Can Anne Arundel County let its Planning Advisory Board, instead of a formal 'Planning Commission,' review development rights and responsibilities agreements with developers, and can the county require developers to submit one of these agreements as part of every concept plan?

Plain-English summary

Four members of the Anne Arundel County Council asked the Attorney General four questions about pending legislation, Bill 42-03, that would let County officials enter into "development rights and responsibilities agreements" with developers under Article 66B, §13.01, a state law letting local governments give developers binding assurances that current zoning rules will stay in place for a project for a set period. Because Anne Arundel is a charter county, it has no entity formally titled "Planning Commission" the way the general state statute for creating planning commissions (§3.01) contemplates; the bill instead proposed to have the County's existing Planning Advisory Board review these agreements, and separately would have required a proposed agreement to be included whenever a developer filed a "concept plan" for growth management area property.

The opinion answered each question. On whether the county could create an Article 66B-style planning commission by ordinance, it deferred to the County Attorney's judgment that doing so would conflict with the County Charter absent a charter amendment, consistent with the AG's longstanding practice of not opining on questions of local law like charter construction. On using the Planning Advisory Board instead of a formally titled "Planning Commission," the opinion concluded this was fine: tracing the statute's legislative history, it found the reference to "planning commission" in §13.01 was never meant to require that exact title, only an entity familiar with the local land use plan and separate from the "public principal" executing the agreement, a role the Planning Advisory Board could fill. On making agreement proposals mandatory, the opinion concluded that if the bill required a developer to include a proposed agreement in every concept plan, that would conflict with §13.01, since the statute is designed to make these agreements strictly voluntary and explicitly bars a local government from requiring a party to enter one; a bill provision that merely sets a deadline for submitting an agreement a developer already wants to pursue would be permissible.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2003. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule or procedure mentioned here, particularly since Article 66B has since been recodified into Maryland's Land Use Article, and since Anne Arundel County's own charter and zoning ordinances may have changed since 2003.

Common questions

Did Anne Arundel County need to create a formal "Planning Commission" to let developers make binding development agreements?
No, according to the opinion. It concluded that the state law authorizing development rights and responsibilities agreements does not require review by an entity specifically named "Planning Commission," only by some entity familiar with the county's land use plan, so Anne Arundel's existing Planning Advisory Board could serve that function instead.

Could Anne Arundel County require every developer to propose one of these agreements as a condition of submitting a concept plan?
No. The opinion concluded that if the pending bill were read to mandate a proposed agreement as part of every concept plan, it would conflict with the state enabling statute, which explicitly makes development rights and responsibilities agreements voluntary and specifically states the law does not authorize a local government to require a party to enter one.

Why did the Attorney General decline to answer whether creating a new planning commission would violate the county's charter?
Because that is a question of local law rather than state law. The opinion explained that under the Attorney General's longstanding practice, it defers to the county's own attorney on how to interpret a county charter, and the County Attorney had already concluded that creating an Article 66B-style planning commission by ordinance would conflict with the existing charter unless the charter itself were amended.

Background and statutory framework

Development rights and responsibilities agreements let a local government and a developer agree that the zoning and land use rules in effect when the agreement is signed will continue to govern a specific project for a set time (five years by default under Article 66B, §13.01(g)), addressing developer concerns that a long-term project could be disrupted by mid-project rule changes, since Maryland's general vesting rule otherwise only protects a developer who has begun visible construction under a valid building permit. Following a failed 1994 effort and a working group involving both developers and local governments, the General Assembly enacted the enabling statute in 1995 (Chapter 562, Laws of Maryland 1995), codified at Article 66B, §13.01, and made it specifically applicable to charter counties like Anne Arundel County under §1.02(b)(10), even though the separate provisions for creating an Article 66B "planning commission" under §3.01 do not apply to charter counties, which instead derive planning and zoning authority from the Express Powers Act, Article 25A, §5(X).

The statute requires an agreement to be initiated by a developer's petition (§13.01(c)), reviewed at a public hearing (§13.01(d)), and approved only after the local "planning commission" determines it is consistent with the jurisdiction's plan (§13.01(e)), with amendments subject to the same consistency review (§13.01(h)(2)). The opinion traced the statute's legislative history, including an earlier version that defined "commission" broadly as "a planning and zoning commission or similar body" before that specific definition was dropped in a 2000 terminology-only revision (Chapter 426, Laws of Maryland 2000), to conclude the "planning commission" reference was never meant to be limited to entities created under §3.01. It also reviewed the Anne Arundel County Charter's existing planning structure, including the Office of Planning and Zoning (§531) and the Planning Advisory Board (§533), in assessing whether the Board could fill this role.

