Could a Texas state agency automatically fire an employee after six weeks of unpaid leave for an on-the-job injury while workers' compensation continued?
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This page answers the general question as of 1984. Ezel answers yours: what it means for your facts, under current Texas law, with citations.
Texas AG Opinion JM-227: Workers' Comp Leave Termination
Plain-English summary
A legislator asked whether the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation could automatically terminate non-probationary employees after more than six weeks of unpaid leave when they had received workers' compensation benefits for job injuries. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
JM-227 concluded that the agency could not use the across-the-board policy as described. It said the state needed "a legitimate job-related reason, other than a mere leave of absence" before terminating an employee on leave for a job injury. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
The opinion relied on the statute prohibiting discharge or discrimination because an employee had "in good faith filed a claim" under the workers' compensation law. It treated that public policy as applicable to state employees. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
JM-227 did not say the agency had to keep every position open indefinitely. It allowed a case-by-case decision that a position had to be filled for "legitimate business concerns," but said that possibility did not justify automatic termination for everyone after six weeks. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
The opinion concluded that the fixed leave period was not "per se an adequate basis" for termination and required a legitimate independent reason connected to the employee's duties and the circumstances of the absence. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Currency note
This opinion was issued in 1984. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.
Common questions
Could the agency automatically fire every employee after six weeks of unpaid injury leave?
No. JM-227 said the department could not validly adopt "a uniform limit of six weeks leave without pay" for employees receiving workers' compensation. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Did receiving workers' compensation make termination impossible?
No. The opinion said the agency was not required "to hold a job open for an indefinite period of time" and could act for a legitimate independent reason. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
What kind of reason did JM-227 require?
The opinion required a "legitimate independent reason" based on the employee's duties and the circumstances of the leave, rather than the mere passage of a fixed leave period. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Could the agency consider whether the position had to be filled?
Yes. JM-227 said the department could decide case by case that a particular position needed to be filled because of "legitimate business concerns." Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Could filing a workers' compensation claim be one of several reasons for discharge?
The opinion quoted Santex as saying an employer could not use the claim filing "as a reason to discharge or otherwise discriminate" even if other reasons also existed. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Background and statutory framework
Article 8307c prohibited discharge or discrimination because an employee filed a good-faith workers' compensation claim or caused a proceeding to be instituted. V.T.C.S. art. 8309g made that protection applicable to state employees. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
JM-227 reasoned that the statutory protection would be "of little use" if an agency could automatically terminate an employee during temporary incapacity after a successful claim. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
The opinion described the relevant cases as holding essentially that an employee on workers' compensation leave could be terminated "only for reasons unrelated to the worker's compensation claim." Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Citations and references
- E-Tex Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Adair, 566 S.W.2d 37 (Tex. Civ. App. - Beaumont 1978, no writ), and Schrader v. Artco Bell Corp., 579 S.W.2d 534 (Tex. Civ. App. - Tyler 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.), appeared among cases applying the retaliatory-discharge statute. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
- Murray Corp. of Maryland v. Brooks, 600 S.W.2d 897 (Tex. Civ. App. - Tyler 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.), and Deford Lumber Co., Inc. v. Roys, 615 S.W.2d 235 (Tex. App. - Dallas 1981, no writ), also appeared in that discussion. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
- Santex, Inc. v. Cunningham, 618 S.W.2d 557 (Tex. Civ. App. - Waco 1981, no writ), supplied the quoted statement that claim filing could not be used as a reason for discharge even if other reasons existed. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
- Article 8307c, section 1, supplied the state policy that JM-227 applied against the fixed-period termination rule. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Source
- Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/jim-mattox/jm-0227
- Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1984/jm0227.pdf
Original opinion text
Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain. The linked PDF is authoritative.
The Attorney General of Texas
November 7, 1984
Honorable Lloyd Criss
Chairman
Committee on Labor and Employment Relations
Texas House of Representatives
P. O. Box 2910
Austin, Texas 78769
Opinion No. JM-227
Re: Whether an employee of a state agency may be terminated while collecting workmen's compensation due to an on-the-job injury
Dear Representative Criss:
You have asked whether the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation [hereinafter MHMR] may terminate non-probationary full-time employees who have been on leave without pay for more than six weeks after having filed a claim and been awarded benefits under the worker's compensation laws. You advise that MHMR has an across-the-board policy which terminates automatically any employee on leave without pay for more than six weeks unless an extension of that leave is approved by supervisory personnel.
It is our opinion that a state agency may not terminate, in the manner described, its employees who are on an unpaid leave of absence and receiving worker's compensation benefits. We believe that the state is required to have a legitimate job-related reason, other than a mere leave of absence, before it may terminate an employee who is on leave because of a job related injury.
