After the Texas Veterans' Land Board forfeits a veteran's land-sale contract, do property taxes and earlier tax penalties keep accruing?

Veterans' Land Board property became tax-exempt after forfeiture, but earlier penalties continued

Plain-English summary

The Veterans' Land Board received current and delinquent property-tax bills for land that it had sold to qualifying veterans and later repossessed after the veterans defaulted. The General Land Office asked whether new taxes accrued after forfeiture and whether penalties and interest on earlier taxes continued.

The Attorney General concluded that no new ad valorem taxes accrued once forfeiture was complete and both equitable and legal title returned to the Board. Article III, section 49-b of the Texas Constitution declared land in the Veterans' Land Fund held for a governmental purpose. The Board provided financing to qualifying veterans rather than private residential housing for compensation, so the opinion found that Tax Code section 11.11(d) did not make the repossessed land taxable.

The veteran-purchaser held equitable title and possession while the sale contract remained in force, so taxes imposed during that period were valid. Forfeiture did not erase those preexisting liabilities. Penalties and interest continued to accrue on unpaid delinquent taxes after title returned to the state.

The opinion relied on Jones v. Williams for the conclusion that statutory interest and penalties on delinquent taxes were penalties rather than taxes or ordinary commercial interest. The Legislature could waive those penalties by general law, but the opinion found no statute granting a waiver for Veterans' Land Board forfeitures. Tax Code section 33.011 addressed only failures caused by an act or omission of the taxing unit.

The tax lien remained in force but could not be enforced against the state while the Board held title. It could be enforced against a later private purchaser, and the veteran against whom the taxes were imposed remained personally liable.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1989. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

What the opinion said for affected groups in 1989

Veterans' Land Board

After a completed forfeiture returned full title to the Board, the property belonged to the state and no new ad valorem taxes could be imposed while the state retained title. Existing liens were suspended as against the state rather than extinguished.

Veteran-purchasers

A veteran remained taxable while holding equitable title under the purchase contract. Default and forfeiture did not eliminate personal liability for taxes imposed during that ownership period or stop related penalties and interest from accruing.

Taxing units and appraisal districts

Taxing units could not levy new property taxes for the period after full title reverted to the Board. Their liens for earlier delinquent taxes remained in force and could reach a later purchaser after the property left state ownership.

Later purchasers

A subsequent purchaser could take property still burdened by the earlier tax lien. The opinion found no general-law waiver removing the lien or the accrued penalties and interest in this setting.

Common questions

When did the property become exempt from new taxes?

After the forfeiture was completed and both equitable and legal title vested in the Veterans' Land Board. Before that point, the veteran-purchaser's equitable ownership remained taxable.

Did Tax Code section 11.11(d) treat the Board as a compensated housing provider?

No. The opinion said the Board supplied purchase financing to qualifying veterans rather than residential housing for compensation.

Did forfeiture cancel delinquent taxes already imposed on the veteran?

No. Those taxes had been validly levied while the veteran held equitable title. The veteran remained personally liable, and the associated lien remained in force.

Why did penalties and interest continue after the land became tax-exempt?

The Texas Supreme Court had treated those exactions as penalties for delinquency, not as new property taxes. The exemption stopped new taxation of state-owned land but did not itself waive penalties tied to earlier delinquent taxes.

Could the tax lien be foreclosed while the state held title?

No. The opinion said the lien was unenforceable against the state during state ownership, but enforceable against a subsequent purchaser.

Could the Legislature waive the penalties and interest?

Yes, by general law. The opinion concluded that the Legislature had not enacted a waiver covering this situation.

Background and legal framework

The Veterans' Land Board used public funds to buy land selected by eligible veterans and resold it under contracts for deed. The veteran received possession and equitable title, while the state retained legal title until the purchase price, interest, and fees were paid. Natural Resources Code sections 161.311 through 161.324 authorized forfeiture and repossession after default.

Article VIII, sections 1 and 2 of the Texas Constitution governed taxation and public-property exemptions. Tax Code section 11.11 implemented the exemption for state-owned property used for public purposes. Article III, section 49-b specifically declared Veterans' Land Fund property held for a governmental purpose and made individual purchasers taxable while they held their purchase interests.

Maverick County Water Control & Improvement District No. 1 v. State addressed the same program. It held that property repossessed by the Board after a veteran's default was not subject to taxes or special assessments levied after the veteran's rights ended. JM-1085 concluded that later statutes and cases had not displaced that result.

