature. As Dr. Yee admitted, the “wet bulb globe” temperature is preferred by many as the most accurate measure of climatic heat. The wet bulb temperature is dependent upon “humidity, air movement (i.e., wind), radiant heat, and temperature.” OSHA’s T echnical
M anual , Section III, Ch. 4, IV.A.

Indeed, even OSHA in its Technical Manual, while not binding and only advisory in nature, states that a wet bulb meter “is the most accurate tool for adjusting the temperature for stress factors.” Id. The record evidence shows that the wet bulb temperatures for the times noted in this chart are even lower. The highest measured wet bulb temperature during the morning hours of August 1 was 71°F at 10:53 a.m.

6
Our dissenting colleague would find that MR had “prolonged exposure” to excessive heat after defining such exposure as a half-day’s work. We note that she infers this four-hour exposure by adding two hours to the amount of time she presumes the roofing crew would have worked had MR not collapsed—a fact not contained in the record. In addition, it is the Secretary who carries the burden to establish what “prolonged” exposure means, and we conclude he failed to carry this burden by offering no evidence regarding how NOAA defines the term “prolonged,” let alone any evidence to aid the trier of fact in understanding the pathophysiology of how environmental temperature/conditions and physical activity contribute to quantifying “prolonged” exposure.

7
Sturgill disputes that the employees were working in full sunshine, pointing to the compliance officer’s testimony that there were scattered clouds at 10:53 a.m. and broken clouds at 11:53 a.m.; Brown’s testimony that it was “partly cloudy” with a “little breeze”; and the presence of available shade on the roof. Given our findings, we do not find it necessary to resolve the dispute as to whether the conditions were closer to “full sunshine” or “partly cloudy.”

8
With respect to a general duty clause violation, “[t]he Secretary must define the cited hazard in a manner that gives the employer fair notice of its obligations under the Act by specifying conditions or practices over which the employer can reasonably be expected to exercise control.” Otis Elevator Co. , 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2206 (No. 03-1344, 2007) (citations omitted). The Secretary’s failure to establish the existence of an excessive heat hazard here illustrates the difficulty in addressing this issue in the absence of an OSHA standard. A similar problem arose in a case in which the Commission found that the establishment of a permissible exposure limit for a carcinogen should not be done through the adjudicatory process without regulated industries having the opportunity for input through notice and comment rulemaking, as “in a rulemaking proceeding, all interested parties have the opportunity to be heard, and a rule gives employers notice of what they must do to provide safe and healthful workplaces.” Kastalon, Inc. , 12 BNA OSHC 1928, 1939 (No. 79-5543, 1986) (consolidated). We note that California’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) has had a heat illness prevention regulation in existence since 2006. 8 Cal. Code Reg. § 3395 (2006).

9
We note that when reviewing the history of cases in which the Commission has addressed the general duty clause, as well as the reason why the clause was included in the Act in the first place, the Commission has from time to time changed its view as to the scope of the provision and what the Secretary must prove for each of its elements. Section 5(a)(1) was originally intended to serve only as a “stopgap measure to protect employees until standards could be adopted.” Donald J. Morgan and Mark N. Duvall,
OSHA’s General Duty Clause: An Analysis of Its Use and Abuse , 5
Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L.
283, 297 (1983). The general expectation was that once a hazard was identified through the general duty clause, OSHA would then engage in rulemaking to ensure the hazard was addressed by a standard. Id. While practical considerations may have lead OSHA, over the years, to rely on the general duty clause in lieu of setting standards, the provision seems to have increasingly become more of a “gotcha” and “catch all” for the agency to utilize, which as a practical matter often leaves employers confused as to what is required of them.

10
To establish the existence of a hazard here, our dissenting colleague draws inferences with no support in the record or Commission precedent. She begins by equating “caution” with the concept of a significant risk of harm. The Commission has previously rejected such a suggestion. In
Kastalon , the Commission held that it is inappropriate to equate the exercise of caution with recognition of a hazard. 12 BNA OSHC at 1932 (“[T]hat employers take certain precautions does not prove that those precautions are
required . . . by the general duty clause.”). Our colleague then credits Foreman Brown’s generalized estimate that the temperature on the roof was “about” 10 degrees hotter than on the ground because he is a roofer and has been one for 18 years. Next, she leaps to the conclusion that this experience gives the foreman specialized meteorological knowledge that qualifies him to estimate accurately the difference between the temperature on the roof and on the ground. While lay opinion testimony is permissible under Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence if it is rationally based on the witness’s perception (e.g., “it felt warmer on the roof), it cannot be based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge or the application of such knowledge to facts or data, as that is the sole province of experts. Compare
Fed. R.
Evid. 701 (Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses),
with
Fed. R.
Evid. 702 (Testimony by Expert Witnesses), 703 (Bases of an Expert’s Opinion Testimony) (“ An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed.”). Similarly, in again equating precaution with hazard, our dissenting colleague erroneously relies on Brown’s testimony that he knew it was going to be a “hot,” “summer time” day and that his crew therefore needed to take more breaks, as evidence that Sturgill recognized there was a heat-related illness hazard that day. Rather than proving employer recognition, Brown’s testimony simply demonstrates that the company properly trained him on taking
precautions .

11
In light of our conclusion that the Secretary has failed to establish that any of the levels in the NWS chart are applicable here, the joint motion filed on February 11, 2019 by Sturgill and the Amici to “Take Official Notice of Material Pertaining to Probative Value of National Weather Service’s ‘Heat Index Chart, ’ ”
is moot; we therefore deny the motion. We note that the Secretary has also failed to show that conditions in the caution zone—the lowest category of the NWS chart—pose a hazard likely to cause death or serious physical harm
in light of
OSHA’s own guidance. In “OSHA’s Campaign to Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers - Using the Heat Index to Protect Workers,” OSHA suggests that “excessive heat” exists when NOAA issues an extreme heat advisory if the potential exists for heat index values to reach 105-110°F, and identifies heat index values below 91°F as “Lower (Caution)” such that “[b]asic heat safety and planning” is an appropriate protective measure.

