Can a Texas university governing board hold its meetings by videoconference or by telephone conference call?

TX AG Opinion DM-0478: Can a Texas university board meet by videoconference or telephone call?

Plain-English summary

Delmar Cain, general counsel of the Texas A&M University System, asked the Attorney General about the relationship between two parts of the Open Meetings Act. Government Code section 551.126, enacted in 1997, lets governmental bodies generally hold meetings by videoconference call. Government Code section 551.121, on the books since 1987, lets the governing board of an institution of higher education hold a meeting by telephone conference call in limited situations. The university system argued that because section 551.121 is specific to higher-education boards and came first, section 551.126 should not apply to those boards at all, and any videoconference by such a board should be governed only by section 551.121.

The Attorney General disagreed and concluded both sections apply to a university governing board. A governing board of an institution of higher education is a "governmental body" within the meaning of section 551.126, so nothing excludes it from the newer videoconference provision. The two sections do not conflict; they cover different situations. Section 551.121 allows a telephone conference call only for a special called meeting on a matter requiring immediate action when it is difficult or impossible to convene a quorum in one location, and the open part of the call must be audible to the public where the board usually meets. Section 551.126 is broader: it lets any governmental body hold any meeting, not just a special one, by videoconference call, but only if a quorum is physically present at one location, the public has visual and audible access at every location a member joins from, and the recording and signal-quality requirements are met.

The opinion answered several follow-up questions. A university board may not hold a regular meeting by telephone conference call with absent members phoning in; section 551.121 never covered regular meetings, and the Open Meetings Act requires members to be physically present unless a statute expressly authorizes another method. If the board wants absent members to take part in a regular meeting from a remote location, it must use videoconference under section 551.126, with a quorum present in one place and public access to all locations. As for whether the board could keep using its real-time video network under the telephone-conference authority of section 551.121, the Attorney General said a section 551.121 meeting must use the technology the Legislature specified, a telephone conference call. Whether a particular video network actually uses telephone-conference-call technology is a fact question for the board to decide. If the technologies differ, the board may run both in tandem (the video adds public access) but may not substitute the video network for the required telephone conference call. A section 551.121 meeting transmitted by video does not have to meet the extra section 551.126 requirements, such as public access to remote locations or the transmission-quality standards.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1998. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

The Open Meetings Act videoconference and teleconference provisions have been amended substantially since 1998, including major changes to section 551.126 over the years. Confirm the current text of Government Code chapter 551 before relying on any specific rule here.

Who this opinion affected (as of 1998)

Governing boards of Texas public universities and colleges: The opinion told them they could use the new videoconference provision (section 551.126) for any meeting if a quorum sat in one location, while the telephone-conference provision (section 551.121) remained limited to urgent special called meetings.

University general counsel and open-government compliance officers: The opinion set out which remote-meeting method fit which situation and warned that the authorizing statutes had to be read narrowly, so a regular meeting could not be conducted by phone.

Members of the public attending board meetings: The opinion preserved public access by requiring, for a videoconference, that every location a member joined from be open and that the meeting be visible and audible to the public there.

Common questions

Could a Texas university board meet by videoconference in 1998?
Yes. The opinion concluded a university governing board is a "governmental body," so it could use Government Code section 551.126 for a videoconference meeting if a quorum was physically present at one location and the public had access to every location a member participated from.

Could the board just phone members in for a regular meeting?
No. The opinion held that the telephone-conference provision (section 551.121) only covered special called meetings on urgent matters when a quorum could not gather in one place, and it never reached regular meetings. To bring in remote members for a regular meeting, the board had to use videoconference under section 551.126.

What was the difference between the two provisions?
Section 551.121 allowed a telephone conference call only for an urgent special called meeting when a quorum could not convene in one location. Section 551.126 allowed any meeting by videoconference if a quorum was present at one location, with added public-access and signal-quality requirements.

Could the board use its existing video network under the telephone-conference rule?
Only if that network used telephone-conference-call technology, which the opinion said was a fact question for the board. If the technologies differed, the board could run both together but could not substitute the video network for the required telephone conference call.