The opinion distinguished taxes from penalties and interest. Article VIII, section 15 addressed liens for delinquent taxes and penalties, while Tax Code section 32.01 created a statutory lien. Jones v. Williams held that delinquency additions were penalties that the Legislature could remit by general law before final judgment. Because no applicable waiver had been enacted, the additions continued.

Key citations

• Tex. Const. art. III, § 49-b
• Tex. Const. art. VIII, §§ 1, 2, 10, and 15
• Tax Code §§ 11.11, 32.01, 33.01, and 33.011
• Natural Resources Code §§ 161.001 et seq. and 161.311-161.324
• Maverick County Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. State, 456 S.W.2d 204 (Tex. Civ. App. - San Antonio 1970, writ ref'd)
• City of Beaumont v. Fertitta, 415 S.W.2d 902 (Tex. 1967)
• Satterlee v. Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority, 576 S.W.2d 773 (Tex. 1978)
• Jones v. Williams, 45 S.W.2d 130 (Tex. 1931)
• State v. City of San Antonio, 209 S.W.2d 756 (Tex. 1948)
• Childress County v. State, 92 S.W.2d 1011 (Tex. 1936)
• Lubbock Indep. School Dist. v. Owens, 217 S.W.2d 186 (Tex. Civ. App. - Amarillo 1948, writ ref'd)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/jim-mattox/jm-1085
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1989/jm1085.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Obvious character-level OCR errors have been corrected where verified against the scan and the embedded text; minor errors may remain. The linked PDF is authoritative.

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
OF TEXAS

August 9, 1989
JIM MATTOX

ATTORNEY GENERAL

Honorable Garry Mauro Opinion No. JM-1085 Commissioner General Land Office Re: Whether taxes accrue

Stephen F. Austin Building against real property held in

1700 North Congress Avenue the Veterans’ Land Fund after

Austin, Texas 78701 forfeiture in a contract of sale by the Veterans’ Land Board (RQ-1697)

Dear Mr. Mauro:

You inform us that the Veterans’ Land Board . recently received tax bills from taxing units for current and delinquent ad valorem taxes levied on real property that had been conveyed by contract of sale to qualifying veterans but reverted to the board after forfeiture of such contracts. Consequently, you ask two questions regarding the taxation of real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund:

1. Do taxes accrue against real property
   held in the Veterans Land Fund after forfeiture of a contract of sale by the Veterans Land Board?

2. Do penalties and interest on pre-
   existing tax liabilities continue to accrue against the real property after forfeiture reverts full title to the property in the State of Texas?

We answer your first question in the negative. Taxes may not be imposed against real property held in the Veterans’ Land Fund after there has been a forfeiture of a contract of sale and equitable and legal title to the property has reverted to the possession and control of the board. We answer your second question in the affirmative. Penalties and interest continue to accrue on preexisting tax liabilities against real property after forfeiture vests full title to the property in the state. We also note, however, that while the tax lien created by the previous

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owner’s failure to properly tender his taxes remains in force during that period when the title to the real property reverts to the Veterans’ Land Board, such a lien is unenforceable against the state. Such a lien would be enforceable against any subsequent purchaser, and the veteran-purchaser against whom the taxes were originally imposed, of course, remains personally liable.

The Veterans’ Land Board [hereinafter the board] was created by amendment to the Texas Constitution in 1946 in order to make low-interest loans available to eligible veterans who served in the armed forces of the United States during specified periods. Tex. Const. art. III, § 49-b, interp. commentary (Vernon 1984): see generally Nat. Res. Code § 161.001 et seq. The Veterans’ Land Board, using public funds, purchases a particular plot of land at the request of an eligible veteran. The land then is resold by the state to the veteran under a contract for a deed. The contract delivers equitable title and possession to the veteran; the state, through the board, retains legal title until the full purchase price, interest, and fees have been paid. See Venable v. Patti, 490 S.W.2d 194 (Tex. Civ. App.

• Texarkana 1973, writ ref’d n.r.e.); City of Garland v.
  Wentzel, 294 S.W.2d 145 (Tex. Civ. App. - Dallas 1956, writ

ref’d n.r.e.)?} see also Attorney General Opinion JM-774 (1987).

If a purchaser defaults on a contract, then the board may declare a forfeiture and take possession of the property. Nat. Res. Code §§ 161.311-161.324. Once for- feiture proceedings have been completed, both equitable and legal title are vested in the Veterans’ Land Board, and the property belongs to the state. See Maverick County Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. State, 456 S.W.2d 204 (Tex. Civ. App. - San Antonio 1970, writ ref’d).