12
Although the Secretary asserts that MR “worked for about five hours in direct sunlight,” direct sunlight exposure alone is not sufficient to fall within any of the warning zones in the chart—which as discussed above the Secretary has not shown even applies here—because the heat index was not at 80°F or above for the entirety of those five hours. To the extent the Secretary is alleging that any of the employees worked for five hours while heat index levels were within any of the chart’s warning zones, the evidence does not support such a claim.

13
The only evidence in this regard is : ( 1) Dr. Yee’s testimony regarding the hypothetical worker and (2) the coroner’s testimony that he would not expect MR’s preexisting conditions to cause the elevated body temperature that MR suffered. We have already found Dr. Yee’s testimony unpersuasive due to the speculative assumption upon which it was based and his insufficient explanation for his opinion, so we do not rely on it here as well. Nor do we rely on the coroner’s testimony for the reasons explained above—the record does not show that he was familiar with the conditions at the worksite. Further, even if we were to credit the Secretary’s medical evidence and conclude that MR suffered heat stroke, that evidence would at most show it was not exposure to heat alone that caused such condition, but rather a combination of factors, including MR’s preexisting conditions.

We also make this determination without reliance on Sturgill’s expert, Dr. David Randolph, an occupational physician, who testified that in his opinion, the heat stroke diagnosis by the numerous physicians who treated MR and the coroner who examined him was “inaccurate.” The judge discredited Dr. Randolph’s testimony on several grounds, and we do not disturb that finding here.

14
While the Commission has never held that certainty as to the threshold level for injury is a prerequisite to a general duty clause violation,
see Beverly Enters., Inc. , 19 BNA OSHC at 1172, knowledge of the “significant risk of harm” cannot be based on the hidden characteristics of an “eggshell” employee; the risks resulting from such characteristics do not fit within the confines of a realistic possibility or the consideration of the best available evidence. See Pratt & Whitney , 649 F.2d at 104 (the Act “is intended only to guard against   significant   risks , not ephemeral possibilities”).

Commissioner Sullivan agrees with the concerns expressed by Chairman MacDougall in her concurring opinion in connection with defining the hazard in this case as “excessive heat.” He also finds, however, that the Secretary must prove that Sturgill could have reasonably foreseen the incident occurring given
all of
the facts available to it prior to the incident and not simply that there was a “risk of harm” based on an expert’s later opinion as to what constitutes a “heat-related exposure risk.”

In Commissioner Sullivan’s view, the Commission should return to an interpretation put forth in
Pratt & Whitney , 8 BNA OSHC 1329 (No. 13591, 1980),
aff’d in part,
rev’d
in part, remanded , 649 F.2d 96, 101 (2d. Cir. 1981), and
Bomac
Drilling , 9 BNA OSHC 1681 (No. 76-0450, 1981) (consolidated),
overruled by U.S. Steel Corp.,
10 BNA
OSHC 1752 (No. 77-1796, 1982). In those cases, the Commission held that the Secretary must prove that an incident is “reasonably foreseeable” when citing under the general duty clause. Pratt & Whitney,
8 BNA OSHC
at 1334. The reasoning underlying this test was a concern that general duty clause cases were wrongly focusing on the
particular incident
causing the injury in the case, rather than the hazard in general. Commissioner Sullivan views the focus of the current case to be the same as it was in
Pratt & Whitney— what happened specifically to the employee (MR), rather than whether the employer (Sturgill) could have reasonably foreseen the incident occurring given all the other conditions at the time of the incident. As such, in his view, the Commission should again embrace the “reasonably foreseeable” test as set forth by the Commission in those cases, an interpretation which the Commission pointed out is consistent with the definition of a “serious” violation under section 17(k) of the Act. See Pratt & Whitney , 8 BNA OSHC at 1335; 29 U.S.C. § 666(k). When evaluating the general duty clause,
the Secretary must establish that a truly “meaningful” and “significant” possibility of harm existed, and that “employers receive adequate notice of their legal responsibilities under the general duty clause.” See
5
Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L . at 305. Since the Secretary failed to make this showing here, Commissioner Sullivan finds that the Secretary
failed to establish the existence of a hazard.

15
Although the Secretary correctly points out that certain OSHA standards authorize an employer to inquire about an employee’s medical conditions, no such standard is applicable here. See, e.g. , 29 C.F.R. § 1910.134(e)(1) (“The employer shall provide a medical evaluation to determine the employee’s ability to use a
respirator .  . . .”).

16
Having found that the Secretary has failed to establish the existence of a hazard, we need not reach the issue of whether Sturgill or its industry recognized the alleged hazard. See Pepperidge Farm, Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1993, 2003 (No. 89-265, 1997) (a hazard is deemed “recognized” when “the potential danger of a condition or activity is either actually known to the particular employer or generally known in the industry.”) (quoting
St. Joe Minerals v. OSHRC , 647 F.2d 840, 845 (8th Cir. 1981)). We note, however, that the evidence on industry recognition falls short. The Secretary relies on documents from an industry trade group, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA), that reference the potential for “heat” to pose a hazard, but these documents do not specify at what point or under what conditions that occurs; so, they do not show that the industry would have recognized that the climatological conditions present at Sturgill’s worksite on August 1, 2012 were hazardous. See, e.g., Kokosing Constr. Co. , 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873 (No. 92-2596, 1996) (industry recognition that climbing formwork walls without fall protection was hazardous was established based on evidence that the industry understood climbing the walls posed a fall risk, not based on evidence that the industry recognized the general principle that falling from heights is dangerous).
An industry trade association that puts out a few documents advising that “heat” can be dangerous to one’s health is not evidence that the industry has recognized that the conditions at issue posed a hazard. To hold otherwise would have a chilling effect on the willingness of trade associations to produce guidance materials for their members on issues such as the prevention of heat illness.