Citations and references

Statutes:
- Article 66B, §1.00(d), defining "development rights and responsibilities agreement"
- Article 66B, §1.02 and §1.02(b)(10), limiting Article 66B's general applicability to charter counties except for enumerated sections including §13.01
- Article 66B, §3.01, §3.05, §3.07, and §3.08, authorizing creation of a planning commission by ordinance in non-charter jurisdictions and describing its plan-making and development review functions
- Article 66B, §13.01 and its subsections (a)(3) as originally enacted, (b), (b)(1)(i)-(ii), (c), (d), (e), (f)(1)-(2), (g), (h)(2), (i)(1)-(2), (j), (k), and (m), the full development rights and responsibilities agreement enabling statute, including its voluntariness provision at (m)
- Article 25A, §5(X) and §5(X)(1)(i), the Express Powers Act provision authorizing charter counties to enact local zoning and planning laws
- Article 28, §§7-121 and 7-121.1, governing development rights and responsibilities agreements in Montgomery and Prince George's counties under the Regional District Act instead of Article 66B
- Anne Arundel County Charter, §531 and §533, §533(b), establishing the Office of Planning and Zoning and the Planning Advisory Board
- Chapter 562, Laws of Maryland 1995, the original enactment of Article 66B, §13.01
- Chapter 426, Laws of Maryland 2000, a terminology-only revision that removed the original definition of "commission"

Cases:
- Bollech v. Charles County, 166 F.Supp.2d 443 (D.Md. 2001), defining development rights and responsibilities agreements
- Prince George's County v. Sunrise Development, 330 Md. 297, 623 A.2d 1296 (1993), and Pemberton v. Montgomery County, 275 Md. 363, 340 A.2d 240 (1975), on Maryland's general rule that a landowner's development rights remain subject to future zoning changes absent vested construction rights

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Pages/attorney-general%E2%80%99s-opinions.aspx
• Original PDF: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Documents/pdfs/Opinions/2003/88oag145.pdf

Original opinion text

Gen. 145] 145

               ZONING AND PLANNING

A PPROVAL OF D EVELOPMENT R IGHTS AND R ESPONSIBILITIES
A GREEMENTS

                    September 29, 2003

The Honorable Ronald C. Dillon
The Honorable Cathleen M. Vitale
The Honorable Barbara D. Samorajczyk
The Honorable Edward R. Reilly
County Council of Anne Arundel County

  You have asked for our opinion concerning legislation pending

before the Anne Arundel County Council that would allow County
officials to enter into local development rights and responsibilities
agreements, as authorized by Annotated Code of Maryland, Article
66B, §13.01. In particular, you have asked the following four
questions:

        1. May a chartered county that derives its powers from

Article 25A of the Annotated Code of Maryland adopt legislation
that creates a planning commission of the type authorized by §3.01
of Article 66B (which does not apply to chartered counties)?

        2. If the answer to question 1 above is "yes," can that

planning commission exercise the review powers of a planning
commission under Article 66B, §13.01, concerning development
rights and responsibilities agreements?

        3. Does the failure of the bill pending in the Anne Arundel

County Council to provide for review of proposed development
rights and responsibilities agreements by a County planning
commission render the bill inconsistent with State law?

      4. Does the bill's requirement that a developer's concept

plan include a proposed development rights and responsibilities
agreement render the bill inconsistent with the voluntary petition
process in Article 66B, §13.01?

 You provided two legal memoranda by the County Attorney

responding to various questions about the proposed legislation,
including three of the four questions above.

  We answer your questions as follows:

        1. An ordinance creating a planning commission in the

County must be consistent with the County Charter, which currently
implements the County's authority over planning and zoning by
assigning various functions to the Office of Planning and Zoning,
the Planning Advisory Board, and the County Council. The County
Attorney has stated that legislation establishing the type of planning
commission you describe would be inconsistent with the Charter,
unless the Charter were amended. In accordance with our long-
standing practice, we defer to the opinion of the County Attorney on
matters of local law, such as the construction of a county charter.

