Can a Maryland town's charter bar its own employees from also serving on the town council, or does the state law protecting public employees' political rights (the anti-Hatch Act) override that kind of local rule?

Plain-English summary

Attorney Robert E. Watson, writing on behalf of the Mayor and Town Council of Mountain Lake Park, asked the Attorney General three questions arising after a town employee had won election to the Town Council: whether the State's "anti-Hatch Act" (which protects local government employees' right to engage in political activity) preempted a former Town Charter provision barring Council members from Town employment; whether a sitting Council member who was a Town employee could keep serving if that Charter provision were restored; and whether the common law doctrine of incompatible positions barred the Town's Supervisor of Streets from serving on the Council.

The opinion agreed with the Town's own analysis on the third question (no incompatibility, since the Council did not appoint, remove, set pay for, or supervise the Supervisor of Streets position), but disagreed with the Town's conclusion on the first question. It concluded that the anti-Hatch Act protects an employee's right to run for office, but does not extend to protecting the right to simultaneously hold both a town job and an elected council seat; a charter may still require an elected employee to choose between the two. On the second question, it concluded that restoring the charter provision would not automatically remove a sitting council member who was also a town employee, but would force that person to choose between continuing town employment and continuing council service.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2000. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule or procedure mentioned here, particularly since Article 24 of the Maryland Code has since been recodified into the Local Government Article.

Common questions

Does Maryland's anti-Hatch Act let any town employee run for a seat on their own town council?
Yes, according to the opinion. It concluded the anti-Hatch Act, codified at Article 24, §13-101 et seq., preserves a local government employee's right to run for office and preempts local restrictions on that right, subject only to the Act's own exceptions (no political activity during work hours, no advocating violent overthrow of government).

If that employee wins the election, can a town charter force them to give up their job?
Yes. The opinion drew a distinction between the right to run for office (protected by the anti-Hatch Act) and the right to simultaneously hold both a town job and elected office (not protected). It concluded a charter provision barring town employment of council members does not stop someone from running, but can still require them to choose between the job and the council seat if they win.

Was the Town's Supervisor of Streets barred from serving on the Council under the common law incompatible-positions doctrine?
No. The opinion agreed with the Town's own analysis that, because the Town Council did not appoint or remove the Supervisor of Streets, did not directly set that position's salary, and did not otherwise supervise a role that was largely ministerial, the two positions were not incompatible under the reasoning of Hetrich v. County Commissioners.

Background and statutory framework

Since 1973, Maryland's anti-Hatch Act has protected the right of state and local government employees to engage in political activity and express political views, with the local-government portion now codified at Article 24, §13-101 et seq. Article 24, §13-103(1) guarantees that local employees "may freely participate in any political activity and express any political view," §13-103(2) provides they "may not be required to provide political service," and §13-105 carves out exceptions for on-duty political activity and advocacy of violent government overthrow. Article 24, §13-104 states that the Act's restrictions are "the only restrictions on the political activities of an employee of a local entity," preempting conflicting local law.

Prior to 1998, §26-54 of the Mountain Lake Park Town Charter authorized the Town to employ officers and employees "provided no member of the council be employed by the town or do business with the town." The Town amended that provision in 1998 to remove the prohibition, reportedly after its Supervisor of Streets sought election to the Council, and by the time of this opinion the Council was considering restoring the prohibition. The opinion also distinguished this Charter-based dual employment restriction from the separate common law doctrine of incompatible positions and from the state constitutional dual office-holding provision in Article 35 of the Declaration of Rights, neither of which the anti-Hatch Act displaces.

Citations and references

Statutes:
- Article 24, §13-101 et seq. of the Maryland Code, the local-government portion of the anti-Hatch Act
- Article 24, §13-103(1), guaranteeing local employees the right to freely participate in political activity and express political views
- Article 24, §13-103(2), providing local employees may not be required to provide political service
- Article 24, §13-104, preempting conflicting local restrictions on employees' political activities
- Article 24, §13-105, the exceptions barring on-duty political activity and advocacy of violent government overthrow
- Chapter 796, Laws of Maryland 1973, the original enactment of the anti-Hatch Act, formerly codified at Article 33, §28-1
- Chapter 10, §6, Laws of Maryland 1993, recodifying the local-employee portion of the Act into Article 24
- Maryland Declaration of Rights, Article 35, the state constitutional restriction on dual office-holding
- 5 U.S.C. §1502(a)(3), the federal Hatch Act provision restricting certain federally funded employees from running for partisan office
- Town Charter §26-54 (Mountain Lake Park), the former provision barring Council members from Town employment

Cases:
- Hetrich v. County Commissioners, 222 Md. 304, 159 A.2d 642 (1960), the common law incompatible-positions test applied to conclude Council service and the Supervisor of Streets position were not incompatible
- Williams v U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 55 F.3d 917 (4th Cir. 1995), cited regarding the federal Hatch Act's separate restriction on certain federally funded employees running for partisan office

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Pages/attorney-general%E2%80%99s-opinions.aspx
• Original PDF: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Documents/pdfs/Opinions/2000/85oag177.pdf

Original opinion text

Gen. 177] 177

                     MUNICIPALITIES

P UBLIC O FFICERS AND E MPLOYEES ) S TATE A NTI-H ATCH A CT
D OES N OT P REEMPT P ROVISION IN M UNICIPAL C HARTER
T HAT P ROHIBITS E MPLOYMENT OF E LECTED O FFICIALS

                         June 12, 2000

Robert E. Watson, Esquire

  On behalf of the Mayor and Town Council of Mountain Lake

Park, you have requested our opinion on three questions related to
service on the Town Council by an employee of the Town,
particularly with reference to the State "anti-Hatch Act," which
preserves the right of municipal employees to engage in political
activity. Specifically, you ask:

 1. Does the State anti-Hatch Act preempt a local prohibition

-- such as formerly appeared in the Town Charter -- against Town
employment of a Council member?

