Prime Roofing Corporation

Plain-English summary

Prime Roofing Corporation provided warning lines while workers removed roof ballast in preparation for replacing a low-slope roof about 20 feet above the ground. The warning lines ran down the center of the roof rather than at least 6 feet from the exposed edges, and workers were observed near the edges without other fall protection. The judge found that Prime set up the lines, assigned an employee as a safety monitor, and was responsible as the contractor that created and controlled the hazard. One prior final fall-protection citation was substantially similar and supported a repeat classification, but a second prior citation did not. The citation was affirmed, and the proposed $10,000 penalty was reduced to $7,500.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10)
• Outcome: The repeat fall-protection citation was affirmed, and the proposed penalty was reduced from $10,000 to $7,500.
• Key point: A contractor that creates and controls a deficient warning-line system may be cited even when another contractor's employees are also exposed.

Full text (OSHRC public release)

             OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
                        1120 20th Street., N.W., Ninth Floor
                           Washington, DC 20036-3457

SECRETARY OF LABOR,
Complainant,
v. OSHRC Docket No. 07-1829
PRIME ROOFING CORPORATION,
Respondent.

APPEARANCES:

   For the Complainant:
           Christine T. Eskilson, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor,
            Office of the Solicitor,
            Boston, MA.

   For the Respondent:
           William A. Seppala, Pro Se,
           Prime Roofing Corp.
           P.O. Box 478
           New Ipswich, N.H. 03071

Before: Covette Rooney
Administrative Law Judge

                           DECISION AND ORDER
   This case is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the

Commission”) pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678
(“the Act”), to review a citation issued by the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”). The citation
alleges that respondent, Prime Roofing Corp. (“Prime”) committed a repeat violation of the
OSHA safety standard published at 29 C.F.R. §1926.501(b)(10)1. The Secretary proposes a
penalty of $10,000.00 for the violation.

                                  BACKGROUND

   On June 6, 2007, OSHA compliance officer (“CO”) Luke McCarthy, was attending a

training course at the Ammon Center in Manchester, New Hampshire (Tr. 8). When he arrived at
the facility he observed a man at the edge of the roof, hoisting tubes or pipes from the ground
level (Tr. 9). Later that morning he observed and photographed other employees vacuuming
aggregate rock off the roof (Tr. 9-10. Ex. C-1 and C-2). A call was placed to the OSHA Concord
area office which sent CO Christopher Bills to the worksite (Tr. 17). CO Bills arrived at the site at
approximately 10:45 that morning and observed an employee at the edge of the roof (Tr. 18, 20).
After walking around the site, a Prime Roofing truck pulled up and respondent’s vice-president of
operations, Mike Goen, introduced himself (Tr. 20).

   The roof of the building was low-sloped and irregularly shaped, with two wide sections

connected via a narrower section. CO Bills described the roof as resembling a barbell (Tr. 38).
The wider section was 59 feet wide, and the narrow section was 49 feet wide (Tr. 29-30). The
roof was two stories, or approximately 20 feet above the ground (Tr. 24). Employees were
working in the wider section of the roof (Tr. 30).

   The CO proceeded to contact Ray Michaud, the representative of the general contractor,

Martini Northern (Tr. 22). After the opening conference, the CO began the inspection and
proceeded to the roof, accompanied by Mike Goen and Ray Michaud (Tr. 22). During the

   1
     The standard provides:

§1926.501 Duty to have fall protection.
* * *
(10) Roofing work on Low-slope roofs. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this
section, each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with unprotected sides
and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail
systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of warning line system
and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system, or warning line system and
personal fall arrest system, or warning line system and safety monitoring system. Or, on roofs 50­
feet (15.25 m) or less in width (see Appendix A to subpart M of this part), the use of a safety
monitoring system alone [i.e. without the warning line system] is permitted.

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inspection, the CO photographed Brian Engels, an employee of Vacuum Rentals, at the edge of
the roof (Tr. 23-24, Exs. C-3 to C-13). Engels was removing rocks, or roof ballast from the roof
via the vacuum trailer (Exs. C-16, C-17, R-1). The removal of the rocks was in preparation for
replacement of the roof membrane (Stipulation 7). The CO also observed Ty Martin, an employee
of Prime, on the edge of the roof (Tr. 27, 62). Martin was wearing an orange vest that identified
him as the safety monitor (Tr. 27, 48, Exs. C-16 & C-17). Warning lines were erected down the
center of the roof (Tr. 28, Exs. C-14 to C-17). According to the CO, the lines should have been set
back six feet from the edge of the roof on all open sides where employees were going to work.
There was no other fall protection on the roof (Tr. 28).