      2. If the Charter were amended to provide for a planning

commission, that commission could exercise review and approval
powers over development rights and responsibilities agreements, as
contemplated in Article 66B, §13.01.

        3. The bill provides for review of a proposed agreement by

the County's Planning Advisory Board. Under §13.01, a proposed
ordinance need not provide for review of an agreement by an entity
named the "Planning Commission," so long as it provides for review
by a similar entity familiar with the County land use plan.

      4. It is unclear whether the proposed bill mandates that a

developer submit a development rights and responsibilities
agreement as part of a concept plan or simply sets a deadline for the
submission of an agreement when a developer wishes to propose an
agreement as part of a concept plan. However, if the bill were
construed to mandate an agreement, it would be inconsistent with
§13.01, as the Legislature authorized local governments to create a
voluntary process.

                              I

                        Background

A. Development Rights and Responsibilities Agreements

 Development rights and responsibilities agreements are

"agreements between a [local government] and a developer under
which site specific conditions may be imposed but the right to
develop in compliance therewith is 'vested' at least for a certain
period of time." Bollech v. Charles County, 166 F.Supp.2d 443, 454
(D.Md. 2001) (quoting 2 Rathkopf, The Law of Zoning and
Planning). They attempt to accommodate a developer's desire for
certainty and stability in land use regulation relating to a project with
the authority of a local government to revise its land use regulations
in the public interest.

    Under Maryland law, a landowner's ability to pursue

development of a proposed use of the landowner's property is
generally subject to future changes in local land use laws unless the
landowner has commenced visible work on the land under a validly-
issued building permit and intends to continue that construction to
completion. See, e.g., Prince George's County v. Sunrise
Development, 330 Md. 297, 307-8, 623 A.2d 1296 (1993);
Pemberton v. Montgomery County, 275 Md. 363, 370, 340 A.2d 240
(1975). During the last decade, a concern arose in some quarters
that this rule disadvantaged developers of long term projects. In
particular, there was a concern that a local government could change
its land use regulations in the midst of such a project to the detriment
of the developer.

  After a failed attempt in 1994 to pass legislation to respond to

this concern in 1994, a legislative working group involving
representatives of both developers and local governments was
formed to fashion a bill authorizing binding commitments between
local governments and developers concerning particular projects.
The working group drafted a bill validating development rights and
responsibilities agreements, which was passed by the Legislature
with minor modifications at its next session. Chapter 562, Laws of
Maryland 1995. That legislation authorizes local governing bodies
to pass ordinances creating procedures for the adoption of
development rights and responsibilities agreements. Annotated
Code of Maryland, Article 66B, §13.01.

   The statute defines a "development rights and responsibilities

agreement" as "an agreement made between a governmental body of
a jurisdiction and a person having a legal or equitable interest in real
property for the purpose of establishing conditions under which the
development may proceed for a specified time." Article 66B,
§1.00(d).

The statute sets forth the basic aspects of such an agreement.

An agreement is to be recorded in the land records and contain
detailed information concerning the property, the regulations
governing the property, and the persons with interests in the
property. Article 66B, §13.01(f)(1), (k). It can include provisions
for dedication of a portion of the property for public use,
preservation and restoration of historic structures, and other matters.
Id. The agreement can also fix a time frame and conditions for the
development of the property. Article 66B, §13.01(f)(2). A key
element of an agreement is that the laws and regulations concerning
the use of the property, and the density and intensity of development
in effect at the time of execution of the agreement ordinarily remain
in force. §13.01(j). That is, the property is not subject to subsequent
changes in planning and zoning unless the local jurisdiction
determines that compliance with later-enacted laws is "essential to
ensure the health, safety, and welfare" of its residents. Id.

  The statute authorizes a local governing body to designate a

"public principal" to execute such agreements on behalf of the
jurisdiction. §13.01(b)(1)(ii). The State law also requires that the
local ordinance contain certain basic procedures. For example, to
commence the process for adoption of an agreement, a person with
a legal or equitable interest in the property must file a petition with
the public principal. §13.01(c). A public hearing must be held.
§13.01(d). The public principal may not enter into an agreement
"unless the planning commission of the local jurisdiction determines
whether the proposed agreement is consistent with the plan of the
local jurisdiction." §13.01(e). Similarly, an agreement may only be
amended upon a determination of the "planning commission" that
the amendment is consistent with the local land use plan.
§13.01(h)(2).