Article VIII, section 1, of the Texas Constitution provides in relevant part: "All real property and tangible

personal property in this State... shall be taxed in proportion to its value, which shall be ascertained as may be provided by law." Article VIII, section 2, provides in

relevant part that "(t]he legislature may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property used for public

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purposes. "1 Pursuant to article VIII, section 2, the legislature enacted section 11.11 of the Tax Code, governing the taxation of public property, which provides in pertinent part:

(a) Except as provided by Subsections (b) and (c) of this section, property owned by this state or a political subdivision of this state is exempt from taxation if the property is used for public purposes.

(d) Property owned by the state that is not used for public purposes is taxable. Property owned by a state agency or insti- tution is not used for public purposes if the property is... used to provide private residential housing for compensation to members of the public other than students and employees of the state agency or institution owning the property, unless the residential use is secondary to its use by an educational institution primarily for institutional purposes. Any notice required by Section 25.19 of this code shall be sent to the agency or institution that owns the property, and it shall appear in behalf of the state in any protest or appeal related to taxation of the property. (Emphasis added.)

It is suggested that the real property that comprises the Veterans’ Land Fund is taxable under subsection (d) because such property appears to be "used to provide private residential housing for compensation to members of the

1. Article XI, section 9, of the Texas Constitution
   by its terms exempts "property of counties, cities and

towns, owned and held only for public purposes, ... and all other property devoted exclusively to the use and benefit of the public... from taxation... ." This section is self-executing. Because the last clause has

never been construed to apply to property owned by the state, we need not discuss the cases involving counties and cities that rely upon this provision.

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public other than students and employees of the state agency or institution owning the property." It is also suggested that such property is not used for a public purpose, that the board stands in no different legal position from that ef any other mortgage company that is required to pay ad valorem taxes on any real property on which its mortgagors default, and that real property comprising the fund falls squarely within subsection (d) of section 11.11 of the Tax Code,

The quoted language of subsection (d) of section 11.11 of the Tax Code does not require the taxation of real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund when legal title to such real property rests with the state. The Veterans’ Land Board does not provide "residential housing for com- pensation to members of the public... ." Rather, it provides the financing needed to purchase private residen- tial housing, and it offers it only to qualifying veterans of the United States’ armed forces.

In addition, the legislative history of subsection 11.11(a) does not indicate that the legislature intended to deviate from the long-accepted practice of exempting from ad valorem taxation the real property comprising the Veterans’

2. A brief submitted to us argues that the fact that
   only qualifying veterans may participate in the land program necessarily means that the program is not for a public purpose under article VIII of the Texas Constitution. | We disagree. The test for determining whether public property is tax exempt is whether it is used primarily for the health, comfort, and welfare of the public. It is not essential that it be used for governmental purposes; it is sufficient that it be used for "proprietary" purposes. A. & M. Consol. Indep. School Dist. v. City of Bryan, 184 S.W.2d 914 (Tex. 1945). It is immaterial whether only residents of a taxing unit are benefitted or whether others benefit as well; the fact that property is owned by the public and is used primarily for the health, comfort, and welfare of the public of some portion of the state is sufficient to entitle such property to tax-exempt status. State v. Houston Lighting & Power Co., 609 S.W.2d 263 (Tex. Civ. App. - Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Attorney General Opinions JM-405 (1985); MW-430 (1982); MW-391 (1981).

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Land Fund. See Hearings on Tex. H.B. 30 before the Senate Finance Committee, 67th Leg. 22-31 (August 5, 1981) (trans- cript available from Senate Staff Services). It appears that the legislature intended that property owned by a political subdivision but not used for the public purpose for which it was originally acquired should not be tax exempt. The real property at issue here, however, is being used for the purpose for which it was acquired originally, namely the creation of a "land fund" to facilitate the purchase of real property by veterans through the granting of low-interest loans. Article III of the Texas Constitu- tion was amended by the addition of section 49-b to permit the legislature to do what the constitution otherwise would prevent it from doing, namely the "giving or lending, of the credit of the State in aid of, or to any person..." or the granting of "public moneys to any individual." See Tex. Const. art. III, §§ 50, 51. The very establishment of such a fund in the Texas Constitution impresses upon it the nature of a public purpose.