    Goen testified that Martin was not on the site to be a safety monitor, but rather to receive

delivery of materials (Tr. 77, 81). However, Goen also testified that, when the CO arrived at the
site to conduct the inspection, he told Michaud to direct Martin to put on the safety monitor’s vest
for two reasons: (1) “I felt it was certainly not a bad thing to do, given the conditions,” and (2) “it
was going to distinguish hm from not being engaged in any roofing work.” (Tr. 77). Goen
elaborated that “I didn’t anticipate it doing any harm to have him put [on] a monitor’s vest.” (Tr.
83). Moreover, Goen testified that when the CO was taking pictures, he directed Martin to walk
closer to the edge of the roof “so he could be in the frame, indicating that there was a person
wearing a vest....I was just trying to make a point. I was trying to make a point that pictures do not
necessarily always tell the true story.” (Tr. 83). Michaud, recalling the incident, stated that Goen
asked him to have Martin put on the safety vest and walk over to the edge of the roof “so that the
compliance officer could fully be aware of the fact that there was a monitor on the roof.” (Ex. C­
20, p. 9).

    As a result of the inspection, Prime Roofing was issued a citation for a repeat violation of

29 C.F.R. §1926.501(b)(10). The repeat characterization was based on two prior final citations for
failure to provide appropriate fall protection from a roof.

                                   DISCUSSION

    1. The Violation




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Respondent makes two assertions central to its defense. First, it argues that, although it
provided the safety lines to Vacuum, it neither set-up the safety lines nor were responsible for the
set-up. Respondent’s next argues that the standard was not applicable because none of its
employees were engaged in roofing work at the time of the inspection. Respondent’s arguments
are without merit.

   A. Safety Lines

   The CO testified that Martini’s superintendent, Michaud, told him that the warning line

system was set up by Prime as a fall protection system, and that it was Prime’s idea to place it in a
manner that split the roof in half (Tr. 31)2. This was verified by Michaud (Depo. Ex. C-20 pp. 7­
8). Moreover, according to the CO, Goen also told him that the warning line was set up so they
would only need one safety monitor because they were only going to work on one side of the line
at a time (Tr. 31). The CO further testified that Vacuum employee Engels also told him that the
lines were set up by Prime (Tr. 32). Prime disputes the testimony of CO Bills and the deposition
of Michaud regarding the responsibility for setting up the safety lines. At the hearing, Goen
suggested that, though provided by Prime, the lines were set-up by Vacuum (Tr. 78, 85-86)3.
Further, in its brief, Prime points out that much of Michaud’s deposition testimony was based on
either assumption or tentative memory.

   I find that the CO’s testimony was direct and unwavering. Moreover, it was fully

supported by the testimony given by Michaud in his deposition. On the other hand, Goen’s
testimony was, at times, confusing and uncertain. This was especially true when Goen described
the reason Martin was directed to put on a safety vest. Here, Goen plainly stated, but later
2
According to the CO, when a roof has sections of different widths, it is permissible to set
up a warning line system in a manner that separate the sections of different widths. Here,
however, the lines were set up in a manner that simply split the roof in half, without any
consideration given to the different sections. (Tr. 67-68)
3
Significantly, Goen never explicitly stated that Prime was not responsible for setting up
the lines. Rather, he testified that Prime employees were at the site to receive roofing equipment
being delivered by their crane, not to provide safety for Vacuum (Tr. 73-75). Goen also testified
that he did not know the safety requirements for stone removal companies, and that they typically
take care of their own OSHA requirements (Tr. 80). Goen admitted that the safety lines belonged
to Prime and were brought to the roof by crane on the day of the inspection (Tr. 85-86)

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apparently denied, that his purpose was to have Martin photographed wearing the vest to mislead
the CO into believing that the required safety monitor was on the site (Compare Tr. 83 with Tr.
87). Moreover, his explanation, that he was trying to make the point that “pictures do not
necessarily always tell the true story” (Tr. 83) further indicates a tendency toward fabrication that
does little to enhance his credibility. Finally, I find it significant that Goen never explicitly
denied, that the lines were set-up by Prime, but only suggested that they were erected by Vacuum.
In sum, I find that Goen’s testimony was self-contradictory and not credible. On the other hand, I
find that the testimony of the CO was credible and consistent with other evidence of record.
Accordingly, I find that the preponderance of the evidence establishes that the safety lines were
set-up by Prime.

   B. Roofing Work

    Roofing work is defined at 29 CFR §1926.500 as “the hoisting, storage, application, and

removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor
barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.”