As noted above, Commissioner Sullivan finds that the Secretary has not proven that an excessive heat hazard was present at the worksite because the Secretary has not proven that a heatrelated incident was reasonably foreseeable. Even if he were to apply the test utilized by his colleagues, however, he rejects the notion that one trade association’s guidance documents constitute proof that the roofing industry, and particularly Sturgill, recognized the cited hazard at issue in this case. The Secretary gives great weight to the NRCA publications discussing heat illnesses, signs, symptoms, and precautions, and argues that these documents show the roofing industry recognized that a hazard was present in this case, as Sturgill used these publications in its training program for permanent employees. While the NRCA may be a leading voice for many roofing employers, Commissioner Sullivan notes that its publications and opinions benefit those who choose to be NRCA members. Since not all roofing employers belong to the NRCA, many may not be aware of these publications. In his view, to conclude otherwise is unfair to those businesses who may not know the NRCA exists or choose not to join its membership.

Further, as pointed out in one of the
amici
briefs, Commissioner Sullivan agrees that the NRCA materials do not stand for the conclusion that the NRCA and its members “recognize essentially any remotely elevated temperature as a recognized ‘heat’ hazard for employees performing roofing work.” Rather, these materials provide “information to member companies and to their employees on ways to protect themselves from working in certain hot environments.”

17
The first part of the citation, which addresses the nature of the alleged violation, concludes with a sentence alleging that Sturgill failed to implement a “prevention program” addressing five points: loose and reflective clothing; a formal work/rest regimen; monitoring for signs of heat-related illness; guidelines for removal of symptomatic employees; and a formal acclimatization work practice. The next part of the citation, which specifically addresses abatement, includes an enumerated list of five measures that parallel these points, and a sixth (unenumerated) measure that overlaps with the fifth—“[d]evelop an acclimatization program and provide training of heat related illnesses.” This suggests an intent to allege that the proposed abatement is a program comprised of these specific measures. The abatement portion of the citation, however, begins with a sentence that uses and references the plural word “methods”: “Feasible and acceptable
methods
to abate this hazard include, but
are
not limited to: . . . ,” suggesting that each measure is an alternative means of abatement. (emphasis added).

The Secretary’s brief on review sheds no light on this threshold question. More revealing, however, is an exchange at oral argument during which the Secretary’s counsel answered affirmatively that the Secretary has proposed these measures as alternatives. Counsel was then asked twice by our dissenting colleague—presumably
in an effort to
save the counsel from himself—if the Secretary has to show that Sturgill’s actions were ineffective with regard to all five measures, and both times he answered that the Secretary does. Only after being asked a fourth time, at which point the ramifications of his prior answers were evidently now clear, did counsel assert that they are not alternatives. The Secretary’s failure to appreciate the effect of proposing the measures as alternatives stands as further evidence that the measures were litigated as alternatives.

18
Given our conclusion here, we need not address the remaining abatement methods identified by the Secretary and addressed by our dissenting colleague. Our dissenting colleague devotes a large portion of her dissenting opinion to her contention that the Secretary’s theory was that his proposed abatement measures “had to be evaluated together.” She argues that the majority’s analysis of the issue is “upside down and backwards.” The Secretary’s position expressed in his briefs, in the words he used in the citation, and multiple times at oral argument, however, is, without a doubt, right side up and straightforward—that the abatement measures are to be evaluated separately as alternatives, not together as a single means of abatement. But even if his position were the latter, as the dissent maintains, the Secretary still failed to prove that the steps taken by Sturgill to address heat at the workplace were overall insufficient. As a result, the abatement element has not been established by the Secretary, irrespective of whether the measures are alleged separately or together.

19
Our dissenting colleague’s decision to affirm this violation is premised on her erroneous finding that such a hazard has in fact been proven here. Since the Secretary did not establish that a heat related hazard was present at Sturgill’s worksite, the Secretary did not meet his threshold requirement of showing that the company was obligated to provide heat-related hazard training under the standard. See
Pressure Concrete Constr. Co.,
15 BNA OSHC 2011, 2015 (No. 90-2668, 1992) (holding that § 1926.21(b)(2) requires that “an employer must instruct its employees in the recognition and avoidance of those hazards of which a reasonably prudent employer would have been aware”). For this reason alone, the dissent’s conclusion that a training violation has been established is flawed.

Chairman MacDougall notes that this is consistent with her separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part, in
Bardav , Inc. , 24 BNA OSHC 2105, 2115 (No. 10-1055, 2014) (“inquiry as to whether [respondent] failed to train its employees in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions necessarily depends upon whether a reasonably prudent employer would have believed that training was necessary under the circumstances—in other words, whether a reasonably prudent employer would have believed that there existed any unsafe conditions requiring training”).

20
Specifically, Brown testified that he told MR “it was going to be hot,” “showed him where the water coolers [were],” told him “if he needed a break . . . he could take one,” that it “was like take your time,” and “showed him where we take breaks at and everything.”

21
While the Commission has never held as such, it would appear inconsistent to affirm a training violation under § 1926.21(b)(2) on the basis that an employer failed to adequately instruct its employees on the recognition and avoidance of “risk factors related to the development of heat related illnesses”
where it did not also find that the conditions presented a heat hazard . As we vacate the training citation item on other grounds, we do not find the need to address this issue in this case. Nonetheless, our decision to vacate this training citation item should not be construed as an endorsement of providing only minimal instructions to temporary employees or day laborers. New employees who lack training or are not acclimated are particularly at risk for heat-related illnesses.

22
The Secretary contends that Sturgill’s instructions to MR
must
have been insufficient because Brown did not recognize that MR was suffering a heat-related illness until he collapsed. This argument fails for two reasons. First, the Secretary has not pointed to any evidence to support his claim that Brown
should
have known that MR was suffering from a heat-related illness at an earlier point in time. The Secretary has not identified any signs MR displayed that Brown failed to notice or pointed to any evidence that someone adequately trained in heat-related illnesses would have noticed such signs. As previously noted, Brown testified that he knew the signs and symptoms of a heat-related illness, observed MR working, and asked him how he was doing during a break. According to Brown, at that time, MR did not display any signs of a heat-related illness and responded to Brown that he was fine.