   Agreements last for five years, unless the parties specify

otherwise. §13.01(g). An agreement may be terminated earlier by
mutual agreement. §13.01(i)(1). In addition, the public principal or
local governing body may suspend or terminate an agreement if,
after a hearing, it determines that the public health, safety, or welfare
requires suspension or termination. §13.01(i)(2).

B. Bill 42-03

 We understand that the Anne Arundel County Council is

considering a proposed ordinance, Bill 42-03, that would implement
the authority granted in Article 66B, §13.01.[1] Your questions are
directed to two aspects of that bill.

 First, while the State statute provides that development rights

and responsibilities agreements are to be reviewed by the local
"planning commission" for consistency with the local plan, there is
no entity denominated as the "Planning Commission" in Anne
Arundel County. Instead, Bill 42-03 would condition execution of
a development rights and responsibilities agreement upon "a
determination by the planning advisory board that the ... agreement
is consistent with the general development plan and growth
management plan."

 Second, the proposed ordinance would amend the County

zoning law to state that a developer who files a concept plan for a
development "shall include" a proposed development rights and
responsibilities agreement as part of the concept plan. The State
enabling legislation does not itself specify any circumstances in
which such agreements are mandatory.

                               II

                           Analysis

A. Creation of Planning Commission by County Ordinance

  You first ask whether a chartered county that derives its

planning and zoning powers from the Express Powers Act may
create a planning commission "with similar rights and
responsibilities as one authorized by Article 66B."

  Article 66B authorizes municipalities and certain counties to

create a "planning commission" by ordinance.[2] Article 66B, §3.01
et seq. The primary function of a planning commission created
under that provision is to make and approve a land use plan for
recommendation to the local governing body. Id., §§3.05, 3.07.
Such a planning commission also has approval authority over certain
types of development within the jurisdiction, although the planning
commission is subject to being overruled by the local governing
body or other entity with jurisdiction over the particular project. Id.,
§3.08. However, the authorization to create a planning commission
under §3.01 does not apply to charter counties such as Anne Arundel
County.[3] See Article 66B, §1.02 (Article 66B does not apply to
charter counties except for specifically enumerated sections).

  The County could create by ordinance a planning commission

similar to that authorized by Article 66B only if authorized by the
County Charter or by public general law. The Express Powers Act
authorizes charter counties "to enact local laws ... relating to zoning
and planning ...." Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 25A,
§5(X)(1)(i). That authority could be the basis for creation of a
Planning Commission by ordinance, if the ordinance were otherwise
consistent with the County Charter. Thus, your question requires an
interpretation of the County Charter. The County Attorney's Office
has advised that the Charter could be amended to provide for a
planning commission, but that creation of a commission by
ordinance without an amendment would be at odds with the Charter.
See Memorandum of Deputy County Attorney David A. Plymyer to
Honorable Barbara D. Samorajczyk (August 25, 2003).

  Under the longstanding policy of the Attorney General's

Office, we refrain from rendering opinions on a question of local
law, such as construction of a county charter. Accordingly, we defer
to the opinion of the County Attorney's Office on whether an
ordinance creating a planning commission in Anne Arundel County
would be consistent with the County Charter. Of course, if the
County were to amend its charter to allow creation of a planning
commission, that commission could exercise the powers of a
planning commission for purposes of §13.01.

B. Review of Agreements by Planning Board instead of
Planning Commission

 You ask whether the failure of the proposed ordinance to

provide for review of a proposed development rights and
responsibilities agreement by a planning commission is inconsistent
with State law. As indicated above, Bill 42-03 provides for the
County's Planning Advisory Board to exercise the powers that are
otherwise assigned to a "planning commission" under §13.01.

  The Planning Advisory Board is one of several entities and

officials that have planning and zoning responsibilities under the
County Charter. The County Charter provides for an Office of
Planning and Zoning, which is charged with preparation and revision
of the County's master plan subject to the approval of the County
Council. Anne Arundel County Charter, §531. The Planning
Advisory Board[4] is to make recommendations to the Office of
Planning and Zoning related to the master plan. Id., §533. In
addition, the Charter provides that the County Executive or the
County Council may provide for reference to the Planning Advisory
Board for review and recommendations "of any matter related to the
board's functions and duties." Id., §533(b).