Background and statutory framework

The Open Meetings Act is codified in Government Code chapter 551. Subchapter F contains several provisions permitting meetings by teleconference and videoconference. Section 551.121, enacted in 1987, authorizes the governing board of an institution of higher education to hold an open or closed meeting by telephone conference call, but only if the meeting is a special called meeting where immediate action is required and convening a quorum at one location is difficult or impossible. The telephone-conference meeting is subject to the usual notice requirements, the notice must specify the board's usual meeting location (or, for a university system, the board's conference room at the system office), and the open part must be audible to the public there and tape recorded.

Section 551.126, enacted in 1997, authorizes governmental bodies generally to hold an open or closed meeting by videoconference call. It requires that a quorum be physically present at one location, that the notice specify the quorum's location and each other location a member will join from, that every such location be open to the public, that the open portion be visible and audible to the public at each location, that the body make at least an audio recording available to the public, and that two-way communication run between all locations throughout the meeting. Section 551.125, enacted in 1995, is similar to section 551.121 and lets governmental bodies hold emergency meetings by telephone conference call when convening a quorum in one location is difficult or impossible. A governing board of an institution of higher education is a "governmental body" under section 551.001(3)(A).

The Attorney General read the telephone-conference statutes and section 551.126 together as covering different kinds of meetings: a special or emergency meeting where a quorum cannot be present in one location (telephone conference) versus a regular meeting where a quorum is present in one location (videoconference). The opinion reaffirmed the rule that members of a governmental body must be physically present unless a statute expressly authorizes another means of participation, citing Attorney General Opinions DM-207 (1993) and JM-584 (1986), and that such authorizations must be strictly construed.

Citations

Statutes:

• Tex. Gov't Code §§ 551.001(3)(A), 551.121, 551.125, 551.126

Prior Attorney General opinions:

• Attorney General Opinion DM-207 (1993)
• Attorney General Opinion JM-584 (1986)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/dan-morales/dm-0478
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1998/dm0478.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain — the linked PDF is authoritative.

Office of the Attorney General, State of Texas

DAN MORALES, ATTORNEY GENERAL

June 10, 1998

Mr. Delmar L. Cain
General Counsel
The Texas A&M University System
301 Tarrow, 6th Floor
College Station, Texas 77843-1230

Opinion No. DM-478

Re: Whether recently enacted Government Code section 551.126, an Open Meetings Act provision authorizing governmental bodies to hold meetings by videoconference call, applies to a governing board of an institution of higher education, and related questions (RQ-1040)

Dear Mr. Cain:

On behalf of the board of regents of The Texas A&M University System, you ask about the relationship between two sections of the Open Meetings Act — Government Code section 551.126, a recently enacted provision authorizing governmental bodies to hold meetings by videoconference call, and Government Code section 551.121, a ten-year-old provision authorizing a governing board of an institution of higher education to hold a meeting by telephone conference call in certain situations. You suggest that section 551.126 does not apply to any meeting of a governing board of an institution of higher education and that any meeting of a governing body of an institution of higher education conducted by videoconference call is governed only by section 551.121. We conclude that both sections apply to a governing body of an institution of higher education.

[Footnote: The Seventy-fifth Legislature enacted two provisions currently codified as Government Code section 551.126. Throughout this opinion, we address only section 551.126 as enacted by Act of May 30, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1038, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 3896, 3896 (eff. Sept. 1, 1997).]

Chapter 551 of the Government Code, the codification of the Open Meetings Act, subchapter F, contains several provisions permitting meetings by teleconference and videoconference. Section 551.121, which was enacted in 1987 [Footnote: See Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 964, § 4, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 3282, 3283.], authorizes the governing board of an institution of higher education to conduct a meeting by telephone conference call under certain conditions. It provides in pertinent part as follows:

(a) This chapter does not prohibit the governing board of an institution of higher education from holding an open or closed meeting by telephone conference call.

(c) A meeting held by telephone conference call may be held only if:

(1) the meeting is a special called meeting and immediate action is required, and

(2) the convening at one location of a quorum of the governing board is difficult or impossible.

(d) The telephone conference call meeting is subject to the notice requirements applicable to other meetings.

(e) The notice of the telephone conference call meeting must specify as the location of the meeting the location where meetings of the governing board are usually held. For a meeting of the governing board of a university system, the notice must specify as the location of the meeting the board's conference room at the university system office.

(f) Each part of the telephone conference call meeting that is required to be open to the public shall be audible to the public at the location specified in the notice of the meeting as the location of the meeting and shall be tape recorded. The tape recording shall be made available to the public.

Gov't Code § 551.121.