Second, even if MR had displayed such signs, it does not necessarily follow that Brown must not have been properly trained. Brown could have failed to notice such signs for any number of reasons—because the signs were subtle, because he was otherwise occupied, or simply due to a lack of attention.

23
Heat index values on the NWS chart indicate “how hot it really feels” based on ambient temperature and relative humidity.

24
In this case, the temperature and humidity readings were taken by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on August 1 at Dayton-Wright Brothers Airport, which the record reflects is located two miles away from the worksite.

25
Work on the roof began between 6:00 and 6:30 a.m.; the NOAA temperature reading at 6:53 a.m. was 72°F, at 7:53 a.m. was 76°F, and at 8:53 a.m. was 79°F—only one degree below the 80° minimum required to register on the heat index chart. The heat index values in the two hours prior to noon were well within the caution zone (84°F at 9:53 a.m. and 85°F at 10:53 a.m. and 11:53 a.m.).

26
The record is silent as to whether the crew resumed work that day. The heat index values for the NOAA readings at 12:53 p.m. and 1:53 p.m. were 85°F and 86°F, respectively. After the 1:53 p.m. reading, the humidity readings fell below the heat index cutoff of 40%.

27
The judge found Brown to be a reliable, credible witness and noted that, where there was a conflict between Brown’s statement to the CO and his later testimony at the hearing, she would give his recorded statement more weight, as it was “given close in time to the events, when recollections were fresh.” The judge reached the same conclusions regarding Sturgill Superintendent Thomas Gould and his testimony.

28
I find that Brown was testifying as to what he
felt
the difference in temperature to be. Because the heat index values account for how temperature
feels , I construe his testimony that it was 10 degrees hotter on the roof as meaning that the heat index was 10 degrees higher on the roof than on the ground. Accordingly, based on his testimony, the heat index on the roof was 95°F.

29
I need not address whether the heat index values should be increased based on the NWS chart statement that “exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15°F” because, even without that increase, the evidence establishes that heat index values in the two hours prior to noon were within the “extreme caution” zone.

30
In any event, “caution” means “care taken to avoid danger.” The New Oxford American Dictionary
(2d ed. 2005). If there were no hazard, there would be no reason for the NWS chart to advise the exercise of caution. And OSHA’s guidance certainly does not suggest otherwise, as it instructs employers : “ [ i ] mplement
your [heat-illness prevention] plan when the heat index is at or above 80° Fahrenheit.” Therefore, I reject my colleagues’ arbitrary distinction between the “caution” and other warning zones on the NWS chart—the “caution” warning zone shows the existence of a serious heat hazard.

31
At the hearing, Dr. Randolph testified that in his opinion MR suffered hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), but not heat stroke, and that heat stroke was diagnosed by all of MR’s attending physicians and later by the coroner’s office only because “[i]t was passed on from day one in error, and no one bothered to look because everybody thought that the person before them had done all of their thinking for them.” He explained that hyperthermia can be caused by
a number of
non-environmental factors, including drugs, alcohol, heart attacks, pneumonia, cancer, and strokes and noted that MR’s medical records show he had preexisting congestive heart failure and “cardiac myopathy” caused by long-term alcohol use. Dr. Randolph further testified that the “mild” climatic conditions that day could not “possibly explain [MR’s] temperature of 105 degrees” and that rather than suffering a heat stroke due to environmental conditions, MR “more likely than not” suffered “an acute cardiac event” that led to “massive system failure because of long-term alcohol abuse.”

But Dr. Randolph admitted that in the first report he provided to Sturgill concerning MR’s death, which he subsequently amended, he gave a different explanation for MR’s diagnosis. In that report, he concluded: “[A]fter
reviewing 5,771 pages of medical records from [MR] and the current peer-reviewed literature, it is my medical opinion that [MR] suffered from cocaine-induced hyperthermia rather than the heat exposure from his job.” Dr. Randolph explained that when he prepared his first report, he was unaware of one of the drug tests MR was given at the hospital. After seeing the negative results of that test, he amended his report because he was no longer “as convinced that cocaine was a principal factor.”

In light of
the discrepancies between Dr. Randolph’s two reports, I find that the judge properly rejected his opinions as “unreliable and unpersuasive” and accorded them no weight because they “changed too often,” and were “in stark contrast to all other medical opinions.” As the judge pointed out, Dr. Randolph’s initial cocaine theory was undermined by laboratory results and each opinion he offered “appeared predetermined to support a conclusion that work-related heat exposure could not have caused MR’s [death].” I agree with the judge that Dr. Randolph’s attempt to explain away MR’s heat-related illness without regard for the evidence or the opinions of the numerous qualified physicians who
actually examined
and treated MR lacks credibility, and therefore join my colleagues in giving his testimony no weight.

32
Other possible causes for MR’s hyperthermia were considered but apparently ruled out by medical personnel at the hospital, including “malignant hyperthermia secondary to a typical antipsychotic” and “hyperthyroidism.”

33
That factors other than MR’s heat stroke, including his several serious medical conditions, may have played a role in MR’s subsequent death, is irrelevant to the current inquiry. That he was diagnosed with heat stroke—which is by definition “a condition caused by exposure to excessive heat”—is the fact that is relevant to the hazard issue.
See
Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
(28th ed. 1994).

34
As a board-certified physician in occupational medicine, Dr. Yee was the medical officer for OSHA in 2012.

35
The fact that it was MR’s first day on the job, after having previously worked in an air-conditioned printing facility for three years, presents a
particular hazard . According to “OSHA’s Campaign to Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers – Using the Heat Index: A Guide
For
Employers,”

Workers new to outdoor jobs are generally most at risk for heat-related illnesses. For example, Cal/OSHA investigated 25 incidents of heat-related illness in 2005. In almost half of the cases, the worker involved was on their first day of work and in 80% of the cases the worker involved had only been on the job for four or fewer days.