  You point out that the Planning Advisory Board can be

distinguished from the "planning commissions" authorized in Article
66B, §3.01. In particular, unlike a planning commission created
under Article 66B, the Planning Advisory Board is not responsible
for creating the County plan and largely acts in an advisory capacity.
In addition, the appointment of the members of a planning
commission created pursuant to Article 66B are subject to
confirmation by the local legislative body. By contrast, the members
of the Planning Advisory Board are appointed solely by the County
Executive.

  It is clear that the Legislature contemplated that charter

counties would be able to avail themselves of the authority to enter
into development rights and responsibilities agreements provided by
§13.01. See Article 66B, §1.02(b)(10) (making §13.01 applicable to
charter counties such as Anne Arundel County). On the other hand,
as explained above, the provisions of Article 66B concerning
creation of a planning commission do not apply to charter counties.
Thus, the reference to "planning commission" in §13.01 was
evidently not intended to be limited to planning commissions created
under Article 66B.

  Nor do we believe that the Legislature was focused on the title

"planning commission." Rather, given that the function of the
planning commission mentioned in §13.01 is to ensure the
consistency of the agreement with the existing plan of the local
jurisdiction, the Legislature presumably contemplated that this
"planning commission," regardless of the title of the entity, would
be an entity familiar with the local plan, and separate from the
"public principal" who is a party to the proposed agreement.

  The legislative history of §13.01 confirms this interpretation.

As originally enacted, §13.01 defined "commission" as "a planning
and zoning commission or similar body." See Article 66B,
§13.01(a)(3) (1998 Repl. Vol.)(emphasis added). Thus, it was clear
that a planning commission created under §3.01 of Article 66B was
simply an example of the type of entity that could approve a
development rights and responsibilities agreement under an
ordinance enacted pursuant to §13.01. During the 2000 session of
the Legislature, that definition was eliminated as part of a revision
of Article 66B to update and revise terminology. Chapter 426, Laws
of Maryland 2000. No substantive change in the State planning and
zoning law was intended. See Fiscal Note to House Bill 889 (2000).
Nor is there any indication that the Legislature intended to limit the
approval of development rights and responsibilities agreements to
entities labeled "planning commission" or those created pursuant to
§3.01.

  In Anne Arundel County, the County Council, the Office of

Planning and Zoning and the Planning Advisory Board all have roles
with respect to the County's master plan. Bill 42-03 designates the
head of the Planning and Zoning as the "public principal" for
purposes of §13.01; it would be at odds with the design of the statute
for the Office of Planning and Zoning to exercise the review and
approval authority contemplated by §13.01. Under the County
Charter, it is evident that the Planning Advisory Board is to be
familiar with the County's master plan; it is also an entity distinct
from the "public principal" designated in the ordinance. In our view,
it would be consistent with §13.01 for the Planning Advisory Board
to have review and approval authority over development rights and
responsibilities agreements. Regardless of the method of
appointment of its members, it is intended to have the same
familiarity with the local land use plan as a planning commission
created under Article 66B.

 There may be a question whether the role contemplated in Bill

42-03 for the Planning Advisory Board is consistent with its
advisory function under the County Charter. The County Attorney's
Office has concluded that the functions assigned to the Planning
Advisory Board are consistent with its functions under the County
Charter. As indicated above, we express no opinion on this issue
and defer to the County Attorney as to whether the ordinance may
assign such duties to the Planning Advisory Board consistent with
the County Charter.

C. Mandatory Proposal of Development Rights and
Responsibilities Agreements

  Bill 42-03 provides that a person may petition the County

Planning and Zoning Officer to enter into a development rights and
responsibilities agreement when the property for which a growth
management area plan has been adopted by the County Council
covering the person's property.[5] Under the bill, that officer may
consolidate review and approval of a proposed agreement with the
review and approval of a developer's "concept plan." Another
portion of the County zoning law lists items to be included with a
"concept plan." The bill adds to that list "a proposed development
rights and responsibilities agreement" as part of the submission of a
concept plan for development in a growth management area.