Moreover, the Texas Constitution exempts real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund from ad valorem taxation after the purchaser of such property has defaulted on his payments and full title to the property reverts to the control of the state. Section 49-b of article III of the Texas Constitution provides in relevant part:

Such lands heretofore or hereafter purchased and comprising a part of said Fund are hereby declared to be held for a governmental pur- pose, although the individual purchasers thereof shall be subject to taxation to the same extent and in the same manner as are purchasers of lands dedicated to the Permanent Free Public School Fund.

We recently declared in Attorney General Opinion JM-1049 (1989) that the interest in real property comprising the permanent school fund that is retained by the state when it leases such real property to private businesses is exempt from ad valorem taxation, but the leasehold estates conveyed to the private businesses are themselves taxable. The reasoning that we employed in Attorney General Opinion JM-1049, regarding the proper construction of both the Texas Constitution and the relevant Tax Code provisions, is equally applicable here. By its terms, section 49-b of article III likewise would exempt from ad valorem taxation real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund.

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Finally, case law in this area of law compels us to answer your first question in the negative. On the basis of Maverick County Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. State, supra, we conclude that real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund, equitable title to which has reverted back to the state after the default of the purchaser, is not subject to taxation while it is in the hands of the state.

In Maverick County, the Veterans’ Land Board sought a declaration that certain real property owned by the board was free of all claims for taxes or other charges made, levied, or assessed by a water control and improvement district, an independent school district, and a county. A veteran had purchased real property comprising part of the Veterans’ Land Fund in 1956; he failed to make the required payments and the board declared his rights under the contract forfeited in 1962. After the forfeiture, the board held full legal and equitable title to the property. The trial court declared that the land was free of all taxes and other charges levied by the taxing units after the rights of the veteran under the contract of sale were terminated, i.e., after the veteran had defaulted and the state reac~ quired both the equitable and legal title to the property. The court of appeals agreed. It held that where real property had been purchased by the board and sold to an eligible veteran but subsequently repossessed, the real property, thereafter, was subject neither to ad valorem taxation nor to special assessments levied during the veteran’s possession.

It has been suggested that Maverick County is no longer controlling law in this area. It is contended, first, that section 11.11 of the Tax Code was enacted after Maverick County was handed down and constitutes the legislature’s most recent statement regarding its intention to tax publicly-owned property that is not used for the public purpose for which the property was originally acquired. As we noted earlier, the 1981 amendment to section 11.11 does not compel us to conclude that real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund is taxable. Neither the actual language used in the amendment nor the legislative history indicating the evident intention of the legislature in passing the amendment supports such a reading. And, as we stated above, we believe that the real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund is being used for the precise public purpose for which the real property was acquired by the board in the first place.

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It is also contended that the Maverick County case is suspect because it appears to be predicated upon a Texas Supreme Court case that is itself of doubtful precedential value. We agree that the court in Maverick County did rely in part on a Texas Supreme Court case whose precedential value has been undermined by subsequent decisions, but we disagree that a court considering the matter again would reach a different result.

The case that the Maverick County court cited is City of Beaumont v. Fertitta, 415 S.W.2d 902 (Tex. 1967). In Fertitta, the court considered whether real property owned by a city, though leased to private persons for the purpose of carrying on a private commercial enterprise, was exempt from ad valorem taxation regardless of the fact that the use to which the property was put was not public. The court in Fertitta departed from the method of constitutional analysis that courts traditionally had invoked when the issue was whether property owned by a political subdivision was entitled to receive tax-exempt status. See Fertitta, supra, (dissenting opinion).

Prior to Fertitta, courts had always looked to whether the property was both owned by a political subdivision and used or held for a public purpose, and assuming that it was not so used, it would be taxable under article VIII, sections 1, and 2, of the Texas Constitution. See A. & M. Consol. Indep. School Dist. v. City of Bryan, 184 S.W.2d 914 (Tex. 1945); Daugherty v. Thompson, 9 S.W. 99 (Tex. 1888); City of Abilene v. State, 113 S.W.2d 631 (Tex. Civ. App. - Eastland 1937, writ dism’d) (holding disapproved of on other grounds in Fertitta). The court in Fertitta departed from the traditional mode of constitutional analysis in declaring that the constitution does not require that property owned by a municipality but not used for a public purpose be taxed. It only requires that private property held by natural persons or private corporations be taxed. Therefore, since the constitution does not require municipal property to be taxed, the legislature needs no constitutional authority to exempt it. It chose to do so in the now-repealed article 7145, V.T.C.S. This statute required that all property, except that which is expressly exempted, be taxed. The now-repealed article 7150, V.T.C.S., exempted "“Cajll property, whether real or personal, belonging exclusively to this State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the United States ... ." Public ownership was enough; no public use was required.