36
The serious nature of heat exhaustion is also shown by (1) the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) “Pocket Guide to Safety” (which Superintendent Gould testified served as Sturgill’s safety manual), which states that heat exhaustion can be “dangerous” and recommends those affected seek “medical attention,” and (2) a NRCA “toolbox talk” sheet regarding “heat stress,” that describes heat exhaustion as a “serious” condition. As to heat stroke, Dr. Yee testified that its mortality rate is 10 to 80 percent, depending on age, acclimatization, and “other factors.”

37
As OSHA describes in its document “Occupational Heat Exposure”:

When the air temperature is close to or warmer than normal body temperature, cooling of the body becomes more difficult. Blood circulated to the skin cannot lose its heat. Sweating then becomes the main way the body cools off. But sweating is effective only if the humidity level is low enough to allow evaporation, and if the fluids and salts that are lost are adequately replaced.

If the body cannot get rid of excess heat it will store it. When this happens, the body’s core temperature rises and the heart rate increases. As the body continues to store heat, the person begins to lose concentration and has difficulty focusing on a task, may become irritable or sick, and often loses the desire to drink. The next stage is most often fainting and even death if the person is not cooled down.

38
As I credit Brown’s uncontradicted and reliable testimony, I find Dr. Yee’s heat index estimate to be reasonable.

39
Although Dr. Randolph testified that conditions at the work site were too “mild” to have caused MR’s heat stroke, he did not address
whether or not
they could cause heat exhaustion. In any event, the judge discredited Dr. Randolph’s testimony and neither the majority nor I find any reason to overturn that finding.

40
Unlike my colleagues, I find that the record’s silence on whether Dr.
Casto
and the treating physicians were aware of the precise conditions present at Sturgill’s worksite has no bearing on their credibility. MR’s medical records show that when he was admitted to the hospital, his treating physicians were told that he had been working on a roof in hot weather for four hours, and Dr.
Casto
had access to MR’s medical records in making his determination. There is no basis for finding that Dr.
Casto
and the treating physicians needed to know anything more than that to determine that MR had suffered heat stroke.

41
Contrary to the majority’s finding, the fact that MR developed a heat-related illness while performing roofing work for Sturgill is undoubtedly evidence of a heat hazard. See Beverly Enters. , 19 BNA OSHC at 1174 (reports of lower back pain by employees did “not alone necessarily establish” that employer’s lifting practices caused such pain, but reports were relevant, considered together with the other evidence in the record, to the question of whether a hazard existed);
Phoenix Roofing Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1078 (No. 90-2148, 1995) (fact that employee fell through skylight, along with the dimensions of the skylight and “clear” danger it posed, proved that there was a “hazard of falling through” the skylight),
aff’d , 79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996). Where the evidence shows that the injury was caused by the worksite condition at issue, the Commission has found that the existence of a hazard was established. Otis Elevator Co. , 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2206 (No. 03-1344, 2007) (evidence that employee’s death was caused by condition at worksite established that the condition posed a hazard);
see also A.E. Burgess Leather Co. , 5 BNA OSHC 1096, 1097 (No. 12501, 1977) (“The occurrence or absence of injuries caused by a machine is probative evidence of whether the machine presents a hazard.”),
aff’d , 576 F.2d 948 (1st Cir. 1978). The majority attempts to dismiss MR’s illness by claiming that “the Secretary would have us make a direct causal connection between his diagnosis and the conditions at the worksite without any credible supporting evidence.” Not only did Dr. Yee explain that a 61-year-old worker
without
MR’s preexisting medical conditions would “[c] ertainly ” have developed a heat-related illness, but Dr.
Casto
also explained that he did not expect MR’s preexisting medical conditions to cause his highly elevated body temperature.

42
Because the record shows employer recognition of the hazard, there is no need to reach whether the Secretary has established industry recognition. However, the NRCA tool box talks regarding heat-related illness and the NRCA pocket guide support a finding of industry recognition.

43
I disagree with my colleagues that a recognized hazard did not exist here because Sturgill was unaware of MR’s age and physical infirmities and was precluded from inquiring about such matters under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). In making this argument Sturgill creates a straw man. When, as in this case, the element of hazard recognition is based on employer (as opposed to industry) recognition, the critical question is whether the employer
actually
recognized
the hazard, not whether it
should
have recognized the hazard. See Waldon Healthcare Ctr. , 16 BNA OSHC 1052, 1061 (No. 89-3097, 1993) (employer recognition depends on whether the employer
actually
knew
that conditions created the hazard). Any lack of awareness on Sturgill’s part of MR’s age and medical condition is therefore irrelevant to the inquiry. “The Commission has held that it is the hazard, not the specific incident that resulted in
injury . . . that is the relevant consideration in determining the existence of a recognized hazard.” Kelly Springfield Tire Co.,
10 BNA OSHC 1971, 1973 (No. 78-4555, 1982),
aff’d , 729 F.2d 317 (5th Cir. 1984). Thus, analysis of the hazard recognition element does not involve determining whether Sturgill recognized that there was a heat-related illness hazard
to MR , but rather to exposed employees generally. As I discuss above, the Secretary has established that Sturgill recognized that the worksite conditions were hazardous based on evidence that makes no reference to any lack of inquiry by Sturgill into MR’s age or medical condition.

Nor are the ADEA and ADA relevant to the issue of the Secretary’s prima facia case of employer knowledge, which is knowledge of the presence of the cited conditions (here, the climatological conditions), not that the employer understood that they were hazardous. See
Jacobs Field Servs. N. Am. , 25 BNA OSHC 1216, 1218 (No. 10-2659 , 2015) (“To establish knowledge, the Secretary must prove that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the conditions constituting the violation.”).  In sum, no element of the Secretary’s case here is dependent on any showing that it was necessary for Sturgill to inquire into MR’s age or medical condition.