  The first reference to concept plans suggests that a proposed

development rights and responsibilities agreement is an optional
item that could be considered together with the concept plan.
However, the second reference could be read to mandate such a
proposal as a necessary part of a concept plan. It is not entirely clear
whether or not the bill is intended to require that developers always
submit a proposed development rights and responsibilities agreement
as part of a concept plan.

  The question whether the bill would make development rights

and responsibilities agreements mandatory has apparently not been
presented to, or answered by, the County Attorney. We, of course,
defer to the County Attorney on the appropriate construction of the
proposed ordinance. However, we note that, if the bill is construed
to make such agreements mandatory, it would be inconsistent with
§13.01. The State enabling legislation contemplates that the
developer initiates the process leading to an agreement. §13.01(c).
It states that the public principal "may" execute an agreement.
§13.01(b). Nothing in the statute or its legislative history suggests
that a local government could require an agreement. Indeed,
§13.01(m) provides that "[t]his section does not ... authorize a
governing body to require a party to enter into an agreement."[6]

    To the extent that the proposed ordinance is intended to govern

the timing of a developer's submission of a proposed agreement -
i.e., if the developer intends to petition for an agreement, the petition
must be submitted with the concept plan - it would not necessarily
be inconsistent with the enabling statute. This would be within the
County's authority to establish "procedures and requirements" for
the consideration of agreements. Article 66B, §13.01(b)(1)(i).

                               III

                          Conclusion

  For the reasons stated above, our opinion is as follows:

      1. In accordance with our usual practice, we defer to the

opinion of the County Attorney on matters of local law, such as the
construction of a county charter. In this instance the County
Attorney has stated that legislation establishing a planning
commission in connection with Bill 42-03 would be inconsistent
with the Anne Arundel County Charter unless the Charter is
amended.

      2. If the County amended its charter and created a planning

commission, that commission could exercise authority and review
powers of the planning commission over development rights and
responsibilities agreements as contemplated in Article 66B, §13.01.

        3.    Bill 42-03 need not provide for review of a proposed

development rights and responsibilities agreement by an entity
denominated as the "Planning Commission," so long as it provides
for review by an entity, such as the County's Planning Advisory
Board, that is familiar with the County's land use plan.

      4.     A requirement that a developer's concept plan must

include a proposed development rights and responsibilities
agreement would not be consistent with the voluntary nature of
authorization for such agreements.

                                    J. Joseph Curran, Jr.
                                    Attorney General

                                    Robert N. McDonald
                                    Chief Counsel
                                     Opinions and Advice

[1] As a charter home rule county, Anne Arundel County largely
derives its planning and zoning authority from the Express Powers Act,
Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 25A, §5(X), and the County Charter.
However, the Legislature has specifically made §13.01 applicable to
charter home rule counties. See Article 66B, §1.02(b)(10). In
Montgomery and Prince George's counties, development rights and
responsibilities agreements are governed by the Regional District Act
rather than Article 66B of the Code. See Article 28, §§7-121 and 7-121.1.

[2] A planning commission created under §3.01 et seq. is to consist
of five or seven members appointed directly or indirectly by the local
legislative body or, when there is a single local executive, by the executive
with confirmation by the local legislative body.

[3] We thus agree with the conclusion of the County Attorney's
Office on this issue. See Memorandum of Deputy County Attorney David
A. Plymyer to Honorable Barbara D. Samorajczyk (July 16, 2003).

[4] The Planning Advisory Board consists of seven members
appointed by the County Executive.

[5] The proposed ordinance would create a process for designating
"growth management areas" - areas in which various facilities are in close
proximity to each other and to which the County would attempt to direct
development activity.

[6] The legislative history confirms the voluntary nature of an
agreement. Testimony submitted by proponents of the bill who had
helped draft it stressed that the bill did not mandate an agreement: "The
agreements are voluntary. They can only exist when a local government
and developer have come to terms." Position Paper submitted by
Maryland Association of Counties on House Bill 700 (March 3, 1995).
When the bill was before the Senate, a question arose as to whether a local
governing body could make an agreement obligatory for a developer. This
Office advised that the bill appeared to make such agreements "mutually
voluntary," but suggested that the Legislature resolve any doubt on the
question. Letter of Assistant Attorney General Sandra J. Cohen to Senator
Michael J. Collins (April 6, 1995). The bill was subsequently amended
in the Senate to add §13.01(m).