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The dissent in Fertitta correctly pointed out that this constitutional and statutory construction is novel; indeed, earlier decisions, which went to great length discussing the holding and using requirements of public property, make sense only if one accepts the claim that the constitution requires al] property to be taxed unless it is specifically exempted pursuant to a constitutional provision, i.e., that public property, in order that it be deemed tax-exempt, must fall within the limitations set forth in article VIII, section 2, or article XI, section 9, of the Texas Constitu- tion. No subsequent case explicitly has employed such an analysis. Moreover, the Texas Supreme Court clearly narrowed the reach of Fertitta in Leander Indep. School

Dist. v. Cedar Park Water Supply Corp., 479 S.W.2d 908 (Tex. 1972) and in Satterlee v. Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority, 576 S.W.2d 773 (Tex. 1978).

The Leander case did not concern property owned by a political subdivision leased to a private person for the purpose of a private commercial enterprise; rather, it concerned: property owned by a private person but used for public purposes. In overturning a lower court judgment sustaining the tax-exempt status of such property, the court specifically held that property, to be exempt, must be used for public purposes. The court in Leander did not, however, explicitly reject the’ mode of constitutional analysis employed in Fertitta. In Satterlee, the court reaffirmed the requirement that there be a public use before property owned by a political subdivision be declared tax-exempt.

If the traditional method of analysis were applied to the instant situation, namely that public property must be put to a public use before it may be exempt from ad valorem taxation, we think that a court would hold that by virtue of the inclusion of section 49-b of article III of the Texas Constitution, the real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Board is exempt from taxation so long as full title to that property rests with the state. If the Fertitta test were adopted, on the other hand, a court would disregard any necessity that such property be used for a public purpose and look only to whether the property was owned and controlled by the state or a political subdivision of the state; it would conclude, although for different reasons, that the property described here is tax-exempt.

We note, moreover, that the argument undermining

Maverick County because of its reliance on Fertitta is refuted effectively by the fact that the Texas Supreme Court

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explicitly reaffirmed in a later case its approval of the Maverick County case. In Satterlee, the court concluded that certain real property and the improvements located thereon that were purportedly "owned" by local taxing units were not exempt from taxes because the ownership interest of the taxing units was not exclusive. In discussing the public use and public ownership requirements for tax exemp- tion, the court declared:

After Fertitta, we approved without qualifi- cation the opinion of the Court of Civil

Appeals in Maverick County Water Control &

Improvement District #1 v. State, 456 S.W.2d 204 (Tex. Civ. App. 1970, writ ref’d). There

the Court recognized Fertitta but cited State v. Bexar-Medina-Atascosa Counties Water

Improvement District, 310 S.W.2d 641 (Tex. Civ. App. 1958, writ ref’d), also approved by

this Court, where it was held that land did not belong exclusively to the State while the contract with the Veterans Land Board remained in effect. As to this, the Court in Maverick wrote that ‘While the contract was in effect, the land was "owned by the Veteran," 310 S.W.2d at 643, with the State holding only the legal title.’ The Court upheld the tax exemption in Maverick for the reason as stated in the opinion that the Veterans Land Board ‘held full legal and equitable title to the land.’ We approved the principles of law declared in the opinion by unqualified refusal of writ of error.

Our conclusion that the Authority was not vested with the requisite exclusive ownership renders unnecessary a re-examination of the holding in Fertitta that Article 7150, § 4, provides for the exemption from taxation of municipal property regardless of the use to which it is put or the purposes for which it is held.

576 S.W.2d at 777-8.
Therefore, we answer your first question in the negative and conclude that real property comprising part of

the Veterans’ Land Fund is exempt from ad valorem taxation while legal and equitable title to such real property is

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vested in the state. Such real property is taxable to the purchaser under the contract for sale so long as the contract is in effect; after the purchaser defaults and legal title reverts to the control of the state, such real property is exempt from taxation. We now turn to your second question.

You next ask:

Do penalties and interest on preexisting tax liabilities continue to accrue against the real property after forfeiture reverts full title to the property in the State of Texas?