44
The Secretary also proposed, and the parties litigated the adoption of a formalized hydration program.

45
The publications in the record discussing workplace heat hazards also make this point clear. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publication titled “Working in Hot Environments” discusses various measures for addressing such hazards including acclimatization, implementing work-rest cycles, making the job easier, providing cool rest areas, drinking sufficient water, and wearing appropriate clothing, and concludes that the “employer should establish a
program
designed to acclimatize workers who must be exposed to hot environments and provide necessary work-rest cycles and water to minimize heat stress.” (emphasis added).

46
For example, even if an employer has adequately implemented one measure intended to abate—i.e., materially reduce—an excessive heat hazard (e.g., the employer requires that all employees wear lightweight reflective clothing) that does not mean the hazard has been eliminated. The Secretary could still establish a general duty clause violation by proving that his other proposed abatement measures (e.g., enforcing work/rest schedules) would
further
materially reduce the hazard.

47
Superintendent Gould identified the NRCA Pocket Guide to Safety as Sturgill’s safety manual, and the two pages in the pocket guide that deal with heat-related illnesses (as well as the OSHA 10-hour training course) as Sturgill’s heat-related illness prevention program. The guide’s pages contain guidance regarding behavior on hot days, such as “take frequent rest breaks in cool areas,” “[d]rink plenty of fluids, particularly water and fruit juices,” and “[w]ear cotton clothing.” In addition, they contain brief descriptions of the symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

48
OSHA’s document on “Acclimatizing Workers” warns that “implementing acclimatization activities is essential for new
workers .  . . . Be extra-careful with these workers and recognize immediately the symptoms of possible heat-related illness.”

49
The acclimatization plan that Sturgill described is not in writing. It is based on Gould’s and Brown’s testimony.

50
In his transcribed statement to OSHA, Brown explained that Sturgill’s workers performed three tasks related to removing the old roofing in preparation for installing new roofing. Most of the workers were tearing off membrane and insulation, cutting those materials into smaller pieces, and placing them in a four-wheeled cart. One or two workers would then move the cart to the edge of the roof, directly above Sturgill’s truck. MR’s job was to remove the material from the cart and throw or push it over a 39-inch high parapet so that the material would land in the truck below.

51
In his transcribed statement, Brown stated that he

[s] howed
[MR] around, showed him the warning lines, showed him how we cut the rubber and of course he had no tools [because] he had not been
there[ —]it was his first day. [The other two temporary employees] had been there all week so they [brought] their tools. [MR] did not have any tools and we would not loan him
tools
so I showed him the easiest (inaudible) so the only thing he had to do was stand there and throw the trash.

52
Brown testified:

I told [MR] it was going to be
hot
but he said he knew that. He [had] done roofing before. So
I took his word, you know, he [had] done roofing before.

53
In fact, MR took no breaks other than the scheduled midmorning fifteen-minute break.

54
OSHA’s “Campaign to Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers - Protective Measures
to .  . . .” notes that:

When possible, more frequent shorter periods of exposure to heat are better than fewer longer exposures. This means that the work/rest schedules are often based on 1-hour cycles and might call for a rest period of 15 minutes every hour during hot weather, but 45 minutes per hour when temperature and humidity are extreme.

55
My colleagues ignore these specific measures in finding that the Secretary “does not identify by how much Sturgill would have needed to limit MR’s time on the roof to have adequately met” his proposed abatement measure.

56
It is well established that “the Commission is not bound by the representations or interpretations of OSHA Compliance Officers.” Kaspar
Wire Works, Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor ,
268 F.3d 1123, 1128 (D.C. Cir. 2001);
see also L.R.
Willson
& Sons, Inc. v. Donovan,
685 F.2d 664, 676 (D.C. Cir. 1982);
W. Steel Mfg. Co. , 4 BNA OSHC 1640, 1643 (No. 3528, 1976).

57
With regard to the Accident Investigation Summary, the judge found: “[t]he facts
set[ ] forth in the [S] ummary , based on reported hearsay statements, are accorded limited weight. Greater weight is given to the direct and cross-examination testimony of the hearing witnesses.”

58
OSHA’s document “About Work/Rest Schedules” states : “ Assign new and un-acclimatized workers lighter work and longer rest periods. Monitor these workers more closely.”

59
Q. [E]ach time the carts made a circle did you observe him stand – going to the shade and standing there?

A. I mean I was observing ten guys on the roof. So
I observed him at times, yeah.

. . . .

Q. Did you observe him drink water at other times in the course of that morning?

A. Well, I mean to my recollection, I was watching everyone. I didn’t really pay attention if he kept going to the cooler or not.

. . . .

Q. Did you pay
particular attention
to him working that morning?

A. Well, I had ten guys, so I paid attention to all of them. So
I observed all of the guys.

. . . .

Q. You did not monitor the amount of water that MR drank on August 1, 2012?

A. Well, I had ten guys on the roof. I couldn’t monitor how much each one of them drank. I mean if I provide the water and everything for them, it’s on the individual to go drink it.

Q. So
you don’t know how much he drank?

A. No, I don’t – I didn’t monitor how much he
dr [a] nk . I mean, like I said, I had ten guys on the roof.

Q. You don’t know if he finished even one cup of water, right?

A. I mean I don’t know if he finished it or not. Like I had ten guys on the
roof, we
all had water to drink. I assumed he would have drunk.

60 In his transcribed statement to OSHA, Brown acknowledged that during the midmorning break MR drank some water : “ He did drink some water but after that no. We [saw] him sweating and we ask[ed] him if he wanted something to drink and he said no he was al[l] right.” The NRCA Pocket Guide to Safety, which Sturgill used as its safety manual and gave to all permanent employees, lists “heavy perspiration” as a symptom of heat exhaustion.

61
Evidently, MR refused to talk to workers other than Brown.

62
In fact, Brown testified that it was another worker who told him to check on MR:

One of the right hand
man[ ]s . . . came to me and was like go check Mr. [MR]. I went over to him and asked him was he all right. And he kept saying yes but he was walking like clumsy. So
I grabbed him . . . carried him over to the shade. And at that time that’s when I felt that he wasn’t
right
and I called the ambulance.