   Martin was observed acting as the safety monitor on the roof4. While this activity may not

fit squarely into the definition of roofing work, the provision of a safety monitor to employees
clearly engaged in roofing work is integrally related to roofing work. In an analogous situation,
the Commission has found activities not normally associated with “construction work” to fall
within the purview of the construction industry standards where the tasks were integrally related
to construction work. E.g. Royal Logging Company, 7 BNA OSHC 1744, 1747, n.7 (No. 15169,
1979); Bechtel Power Corp., 4 BNA OSHC 1005, 1007 (No. 5064, 1976), aff’d per curium, No.
76-1365 (8th Cir. Jan. 25, 1977)(work “directly and vitally related” to construction) Similarly, in
the recent case of J.C. Watson Company, 22 BNA OSHRC — (No.05-0175 & 05-0176, 2008), the
Commission found that the employer’s post-harvesting operations were not integral to agricultural
work and therefore, not subject to the exemption from the General Industry standards at 29 C.F.R.
§1910.147(a)(1)(ii)(A).

   4
    Even if Martin was sent to the roof to fool the CO, the point remains that he was

assigned to act as a safety monitor.

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Finding that acting as a safety monitor for employees engaged in roofing work is directly,
vitally and integrally related to roofing work, I conclude that the safety monitor was covered by
the roofing standards.

   Moreover, Prime was responsible for setting up the safety lines and, therefore, was the

controlling subcontractor. On a multi-employee worksite, the subcontractor that creates a violative
condition bears responsibility under the Act for that violation. Summit Contractors, Inc. 21 BNA
OSHC 2020 (No. 03-1622, 2007), appeal filed, No. 07-2191 (8th Cir., May 21, 2007)5. Prime did
not set up the safety lines in a proper manner, which exposed Vacuum employees to the falling
hazard. Therefore, even if it had no employees of its own engaged in roofing work at the time of
the inspection, Prime was still properly cited for the violation as the contractor that created and
controlled the hazard.

   C. Burden of Proof

   To establish a violation of a standard, the Secretary must show by a preponderance of the

evidence that: (1) the cited standard applies, (2) its terms were not met, (3) employees had access
to the violative condition, and (4) the employer knew or could have known of the violation with
the exercise of reasonable diligence. Walker Towing Corp., 14 BNA OSHC 2072, 2075 (No. 87­
1359, 1991)

   The record establishes that the standard applies. The record also establishes that the

requirements of the cited standard were not met. It is not disputed that the edge of the roof was
not provided with a guardrail system, safety net systems personal fall arrest systems or a
combination of warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net
system, or warning line system and personal fall arrest system. Respondent apparently decided to
rely on the final option allowed by the standard, a combination of a warning line system and safety
monitoring system. The evidence demonstrates, however, that the warning line system was not
5
In Summit Contractors, Inc., the Commission held that, on a multi-employer worksite,
general contractors that neither create or control the violative condition nor have its employees
exposed to a violation are not responsible for OSHA violations. However, the Commission
reaffirmed its longstanding precedent that an employer who creates or controls the violative
condition is responsible even where that employer has no employees exposed to the hazardous
condition.

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properly erected. The requirements for a warning line system are set forth at 29 CFR
§1926.5002(f). One of those requirements is that the warning line “shall be erected not less than 6
feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge.” 29 CFR §1926.502 (f)(1)(i) and (ii). Here, however, the warning
line was placed down the center of the roof (Tr. 28-30, Ex. C-14-C-17).

   The record also demonstrates that Prime created the hazard and that employees of both

respondent and Vacuum were exposed to the violation and were seen and photographed working
at the edge of the roof (Tr. 9-10, 23-24, 27, Exs. C-1 to C-13). Finally, as the creating and
controlling contractor, Prime had knowledge of the violation.

   Accordingly, the Secretary has established that Prime Roofing violated the cited standard.

   2. Characterization

   The Secretary’s characterization of the violation as repeated is based on two earlier final

citations. The first citation was issued on April 12, 2004, for a serious violation of 29 CFR
§1926.501(b)(1)6 on the grounds that “Employees were walking and working on the lower flat
roof without any fall protection, which exposed them to a fall hazard of 11 feet to the ground.”
(Ex. C-19a) The citation was affirmed by settlement agreement on July 25, 2005 (Ex. C-19b). The
second citation was issued on July 21, 2006 (Ex. C-18a). As amended7, the citation alleged a
serious violation of 29 CFR §1926.501(b)(3)8 on the grounds that “an employee was exposed to
an 18 foot fall when retrieving materials from an aerial lift basket while leaning out over the edge
of a roof without fall protection.” (Ex. C-18b) The citation was affirmed by settlement agreement

   6
    The standard requires that “Each employee on a walking/working surface . . .with an

unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m)or more above a lower level shall be protected
from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.”
7
The citation originally alleged a repeat violation of 29 CFR §1926.501(b)(10), but was
amended as part of the settlement agreement.
8
The standard requires, in pertinent part that “Each employee in a hoist area shall be
protected from falling 6 feet (1.8 m) or more to lower levels by guardrail systems or personal fall
arrest systems. If guardrail systems ...or portions thereof, are removed to facilitate the hoisting
operation...and an employee must lean through the access opening or out over the edge of the
access opening...that employee shall be protected from fall hazards by a personal fall arrest
system.”

