Is a county historical society subject to North Dakota open meetings law, and what counts as proper meeting minutes?

Plain-English summary

The Emmons County Historical Society is a nonprofit that runs a museum in Linton with a mix of county money, donations, grants, and membership fees. Dr. Clarence Herz showed up at a July 2022 meeting and asked for the last three months of meeting minutes and financial statements. He was asked to leave. After he filed an AG complaint, the Society's president eventually sent him her "personal notes" from those three meetings, almost ten months later.

The AG concluded the Society is a public entity in two ways: it receives and spends public funds, and it's recognized under N.D.C.C. § 11-11-53 as a county historical society performing a governmental function. That puts it under the open meetings and records laws. The president's personal notes don't qualify as meeting minutes because they omit attendance, start and end times, and individual roll-call votes. The ten-month delay in providing only six records was an "egregious" violation of the reasonable-time requirement.

What this means for you

If you're on the board of a county historical society or similar nonprofit

If your organization gets any public funding (county, city, state) or is recognized in statute as performing a governmental function, you're subject to North Dakota open meetings and records laws. That means meeting notice, real minutes (not personal notes), open meetings unless a specific statutory exception applies, and timely responses to records requests. The cost of getting this wrong is mandatory attorney fees if a requester sues, plus potential personal liability for the responsible officer.

If you're keeping minutes for any board

Minutes are not optional and not interchangeable with personal notes. The statute requires, at minimum: names of attending members, start and end times, list of topics discussed, description of every motion (and whether it was seconded), results of every vote, and individual member votes on every recorded roll-call vote. "Unanimous" is not enough on a non-procedural vote; you need the names. AG opinion 2005-O-02 addresses this directly.

If you've requested records and been ignored

The "reasonable time" standard usually means hours or days, not weeks. AG opinion 2021-O-11 already held that a six-month delay was a "blatant violation." Ten months for six records was egregious. You don't have to keep following up; the entity owes you a response and you don't have to remind it.

If you're a county that funds a historical society

Be aware that your funding extends the open records law over them. That's not a reason to stop funding, but it's a reason to provide some basic training to the society's board about minutes, agendas, and records requests. Most violations come from genuine ignorance, not bad faith.

Common questions

Q: How does a nonprofit become a "public entity" under North Dakota law?
A: Two main paths. First, if it's "supported in whole or in part by public funds, or if it expends public funds" (N.D.C.C. § 44-04-17.1(13)(c)). Second, if it's "created or recognized by state law to exercise public authority or perform a governmental function" (subsection (b)). County historical societies typically meet both.

Q: What has to be in real meeting minutes?
A: Names of attending members, the date and time the meeting was called to order and adjourned, topics discussed, every motion (and whether seconded), results of every vote, and individual votes on every recorded roll-call vote.

Q: When does a vote have to be a recorded roll-call vote?
A: Whenever it's a "nonprocedural vote," meaning a vote that pertains to the merits of the matter before the body. Hiring, firing, expending funds, adopting policy: those are all merits votes. Procedural matters (motion to adjourn, motion to take a brief recess) don't need named-vote records.

Q: What's a "reasonable time" to respond to a records request?
A: Usually hours or days. Some delay is permitted for review, redaction, attorney consultation, or staffing. Indefinite silence isn't reasonable, and ten months for six records is far outside the line.

Q: What happens if the entity doesn't fix it within seven days of the AG opinion?
A: The requester can sue under N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21.2 and recover mandatory costs, disbursements, and reasonable attorney fees. The responsible officer can be personally liable for the noncompliance.

Background and statutory framework

The "public entity" definition in N.D.C.C. § 44-04-17.1(13) is broad. It captures classic state and local government but also organizations recognized by statute (like county historical societies under N.D.C.C. § 11-11-53) and any entity that receives or spends public funds. Once an organization meets that definition, the open records and meetings laws apply just as they do to a school board or city commission.

The minutes requirement is N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21(2). The roll-call vote requirement for nonprocedural votes is N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21(1). The reasonable-response-time standard for records requests comes from N.D.C.C. § 44-04-18 as interpreted by a long line of AG opinions, which generally describe the permissible delay in days, not weeks.

Citations and references

Statutes:
- N.D.C.C. § 11-11-53 (county historical society funding)
- N.D.C.C. ch. 44-04 (Public records and meetings)

Source

• Landing page: https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/the-emmons-county-historical-society-failed-to-create-meeting-minutes-and-failed-to-respond-to-a-records-request-within-a-reasonable-time/
• Original PDF: https://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-O-11.pdf

Original opinion text

STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL
www.attorneygeneral.nd.gov
(701) 328-2210

Drew H. Wrigley
ATTORNEY GENERAL

OPEN RECORDS AND MEETINGS OPINION
2024-O-11

DATE ISSUED: December 20, 2024

ISSUED TO: Emmons County Historical Society

CITIZEN'S REQUEST FOR OPINION

Dr. Clarence Herz requested an opinion from this office under N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21.1 asking whether the Emmons County Historical Society violated N.D.C.C. §§ 44-04-18 and 44-04-21 by failing to create meeting minutes and by not providing copies of meeting minutes and financial statements within a reasonable time.

FACTS PRESENTED

The Emmons County Historical Society (Society) is a nonprofit corporation that operates a museum located in Linton, North Dakota. The Society receives a portion of its funding from Emmons County and accepts donations, grants, and membership fees. The Society uses the public funds, donations, grants, and fees to operate its museum. The Society is composed of a seven-member executive council consisting of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, and three board members.