63
The toolbox talk sheets and the NRCA pocket guide contain recommendations regarding appropriate clothing: “Light colored clothing and a hat with a brim will help to protect you from harmful UV rays, and will actually keep you cooler than if you don’t wear a hat or shirt” (Toolbox Talks, Weather - Personal Injury); “Always wear a shirt, preferably of cotton material” (Toolbox Talks – Heat Stress); “wear cotton clothing” and “do not work in shorts, and always wear a shirt” (NRCA pocket guide). As noted above, none of these documents were shared with the temporary workers.

64
As noted above, although the Secretary did not mention the need for a formal hydration program in the citation, the parties litigated the issue and the judge ruled on it.

65
Brown testified that a fellow worker gave MR a 44-ounce cup of water during the morning break. However, it is not clear how much MR drank.

66
For example, OSHA advises that supervisors can “remind workers to drink water often” (Safety and Health Topics—Occupational Heat Exposure” ), and
can emphasize that it is important to drink water even when a worker does not feel thirsty.

67
The standard provides:

The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.

29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2).

68
Two other temporary workers were present on the day of the incident. As found by the judge, there is a conflict in the record as to when those employees began work on the project. The list of employees on the project provided by Sturgill indicates that the other two temporary employees only worked on the day of the incident. However, Foreman Brown stated that the other temporary employees “had been there all week.” The judge found that the day of the incident “was not the first work day on
the .  . . roofing jobsite for the two other temporary employees.” Given the state of the evidence , it would appear that, at
most, the two other temporary employees worked for two days prior to the incident. In any event, I need not address whether their training (or that provided to Sturgill’s permanent employees) was
sufficient
because I find that Sturgill failed to provide adequate training to MR.

69
My colleagues recite seven elements of what they characterize as Sturgill’s comprehensive safety program. But only one of these elements—daily presentations at the start of each shift given by the foreman or superintendent—was even arguably applicable to MR. As discussed in detail above, MR did not watch safety training videos, attend OSHA 10-hour training, read or receive the NRCA pocket guide, attend the mentioned toolbox talks, receive any employee safety handbook, or hear a presentation by the owner.

70
As my colleagues note, “[n] ew
employees who lack training or are not acclimated are particularly at risk for heat-related illness.”

71
This is not to say that the training Sturgill gave to its permanent employees complied with the training standard. As noted above, I need not address that issue.

72
Gould identified the NRCA as “undisputed leaders in the industry. They have been in business – NRCA, has been together over 100 years.”

73
In its Answer to the Secretary’s Complaint, Sturgill raised several affirmative defenses which it did not pursue at the hearing or in its post-hearing brief. I deem these affirmative defenses to be abandoned. See Georgia-Pacific Corp. , 15 BNA OSHC 1127, 1130 (No. 89-2713, 1991).

74
The parties read stipulated facts into the record. (Tr. 9-10).

75
Employees hired directly by Sturgill are referred to as permanent employees.

Employees acquired through Labor Works are referred to as temporary employees. Foreman Brown recalls monitoring ten employees, in total, on the PNC roof jobsite, on the morning of August 1, 2012. (Tr. 501, 504, 519).

76
The record includes a list of employees who worked on the PNC roofing project and the dates each employee worked from July 13, 2012 through August 1, 2012. This list reveals that, during this period,
fifteen permanent employees, including foreman Brown,
were
assigned by Sturgill to work on the PNC roofing project. (CX-11).

77
For privacy purposes, M.R. is the designation for the deceased employee. (Tr. 8-9).

78
Labor Works was not cited by OSHA
regarding M.R.’s work assignment to Sturgill on August 1, 2012. (Tr. 9-10).

79
Melissa Ann Hanson for ten years worked as the branch manager for Labor Works of Dayton. Every day before going to a job assignment, Labor Works employees are breath-alcohol tested. (Tr. 290, 293-94). Hanson testified that she saw M.R. every day he worked. (Tr. 286-87, 289). Hanson knew M.R. as a reliable, dependable employee, who did not miss work. (Tr. 287). Hanson credibly testified that based on her ten years of interaction with M.R. she never had a concern that M.R. had a drug or alcohol problem. (Tr. 287-88, 290). I observed Hanson testify in a reliable, candid, and unequivocal manner. Hanson’s testimony is credited.

80
Jason Buckley, a Labor Works temporary employee referred to the Sturgill PNC roofing jobsite on August 1, 2012, testified. Mr. Buckley’s demeanor during his brief testimony revealed a poor recollection. His testimony is given no weight. (Tr. 391-92). Tracie Buckley, Jason’s wife, also testified. (Tr. 412). Tracie Buckley was an unreliable witness, with a poor recollection, prone to speculation and exaggeration. (Tr. 394-429). Further, Ms. Buckley’s testimony is contradicted by Ms. Hanson’s credible testimony that M.R. was a reliable employee while working on Labor Works assignments and by the absence of any objective evidence that M.R. was under the influence of alcohol on August 1, 2012. See
footnotes 7
and
21
and related text. I find Tracie Buckley’s testimony untrustworthy and accord it no weight.

81
The break time is based on
superintendent
Gould’s testimony that when he was onsite that morning, he observed the employees on their morning break at 8:45 a.m. (Tr. 449-50, 452). Foreman Brown’s interview statement indicated that the morning break was taken about 8:00 a.m. (CX-13, p. 5).

82
While foreman
Brown stated that he knew the symptom s of heat illness and that M.R.
was not displaying
any of those symptoms (Tr. 504), record evidence reveals otherwise.

83
Brown seemed to believe it was a shaded area. I find that at 11:41 a.m., with the sun directly overhead, there would be little available shade from the objects on the roof. That little, if any, shade was available on the roof is corroborated by the actions of the EMS personnel who responded to the 911 call. (Tr. 369).