Section 33.01 of the Tax Code governs the imposition of penalties and interest on delinquent taxes and provides the following:

(a) A delinquent tax incurs a penalty of six percent of the amount of the tax for the first calendar month it is delinquent plus one percent for each additional month or portion of a month the tax remains unpaid prior to July 1 of the year in which it becomes delinquent. . However, a tax delin- quent on July 1 incurs a total penalty of twelve percent of the amount of the delin- quent tax without regard to the number of months the tax has been delinquent.

(b) If a person who exercises the split- payment option provided by Section 31.03 of this code fails to make the second payment before July 1, the second payment is delin- quent and incurs a penalty of twelve percent of the amount of unpaid tax.

(c) A delinquent tax accrues interest at a rate of one percent for each month or portion of a month the tax remains unpaid.

You assert that penalties and interest may not continue to accrue on preexisting tax liabilities after the state again assumes both legal and equitable title to the real property against which delinquent taxes are due. You suggest two different arguments in support of your

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proposition. First, you claim that such a result is required by the Maverick County case. We disagree. As we noted previously, Maverick County involved an

action by the Veterans’ Land Board for a declaration that real property whose title had reverted to the board after a veteran defaulted on his payments was free of all liens for taxes or other charges made, levied, or assessed on the property by a water control and improvement district, an independent school district, and a county. Specifically at issue were tax liens created when the veteran-purchaser failed to pay both taxes properly levied on his property by the school district and the county and assessments in the form of flat rate fees imposed by the water control and improvement district.

The court of appeals described the trial court judgment in the following fashion: "The trial court’s judgment declares the land free from taxes and other charges levied by defendants after the rights of the veteran under the contract of sale were terminated." 456 S.W.2d at 205. It is not clear from the court of appeals’ decision whether the trial court distinguished between those taxes and flat rate assessments imposed while the veteran’s contract was still in force and those that the taxing units sought to enforce after the full title had reverted to the state.

The court of appeals in Maverick County held that taxes cannot be imposed on real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund after the title to the property reverts to the state; the property in question was subject to taxation only during that period of time during which the veteran-pur- chaser owned the equitable title. Based upon an earlier case, the court also held that liens for pre-existing taxes, ji.e., taxes levied on the property while the contract with the veteran was still in force, were still in effect. The court, however, apparently did hold that no lien for the assessment of the flat rate taxes was created by the veteran’s failure to tender such assessments.

You rely upon the language from the Maverick County case declaring the property free from taxes "or other charges levied" by the taxing units to support the proposi- tion that penalties and interest on the preexisting taxes do not continue to accrue. You apparently construe this to mean that any penalties and interest imposed for failing to pay the taxes levied in a timely fashion may not continue to accrue after title reverts to the state. In other words,

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you assert that the phrase "or other charges" includes penalties and interest imposed when accrued taxes become delinquent. You state in your request for an opinion:

The Court affirmed the determination of the trial court that the property itself is ‘free of all liens and claims for taxes or other charges .. . made, levied or assessed’ by any taxing entities. Id. at 205.

Brief of Texas Veterans Land Board at 8.

We disagree with this construction of Maverick County. The "charges" referred to by the court do not include interest and penalties. The "charges," when understood in the context of Maverick County and the authorities it cites, are special assessments made by the water district. Se e.g., City of Wichita Falls v. Williams, 26 S.W.2d 910

(Tex. 1930); Harris County v. Boyd, 7 S.W. 713 (Tex. 1888); Wichita County Water Improvement Dist. No. 2 v. City of Wichita Falls, 323 S.W.2d 298 (Tex. Civ. App. ~- Fort Worth 1959, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Attorney General Opinions JM-1035 (1989); JM-523 (1986). The Maverick County court merely held that a special district could not impose flat rate fees against the property in that instance while title to it was held by the state. Maverick County does not stand for the proposition that penalties and interest for delinquent taxes may not be imposed on real property that has reverted to the state; it does not even mention penalties and interest.

Your second argument in support of the proposition that penalties and interest may not continue to accrue against real property whose title has reverted to the Veterans’ Land Board is that permitting such accrual of penalties and interest is tantamount to permitting the taxation of such property, however indirectly. On the other hand, a brief submitted to us suggested that the lien created by the veteran’s failure to properly tender the taxes due extends also to the penalties and interest that accrue.