State law prohibits the termination of employees who have filed claims under the worker's compensation statutes as follows:
No person may discharge or in any other manner discriminate against any employee because the employee has in good faith filed a claim . . . or caused to be instituted, in good faith, any proceeding under the Texas Workmen's Compensation Act. . . .
V.T.C.S. art. 8307c, section 1. This provision is applicable to state employees. V.T.C.S. art. 8309g, section 15(a). A state employee may elect to use his accrued sick leave with the state before receiving weekly compensation payments but is not required to do so. V.T.C.S. art. 8309g, section 12. In these statutes, the state has exercised its plenary legislative power to define public policy regarding the protection afforded to injured public employees who file worker's compensation claims. Any administrative regulation which unreasonably burdens this policy cannot stand.
We believe that the protection provided by this legislative mandate would be of little use to a state agency employee if he could be terminated after having filed a claim and been awarded benefits while on leave from his employment following work-related injuries incurred while pursuing the interests of the state. The termination of such an injured employee would appear to be based on his having filed a good faith worker's compensation claim which resulted in payments during his temporary incapacity. It makes no sense to prohibit an agency from dismissing employees for filing a claim but to permit an agency automatically to terminate employees who have taken leave without pay, because of such injury.
We do not believe that the department of MHMR can validly adopt a uniform limit of six weeks leave without pay after which employees on worker's compensation may be subject to termination. An employee should not be put to the choice of either retaining his employment by returning to work, perhaps prematurely, before the end of the six-week period or initiating a worker's compensation claim which may pay benefits for an extended period of time but would result in the loss of his job.
The cases decided under the anti-discriminatory provision of article 8307c have held essentially that an employee on a worker's compensation leave may be terminated only for reasons unrelated to the worker's compensation claim. E-Tex Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Adair, 566 S.W.2d 37 (Tex. Civ. App. - Beaumont 1978, no writ) (finding that discharge was based both on filing claim and past misconduct sufficient to support verdict for employees); Schrader v. Artco Bell Corp., 579 S.W.2d 534 (Tex. Civ. App. - Tyler 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (more than scintilla of evidence sufficient to support finding of discriminatory discharge for filing a claim); Murray Corp. of Maryland v. Brooks, 600 S.W.2d 897 (Tex. Civ. App. - Tyler 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (more than scintilla of evidence sufficient to support finding of discriminatory discharge for filing a claim); Deford Lumber Co., Inc. v. Roys, 615 S.W.2d 235 (Tex. App. - Dallas 1981, no writ); McGarry, "Retaliatory Termination in Workman's Compensation Cases," 44 Tex. B. J. 617 (1981).
In Santex, Inc. v. Cunningham, 618 S.W.2d 557 (Tex. Civ. App. - Waco 1981, no writ), the court upheld a judgment against an employer in a suit by an employee claiming wrongful discharge under article 8307c based upon jury findings that he had been fired both for filing a worker's compensation claim and failure to perform work satisfactorily. The court held that
an employer may not use the filing of a Worker's Compensation claim as a reason to discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee even if there are other reasons.
Id. at 559.
We believe that the legislative policy of fair play evident in article 8307c requires that an employee who is injured while in pursuit of the state's interest and who is on an involuntary leave of absence be entitled to have the state show, based on the nature of the employee's duties and the circumstances pertaining to the leave of absence, a legitimate independent reason for the dismissal. This does not mean that the department is required to hold a job open for an indefinite period of time. The department may decide, on a case-by-case basis, that a particular position must be filled because of legitimate business concerns without violating state law; nevertheless, such a possibility does not justify an across-the-board termination policy. We do not believe that a per se rule permitting termination after a certain period of leave without pay is appropriate when that leave is a result of an on-the-job injury. We believe that any other conclusion would pose potential problems with respect to the employee's rights under the federal statute prohibiting discrimination against the handicapped, 29 U.S.C. section 794 (1982), and might implicate the employee's liberty interests secured by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
SUMMARY
The Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation may not automatically terminate non-probationary employees who are collecting worker's compensation benefits and who are on leave of absence without pay for more than six weeks. The mere fact that an employee is in such status for a fixed period of time is not per se an adequate basis for terminating such an employee, and in the absence of a legitimate independent reason, such termination violates the state policy expressed in article 8307c, section 1, V.T.C.S.
Very truly yours,
JIM MATTOX
Attorney General of Texas
TOM GREEN
First Assistant Attorney General
DAVID R. RICHARDS
Executive Assistant Attorney General
RICK GILPIN
Chairman, Opinion Committee
Prepared by Colin J. Carl
Assistant Attorney General
APPROVED:
OPINION COMMITTEE
Rick Gilpin, Chairman
Colin Carl
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