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of the parties on October 12, 2006 (Ex. C-18b). Based on these two citations9, the Secretary
asserts that it was appropriate to characterize the instant violation as repeated.

   The Secretary may establish a prima facie case that a violation is repeated by showing that

the violations were of the same standard, or if not the same standard, that they were substantially
similar. Midwest Masonry, Inc., 19 BNA OSHC 1540, 1542 (No. 00-0322, 2001). Here, the
Secretary has demonstrated that the citation issued on April 12, 2004, though of a different
standard, was substantially similar to the violation here in that employees were not provided with
the required fall protection. (Ex. C-19a and b) Respondent asserts that the matter should not form
the basis for a repeat violation because the earlier violation was the result of employee
misconduct. An employer’s inadequate attempts to comply with a standard might be relevant to a
finding of willfulness. Once the violation is established, evidence of an employer’s efforts to
comply are not relevant to whether the violation is repeated. See Jersey Steel Erectors, 16 BNA
OSHC 1162, 1168 (No. 90-1307, 1993). aff’d 16 F.3d 1219 (3d Cir. 1994).

   However, I cannot find that the Secretary has shown that the citation issued on July 21,

2006, was substantially similar to the instant citation. In that instance, the record suggests that the
employee was provided with fall protection (a lanyard), but disconnected it when leaning over the
edge of the roof while retrieving materials from an arial basket. (Ex. C-18b). Because adequate
fall protection was initially provided, I find the situation substantially different from the current
situation where, for all practical purposes, no fall protection was provided.

   Nonetheless, a citation may be classified as repeated if there is one final order for a

substantially similar violation. Midwest Masonry, Inc., 19 BNA OSHC at 1542. Accordingly,
based on the citation issued on April 12, 2004, I find that the violation was properly classified as
“repeated.” However, that the record supports only one prior violation, rather than the two alleged
by the Secretary, is relevant in determining an appropriate penalty.

   9
     Although they were not introduced into evidence, the CO testified that his research into

Prime’s safety history revealed that, since January 2000, Prime has been cited approximately a
dozen times for fall protection citations. However, because the Secretary has not introduced any
of these additional citations into evidence, they were not considered in my determination of the
characterization of the violation. However, this undisputed evidence is relevant when considering
respondent’s OSHA history for purposes of the penalty assessment.

                                               8

3. Penalty

   When considering the propriety of the penalty the Commission must give due

consideration to the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of
the employer, and the history of previous violations. R.G. Friday Masonry Inc., 17 BNA OSHC
1070, 1075 (No. 91-2027, 1995); 29 U.S.C. §666(j). The record demonstrates that the violation
was serious because a fall from the roof could have resulted in death or serious physical injury.
(Tr. 42) Moreover, the gravity of the violation was high due to the proximity of employees to the
unguarded roof edge. (Tr. 42) Considering the gravity of the violation, the Secretary arrived at a
base penalty of $5,000, which I find appropriate. That penalty was doubled because of its repeated
nature, for a proposed penalty of $10,000. The evidence establishes that respondent has a
substantial history of OSHA violations with approximately a dozen citations issued since January
2000. (Tr. 44). Also, while the record is silent as to respondent’s size, the Secretary found it
inappropriate to reduce the penalty due to respondent’s size because of its history of past
violations. (Tr. 43) Similarly, due to respondent’s safety history, no credit was given for good-
faith. Accordingly, the Secretary arrived at a final proposed penalty of $10,000. As noted,
however, the record demonstrates that the repeated characterization is supported by one previous
citation, rather than the two presumed by the Secretary. Therefore, a penalty reduction is in order.
I find it appropriate to increase the $5,000 base penalty by 50%, rather than the 100% proposed by
the penalty. Accordingly, I find a total penalty of $7,500.00 to be appropriate.

                FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

   All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination of the

contested issues have been found specially and appear in the decision above. See Rule 52(a) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

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ORDER

  Accordingly, it is ORDERED that the citation for a repeat violation of 29 C.F.R.

§1926.501(b)(10) is AFFIRMED and a penalty of $7,500 is ASSESSED.

  SO ORDERED



                                                     /s/
                                                     Covette Rooney
  Dated: June 16, 2008                               Judge, OSHRC
  Washington, DC




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