Both arguments rest on the presupposition that penal- ties and interest are to be treated as though they were taxes. On the one hand, if accrued penalties and interest are the equivalent of taxes and if taxes may not be imposed upon real property while title is in the possession and control of the Veterans’ Land Board, it can be argued that penalties and interest likewise may not continue to accrue

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against such real property. On the other hand, if accrued penalties and interest are the equivalent of taxes and if an enforceable lien is created by the veteran’s failure to properly tender the taxes before they became delinquent, it can be argued that any waiver of accrued penalties and interest violates the Texas constitutional prohibitions against releasing or extinguishing the indebtedness of any individual owed to the state or to any political subdivision of the state, Tex. Const. art. III, § 55, or against the release from the payment of taxes. Id. art. VIII, § 10.

A surface reading of article VIII, section 15, of the Texas Constitution lends support to your presupposition that penalties and interest should be treated as though they were taxes. That section provides:

The annual assessment made upon landed property shall be a special lien thereon; and all property, both real and personal, belonging to any delinquent taxpayer shall be liable to seizure and sale for the payment of all the taxes and penalties due by such delinquent; and such property may be sold for the payment of the taxes and penalties due by such delinquent, under such. regulations as the Legislature may provide.

While section 15 clearly does not create a lien on any property for failing to pay any penalties and interest that are imposed along with delinquent taxes,3 it might be argued that, at least as to summary seizure and sale and judicial sale and execution, penalties and interest are treated in the same manner as the delinquent taxes on which the calculation of such penalties and interest are based. However, the Texas Supreme Court has not construed section 15 to require that penalties and interest be treated as though they were taxes that were levied.

3. While section 15 of article VIII of the Texas
   Constitution does not create a lien for failing to pay any penalties and interest imposed, section 32.01 of the Tax Code does. Of course, any lien that the legislature sees fit to create by statute can also be amended by the legisla- ture by statute.

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In Jones v. Williams, 45 S.W.2d 130 (Tex. 1931), the

Texas Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a statute that provided:

That all interest and penalties accrued and as now fixed by law, on all... taxes... other than (taxes of] incorporated cities and towns, delinquent up to and including October 20, 1931, shall be, and the same are hereby released, provided said taxes are paid on or before January 31, 1932.

Jones, supra, at 131.

The court in Jones first rejected the assertion that the statute could be sustained by reference to section 10 of article VIII of the Texas Constitution. Section 10 pro- vides:

The Legislature shall have no power to release the inhabitants of, or property in, any county, city or town from the payment of taxes levied for State or county purposes, unless in case of great public calamity in any such county, city or town, when such release may be made by a vote of two-thirds of each House of the Legislature.

If the exactions (i.e. penalty and interest) imposed upon taxpayers for failing to timely tender payment of accrued taxes are themselves "taxes" for purposes of article VIII, section 10, then the court, after concluding that the statute at issue was not enacted pursuant to the "great public calamity" requirement, would perforce have struck down the statute. Because it did not, it is clear that the court did not conclude that such exactions constitute "taxes,"

Nor did the court in Jones consider such exactions an instance of an "indebtedness, liability, or obligation" for purposes of article III, section 55, of the Texas Constitu- tion. Section 55 provides:

The Legislature shall have no power to release or extinguish, or to authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obliga- tion of any corporation or individual, to

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this State or to any county or defined subdivision thereof, or other municipal corporation therein, except delinquent taxes which have been due for a period of at least ten years.

If the court in Jones had concluded that such exactions were

in reality interest eo nomine imposed by the state as compensation for the detention of its money, rather than viewing such exactions as a form of "penal interest," the

statute would have run afoul of sections 51 and 55 of article III. The court set forth the history surrounding attempts to enforce public revenue and tax collection procedures and declared:

On the whole, we have concluded that the impositions made for delinquency in rendering property for taxation, and for failure to pay taxes, whether these impositions are denominated ‘penalties,’ ‘interest,’ ‘for- feitures,’ or whether prescribed without definition or name, are all in reality penalties imposed for delinquency or failure of duty, and all enacted in aid of the state’s revenue, rather than as charges made by the state for the use or detention of its money. In other words, the exactions are ‘penalties’ rather than ‘interest’ in the commercial or statutory sense. (Emphasis in original.)

45 S.W.2d at 133. The court concluded:

We think the act is constitutional for the reason that the Legislature has the power to release, cancel, annul, or suspend penalties previously accrued for delinquent taxes, so long as these penalties have not been reduced to final judgment.

Id.