Recently enacted section 551.126, which authorizes videoconference call meetings, applies to governmental bodies generally, providing in pertinent part:

(a) Except as otherwise provided by this section, this chapter does not prohibit a governmental body from holding an open or closed meeting by videoconference call.

(b) A meeting may be held by videoconference call only if a quorum of the governmental body is physically present at one location of the meeting.

(c) A meeting held by videoconference call is subject to the notice requirements applicable to other meetings in addition to the notice requirements prescribed by this section.

(d) The notice of the meeting to be held by videoconference call must specify as a location of the meeting the location where a quorum of the governmental body will be physically present and specify the intent to have a quorum present at that location. In addition the notice of the meeting must specify as a location of the meeting each other location where a member of the governmental body who will participate in the meeting will be physically present during the meeting. Each of the locations shall be open to the public during the open portions of the meeting.

(e) Each portion of a meeting held by videoconference call that is required to be open to the public shall be visible and audible to the public at each location specified under Subsection (d).

(f) The governmental body shall make at least an audio recording of the meeting. The recording shall be made available to the public.

(g) Each location specified under Subsection (d) shall have two-way communication with each other location during the entire meeting. Each participant in the videoconference call, while speaking, shall be clearly visible and audible to each other participant and, during the open portion of the meeting, to the members of the public in attendance at the location of the meeting.

Id. § 551.126. Subsections (h) and (i) govern the quality of audio and video signals. Subsection (j) permits a governmental body to allow a member of the public to testify at a meeting from a remote location by videoconference call, without regard to whether a member of the governmental body is participating from a remote location.

To summarize the pertinent highlights of these provisions, section 551.121 authorizes the governing board of an institution of higher education to hold a meeting by telephone conference call only if the meeting is a special called meeting regarding a matter requiring immediate action and it is difficult or impossible to convene a quorum of the governing board in one location. The open portions of the telephone conference call meeting must be audible to the public at the location the governing board usually meets. Section 551.121 contemplates that a quorum of the governing board is not present in one location. Section 551.126, on the other hand, authorizes any governmental body to hold any meeting, not just a special called meeting, by videoconference call if a quorum of the governmental body is present at one location. Any open portion of the meeting must be open to the public, not only at the location of the quorum, but also at every remote location from which a member participates. There must be two-way video communication between all locations.

The Texas A&M University System suggests that section 551.126 is inapplicable to governing boards of institutions of higher education because section 551.121 is specific to such bodies and predates section 551.126. We see no reason to exclude governing boards of institutions of higher education from the scope of section 551.126. First, a governing board of an institution of higher education is a "governmental body" within the meaning of section 551.126. [Footnote: See Gov't Code § 551.001(3)(A) (definition of "governmental body").] Furthermore, sections 551.121 and 551.126 in no way conflict. Section 551.121 allows a governing board of an institution of higher education to conduct a meeting by telephone conference call in certain very limited circumstances — when a quorum cannot be present for a special called meeting regarding a matter requiring immediate action. Section 551.126 is broader, applying to governmental bodies generally, and authorizing any meeting by videoconference call if a quorum of the governmental body is present in one location and the governmental body adheres to various special requirements. Government Code section 551.125, which also predates section 551.126 [Footnote: Government Code section 551.125 was enacted in 1995. See Act of May 29, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 1046, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 5193, 5193.], is quite similar to section 551.121, authorizing governmental bodies to hold emergency meetings by telephone conference call when it is difficult or impossible to convene a quorum in one location. The availability of telephone conference call meetings to all governmental bodies further supports our conclusion that the legislature intended the telephone conference call statutes and section 551.126 to be read together to apply to different types of meetings — a special or emergency meeting where a quorum cannot be present in one location in the case of the telephone conference call statutes and a regular meeting where a quorum is present in one location in the case of section 551.126.