84
There is no credible evidence that the videos included safety information about heat hazards. Foreman
Brown,
during his September 14, 2012 interview with the CO,
stated that there was some information about heat included in the
orientation
video, along with other safety subjects. (CX-13, p. 11). However, the
OSHA Accident Investigation Summary states that the CO
reviewed several Sturgill training
videos and did not see heat stress covered in the videos. The CO
surmised the employees may have confused what was covered in the videos
with the information in the toolbox talks. (RX-3, pp. 2-3).

The OSHA Accident Investigation Summary was received in evidence. (RX-3). The facts
sets
forth in the summary, based on reported hearsay statements, are accorded limited weight. Greater weight is given to the direct and cross-examination testimony of the hearing witnesses. Superintendent Gould and foreman Brown testified at the hearing. Both Gould and Brown were reliable, credible witnesses.

Great weight is accorded to the OSHA CO’s September 2012 recorded interviews of superintendent Gould (CX-12) and foreman Brown (CX-13), prepared with Respondent counsel present, close in time to the events at issue. (Tr. 527). Where Gould and Brown’s testimony at the hearing differs from their OSHA recorded interviews, I give their recorded statements greater weight, as they were given close in time to the events, when recollections were fresh.

85
Gould testified that Sturgill also had a company safety manual which was a part of its heat-related illness prevention program. This safety manual was not entered into the record. (Tr. 436-39, 465-66).

86
Gould testified that the 10-hour course included safety training on heat issues. (Tr. 433). The agenda for the 10-hour course does not specifically list heat illness; however, it does have a 30-minute section entitled “Health Hazards in Construction.” (RX-13).

87
There is a conflict in the record as to
the date that
the
Labor Works temporary
employees,
other than M.R., started
work at
the PNC project. Respondent provided a list of all the employees that worked on the PNC project and the dates each person worked. The report
shows only the date of August 1, 2012,
for all three temporary employees. (CX-11, p. 4). However, in his interview with the CO, foreman Brown stated that the other temporary employees had worked at the PNC project from the beginning of the project in July. (CX-13,
p. 10). Brown
also
stated that,
because it was his first day,
M.R. did not have any tools; however, the other temporary employees
had tools because they had been there all week, which would have been July 30 and 31. (CX-13, p. 4). Upon questioning at the hearing, the CO admitted that while the employee listing provided by Respondent indicated that the temporary workers were only at the PNC roofing jobsite on August 1, she was told in her investigative interviews that two of the temporary employees on the list had worked at the work site before August 1, 2012. (Tr. 275-76). I find, viewing the
record as a whole, that
August 1, 2012 was not the first work day on the PNC roofing jobsite for the two other temporary workers.

88
The National Climatic Data Center is part of the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) within the Department of Commerce. (CX-1).

89
The NWS chart has four categories on its heat index chart: Caution, Extreme Caution, Danger, Extreme Danger. CX-4, p. 2. .

90
Dr. Theodore Yee was the medical officer for OSHA in 2012. (Tr. 75). At the hearing, Dr. Yee testified as a qualified expert in Occupational Medicine and Injury. (Tr. 81-82). Dr. Yee had been trained and certified to read and review drug screens. (Tr. 125).

91
Respondent contends that under the general duty clause a “recognized hazard is not defined in terms of the absence of appropriate abatement measures.” Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp.,
10 BNA OSHC 1242, 1245 (Nos. 76-4807; 76-4808, 1981). (R.
Br. 25). In this case,
a heat-related illness hazard was present on the PNC roofing jobsite on August 1, 2012. The cited hazard is not defined in terms of the
“ absence of appropriate abatement measures. ” Sturgill’s argument is rejected.

92
Sturgill asserts that an incident on a worksite is not proof of a hazard. (R.Br. 26). I agree. The hazard was not M.R.’s particular medical condition that day. It was the jobsite heat-related illness hazard to which Sturgill’s employees were exposed.

93
There is no credible record evidence that M.R. was under the influence of alcohol or drugs of abuse during the morning of August 1, 2012, while working on the PNC roofing jobsite. A hearsay statement in the medical records is given no weight, as it is specifically contradicted by the contemporaneous medical testing. (CX-16, pp. 3, 35, 37). I find the records from Montgomery County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas proceedings, in 2003
and 2004, regarding M.R., to be very remote in time and unhelpful to resolution of the issues presented in this case regarding the working conditions on the PNC roofing jobsite, on August 1, 2012. The remote court records are given no weight. (RX-10, RX-11).

94
Foreman Brown concedes that, in the past, when employees told him they
“can’t handle it,” Brown
“wouldn’t be mad,
[he would]
sign their ticket . . . let them go.” (Tr. 509-10).

95
It appears that most employees drank directly from the cooler, so the employer would
not be able to measure how much water was consumed. (CX-13, p. 5).

96
See
footnote 12 above.

97
One of Sturgill’s arguments is that a deficiency in a safety program is not proof of a hazard. (R.
Br. 28). This argument is not relevant to the hazard at issue here. The hazard here is strenuous work, on a roof in the
direct
sun, with temperatures over 80 degrees, and a heat index in the “caution” to “danger” categories for the likelihood of heat disorders with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity. I note that Sturgill’s discussion of
Tampa Shipyards, Inc ., to support this argument appears to rely to an unpublished portion of the ALJ’s decision that was not reviewed by the Commission. Tampa Shipyards, Inc ., 15 BNA OSHC 1533 (Nos. 86-360, 86-469, 1992).

98
The Respondent also presented an argument regarding 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(1). (R. Br. 34). Because the Respondent was not cited for a violation of 1926.21(b)(1), this argument is not addressed.

99
Sturgill argues that there is no requirement that its training instructions be in written form. (R. Br. 32-33). I agree. The allegation here is that, in general, Sturgill did not adequately train.

100
The Respondent relies on
Northern Excavating Co., Inc.,
24 BNA OSHC 1272
(No. 11-0638,
2012)(ALJ) to show that the instructions M.R. received were adequate. Because
Northern Excavating
is a decision without precedential value, I will instead address the Commission’s decision in
N&N Contractors, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC 2121 (No. 96-0606, 2000),
petition for review denied,
255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001), which
Northern Excavating
relies upon.