Finally, in response to the claim that the statute at issue violated article III, section 56, of the Texas Constitution, which prohibits the legislature from passing certain local and special laws remitting penalties, the Jones court concluded that the legislature by implication could remit such penalties by general law:

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The only express limitation on the right of the Legislature to remit penalties is that specified in section 56 of article 3, which prohibits the Legislature from ‘remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures by special

w.’ The necessary implication from the language used is that ‘fines, penalties and forfeitures’ may be remitted by general laws, such as the one before us. ... Nor do we think that the Legislature is prohibited, either expressly or by necessary implication, by the language of any other section of the Constitution. If it be said that the provisions of sections 51 and 55 apply to penalties imposed for tax delinquency, then, for the same reason, we would be compelled to say they apply to all classes of penalties, and to fines and forfeitures as well. Such a construction would render meaningless the power clearly reserved to the Legislature by the terms of section 56 of article 3, to release ‘fines, penalties and forfeitures’ by general law. (Citations omitted.) (Emphasis in original.)

Id. at 137.

Clearly, if the Texas Supreme Court construed article VIII, section 15, of the Texas Constitution to require that penalties and interest be accorded the same treatment as taxes are accorded, then the court would not have concluded in Jones that the statute then at issue was constitutional. Therefore, we reject both your assertion and the suggestion by the law firm submitting a brief: it is not the case that penalties and interest must be waived, nor is it the case that penalties and interest cannot be waived. °

It is clear that the legislature is empowered to enact a statute that effectively would waive the penalties and interest accrued on unpaid delinquent taxes levied on real property whose title has reverted to the possession and control of the Veterans’ Land Board. See, e.g., Attorney General Opinion WW-780 (1960) (upholding and construing statute that permitted that state to tender unpaid and delinquent taxes on Veterans’ Land Fund land in order for the state to clear title thereto); see also Attorney General Opinion M-139 (1967) (distinction between "tax" and "penalty" well established in law). It is equally clear

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that the legislature has not so acted. Section 33.011 of the Tax Code permits the governing body of a taxing unit to waive penalty and interest under certain circumstances and provides:

The governing body of a taxing unit may provide for the waiver of penalties and interest on a delinquent tax if an act or omission of an officer, employee, or agent of the taxing unit caused the taxpayer’s failure to pay the tax before delinquency and if the tax is paid within 21 days after the taxpayer knows or should know of the delinquency.

No other provision of the Tax Code addresses the waiver of penalty and interest.

Because the Texas Constitution does not require it and because the legislature has not provided for it, we conclude that penalties and interest will continue to accrue on the unpaid delinquent taxes levied upon real property comprising the Veterans’ Land Board whose title has reverted to the board due to the default of the veteran-purchaser.

We note, however, that while the tax lien created by the previous owner’s failure to properly’ tender his taxes remains in force during that period when the title to the real property reverts to the Veterans’ Land Board, such a lien is unenforceable against the state. See, e.g., State v. City of San Antonio, 209 S.W.2d 756 (Tex. 1948); Childress County v. State, 92 S.W.2d 1011 (Tex. 1936); Lubbock Indep. School Dist. v. Owens, 217 S.W.2d 186 (Tex. Civ. App. - Amarillo 1948, writ ref’d). Such a lien would be enforceable against any subsequent purchaser, and the veteran-purchaser against whom the taxes originally were imposed, of course, remains personally liable. Tax Code
§ 32.01; Attorney General Opinions JM-1049 (1989); MW-523 (1982); H-1108 (1977).

SUMMARY

Taxes may not be imposed upon real
property comprising the Veterans’ Land Fund after the contract of sale has been forfeited and full title to the property has reverted to the possession and control of the state. Penalties and interest on unpaid delinquent taxes imposed on real property whose title

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has reverted to the state continue to accrue. While the tax lien created by the previous owner’s failure to properly tender his taxes remains in force during that period when the title to the real property reverts to the Veterans’ Land Board, such a lien is unen- forceable against the state. Case authority of long standing dictates that such a lien would be enforceable against any subsequent purchaser. The legislature could have, but has not, provided for waiver of such a lien against subsequent purchasers, and until it acts, the land remains charged with the lien. The veteran-purchaser against whom the taxes originally were imposed, of course, remains personally liable.

Very truly yours,
JIM MATTOX

Attorney General of Texas

MARY KELLER
First Assistant Attorney General

LOU MCCREARY
Executive Assistant Attorney General

JUDGE ZOLLIE STEAKLEY
Special Assistant Attorney General

RICK GILPIN
Chairman, Opinion Committee

Prepared by Jim Moellinger
Assistant Attorney General

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