The Texas A&M University System asks if it may hold a regular meeting, at which a quorum is present but at which other members are unable to personally attend, with participation of the nonpresent members by telephone. We conclude that it may not. The Open Meetings Act contemplates that members of a governmental body participating in a meeting must be physically present unless expressly authorized to participate by other means. See Attorney General Opinions DM-207 (1993), JM-584 (1986). Thus, this office has concluded that in the absence of specific legislative authorization, a member may not participate in a meeting via telephone conference call or video transmission. See id. We believe such legislative authorizations must be strictly construed and may not be expanded to allow exceptions not expressly contemplated and authorized by the legislature. Section 551.121 permits The Texas A&M University System board of regents to conduct a meeting by telephone conference call only if the meeting is a special called meeting regarding a matter requiring immediate action and it is difficult or impossible to convene a quorum of the board at one location. Section 551.121 did not apply to regular meetings of the board of regents before the enactment of section 551.126 and it does not apply to regular meetings now. If the board of regents wishes to allow nonpresent members to participate in a regular meeting from a remote location, it must do so by videoconference call under section 551.126. A quorum of the board of regents must be present in one location and members of the public must have access to all locations.

We have also been asked if the governing board of an institution of higher education may "continue to use real-time videoconferencing as a means of holding board meetings under the authority granted to such boards to hold telephonic meetings" under section 551.121. This question requires us to address two issues: first, whether videoconference call technology may be used for a section 551.121 meeting, and, if so, whether a videoconference call meeting under section 551.121 must adhere to section 551.126 requirements, such as public access to remote locations or transmission quality standards, which section 551.121 does not impose.

With respect to the first issue, section 551.121 authorizes a special called meeting by a specific technology — telephone conference call. As noted above, we believe section 551.121 must be strictly construed. Thus, we conclude that a section 551.121 meeting must be conducted by the technology specified by the legislature — telephone conference call. Whether a specific technology constitutes a telephone conference call is a question of fact beyond the purview of this office. It may be the case that The Texas A&M University System video network uses the same technology as a telephone conference call, transmitting both an audio and a video signal. In that case, we believe section 551.121 would be satisfied by use of the video network. If the technologies are different, we see no reason why The Texas A&M University System board of regents could not use both technologies in tandem. Use of telephone conference call technology would satisfy section 551.121, and section 551.121 certainly does not preclude the use of additional technologies that provide additional access to the public. We do not believe, however, that the video network may be used in lieu of a telephone conference call if the technologies are different. [Footnote: We have received a letter from your office describing the video network at issue, the Trans-Texas Videoconference Network. The letter states that the network "provides for real time audio and video transmission for multiple users. It operates using compressed video technology and telephone lines." Letter from Genevieve G. Stubbs, Associate General Counsel, The Texas A&M University System, Office of General Counsel (Jan. 9, 1998). This description suggests that the network uses telephone conference call technology. As noted above, however, whether a particular network uses telephone conference call technology is ultimately a fact determination and is therefore beyond the purview of an attorney general opinion. This determination must be made by The Texas A&M University System in the first instance.]

With respect to the second issue, assuming that the video network may be used to conduct a section 551.121 meeting, we do not believe the meeting is subject to section 551.126 requirements not applicable to a meeting under section 551.121. Thus, for example, the public need not be granted access to the remote locations nor must the transmission quality comport with section 551.126 standards. We stress, however, that section 551.121 only applies to a special called meeting regarding a matter requiring immediate action and for which it is difficult or impossible for a quorum of the board of regents to convene at one location.

In sum, section 551.121 permits a special called meeting of a governing board of an institution of higher education to be conducted by telephone conference call only if the meeting pertains to a matter requiring immediate action and it is difficult or impossible for a quorum to convene at one location. Section 551.126 permits any governmental body, including a governing board of an institution of higher education, to hold a meeting by videoconference call if a quorum is present in one location. A governing body of an institution of higher education may not conduct a regular meeting by telephone conference call. A section 551.121 special called meeting may be transmitted by video if the video transmission uses telephone conference call technology or is used in addition to telephone conference call technology.

SUMMARY

Government Code section 551.126 permits any governmental body, including a governing board of an institution of higher education, to hold a meeting by videoconference call if a quorum is present in one location. Section 551.121 permits a special called meeting of a governing board of an institution of higher education to be conducted by telephone conference call only if the meeting pertains to a matter requiring immediate action and it is difficult or impossible for a quorum to convene at one location. A governing body of an institution of higher education may not conduct a regular meeting by telephone conference call. A section 551.121 special called meeting may be transmitted by video if the video transmission uses telephone conference call technology or is used in addition to telephone conference call technology.

DAN MORALES
Attorney General of Texas

JORGE VEGA
First Assistant Attorney General

SARAH J. SHIRLEY
Chair, Opinion Committee

Prepared by Mary R. Crouter
Assistant Attorney General