The Society held a regular meeting on July 1, 2022. According to Dr. Herz, during the meeting, he requested copies of meeting minutes for the last three meetings held in April, May, and June of 2022, and financial statements for the same time period. Dr. Herz alleges the president refused to provide the records, became agitated, and asked him to leave the meeting. According to the president, Dr. Herz was asked to leave the meeting after he began to bully her and other members.

In response to inquiries from this office, the Society stated it had not provided the records because Dr. Herz had "only attended one meeting and demanded, and yelled that he would shut [the Society] down." The Society generally admits to receiving Dr. Herz's records request but claims he did not clearly request records for the last three months and has not contacted the Society since requesting the records at the July 2022 meeting.

The Society confirmed it held three monthly meetings in the Spring of 2022. However, the Society was unable to provide Dr. Herz with official meeting minutes for the April, May, and June meetings. Rather, on May 22, 2023, the president provided her "personal notes" from the three meetings and the financial statements from the same time frame to Dr. Herz.

ISSUES

1. Whether the Emmons County Historical Society violated N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21 by failing to create meeting minutes.

2. Whether the Emmons County Historical Society violated N.D.C.C. § 44-04-18 by failing to respond to a records request within a reasonable time.

ANALYSIS

Issue One

The definition of "public entity" includes organizations or agencies created or recognized by state law to "exercise public authority or perform a governmental function." An organization can also be a public entity if it is "supported in whole or in part by public funds, or if it expends public funds." This office has previously determined that the Cass County Historical Society was a public entity because it was supported by public funds and expended those funds. The Cass County Historical Society was also a public entity because it was recognized under N.D.C.C. § 11-11-53 as a county historical society and exercised a governmental function by promoting historical work including historical preservation. Likewise, the Society here is subject to the open meetings and records law because it receives a portion of its funding from Emmons County and spends public funds. Additionally, the Society is recognized as a county historical society under N.D.C.C. § 11-11-53 and exercises a governmental function by operating a museum aimed at promoting historical work.

Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, all meetings of a governing body of a public entity must be open to the public, preceded by sufficient public notice, and minutes must be taken. A meeting is defined as "a formal or informal gathering or a work session, whether in person or through electronic means, of [a] quorum of the members of the governing body of a public entity regarding public business."

Minutes must be kept of all public meetings which must include, at a minimum:
a. The names of the members attending the meeting;
b. The date and time the meeting was called to order and adjourned;
c. A list of topics discussed regarding public business;
d. A description of each motion made at the meeting and whether the motion was seconded;
e. The results of every vote taken at the meeting; and
f. The vote of each member on every recorded roll call vote.

All nonprocedural votes "must be recorded roll call votes, with the votes of each member being made public at the open meeting." A "nonprocedural vote" includes "all votes that pertain to the merits of the matter before the governing body."

The Society admits it held meetings in April, May, and June of 2022, but no "official" minutes were taken for any of the three meetings. Rather, the president took "personal notes" for the meetings and provided them to Dr. Herz. These notes do not qualify as meeting minutes because they do not comply with applicable state law. These notes omit the names of the members attending the meeting and fail to state the date and time the meeting was called to order and adjourned. Additionally, the April 2022 notes fail to list the vote of each member when they voted to replace the president. Accordingly, it is my opinion the Society violated N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21 by failing to create minutes for the three meetings held in April, May, and June of 2022.

Issue Two

A public entity must respond to an open records request within a reasonable time by either providing the requested records or by explaining the legal authority for not granting the request. The law does not usually require an immediate response, however, the delay permitted will usually be measured in a few hours or days rather than weeks. A delay may be reasonable for a number of reasons, including "the number of records requested, reviewing large volumes of documents to respond to a request, excising closed or confidential information, availability and workload of staff who can respond to the request, or balancing other responsibilities of the public entity that demand immediate attention." A public entity may seek clarification from the requester if a request is unclear.

At the July 2022 meeting, Dr. Herz requested financial statements and meeting minutes for April, May, and June 2022. On May 22, 2023, the Society provided the financial statements and, in lieu of minutes, the president's personal notes to Dr. Herz. In its response to this office regarding Dr. Herz's request for an opinion, the Society reasons the records were not provided because it was not clear which records Dr. Herz was specifically requesting, and the Society had not heard from him since the July 2022 meeting. However, even when a requester's behavior is discourteous, "it is the responsibility of the public entity to respond to the request within a reasonable time and the requester is not required to contact the entity again to find out when the records will be provided or made available." The Society also did not provide any records indicating it sought clarification from Dr. Herz about his records request. Thus, the Society has not offered a justification for the ten-month delay in providing only six records. An inexplicable ten-month delay is an egregious violation of the open records law. Accordingly, it is my opinion the Society did not respond to Dr. Herz's records request within a reasonable time.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The Society violated N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21 by failing to create minutes.

2. The Society violated N.D.C.C. § 44-04-18 by failing to respond to a records request within a reasonable time.

STEPS NEEDED TO REMEDY VIOLATION

The Society must create minutes for the April, May, and June 2022 meetings, in compliance with N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21(2) and provide the minutes to Dr. Herz free of charge.

While I have every reason to expect the Society will comply with the directives in this opinion, failure by the Society to take the corrective measures described in this opinion within seven days of the date this opinion will result in mandatory costs, disbursements, and reasonable attorney fees if the person requesting the opinion prevails in a civil action under N.D.C.C. § 44-04-21.2. Such inaction may also result in personal liability for the person or persons responsible for the noncompliance.

AMR/AML/mjh
cc: Dr. Clarence Herz