 2. If the Town were to restore that prohibition to the Charter,

could a member of the Town Council who is currently a Town
employee continue to serve on the Council?

 3. Does the common law doctrine of incompatible positions

preclude the Town's Supervisor of Streets from serving on the Town
Council?

  In accordance with our guidelines for issuing opinions in

response to requests from municipalities, you have provided us with
a copy of your own analysis and opinion on these questions. We
have carefully reviewed the matter and agree with your conclusion
as to the third question that service on the Town Council is not
incompatible with employment as Supervisor of Streets.[1] However,
we respectfully disagree with your conclusion that the anti-Hatch
Act preempts a local prohibition against municipal employment of
elected officials. In our opinion, while the anti-Hatch Act preserves
the right of Town employees to run for office, it does not preempt a
Charter restriction on Town employment of elected officials.

                              I

                        Background

A. The Anti-Hatch Act

  Since 1973, a State law commonly referred to as the "anti-

Hatch Act" has preserved the right of State and local employees to
express political views and to choose whether to participate in
political campaigns. Chapter 796, Laws of Maryland 1973. The part
of that Act applicable to local government employees is now
codified at Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 24, §13-101 et seq.
The Act states that employees of local government entities "may
freely participate in any political activity and express any political
view." §13-103(1). Conversely, local government employees "may
not be required to provide political service." §13-103(2). There are
two exceptions to these general guarantees: an employee may not
engage in political activity during working hours and may not
advocate overthrow of the government by violent or unconstitutional
means. §13-105. The Act explicitly preempts conflicting local
constraints:

       Notwithstanding any other law of this State
       effective on or before June 30, 1973 or any
       local law, the restrictions imposed by this title
       are the only restrictions on the political
       activities of an employee of a local entity....

§13-104 (emphasis added).

B. Charter Prohibition Against Employment of Council
Members

 Prior to 1998 the Town Charter included the following

provision:

        26.54 Authority to employ personnel.
        The Town shall have the power to employ
        such officers and employees as it deems
        necessary to execute the powers and duties
        provided by this charter or other State law and
        to operate the town government provided no
        member of the council be employed by the
        town or do business with the town.

(emphasis added.) In 1998 the Town amended this provision to
remove the prohibition against Town employment of a Council
member.[2] We understand that the Town Council is now considering
whether to restore that prohibition to the Charter.

                                II

                            Analysis

  You have asked for our opinion whether the former language

of §26-54 of the Town Charter that barred Council members from
Town employment conflicted with §13-103 of the anti-Hatch Act
and, accordingly, was preempted by §13-104 of the Act. As a
corollary, you ask whether a Town employee who currently sits on
the Council could continue to serve if the prohibition were restored
to the Charter.[3]

 The anti-Hatch Act was designed to protect political expression

and participation. Originally enacted as part of the State Election
Code, it applied to both State and local employees and provided:

             Participation in politics or political
         campaigns and the free expression of political
         opinions by employees...shall not be
         prohibited, and each employee shall retain all
         rights and obligations of citizenship...;
         however, no such employee shall:

              (a) engage in political activity while on
         the job during working hours;

             (b) advocate the overthrow of the
         government by unconstitutional and violent
         means; or

              (c) be obligated to contribute or render
         political service.

Chapter 796, Laws of Maryland 1973, codified at former Article 33,
§28-1.[4] When the new State Personnel and Pensions Article was
adopted in 1993, the portion of the anti-Hatch Act applicable to State
employees was recodified as part of that article; the portion
applicable to local employees was revised and moved to Article 24,
§13-101 et seq. Chapter 10, §6, Laws of Maryland 1993. The
language of the Act was revised slightly -- for example, the term
"political activity" was substituted for the terms "politics or political
campaigns" -- without substantive change. See id., Revisor's Notes
at pp. 855-58.

  In our opinion, there is a distinction between the right to

engage in political activity preserved by the anti-Hatch Act and
service in a public office. This Office has consistently construed the
anti-Hatch Act to invalidate local restrictions on the ability of a State
or local government employee to run for office as opposed to
restrictions on the ability to hold simultaneously both the elective
office and other government employment.[5] See, e.g., Opinion No.
88-014 (March 1, 1988) (unpublished) (town employee may run for
office of mayor but, if successful, common law doctrine of
incompatible positions would preclude service in both positions); 63
Opinions of the Attorney General 284 (1978)(anti-Hatch Act
preempts county ordinance requiring county employees to resign
employment in order to run for office); Letter of Assistant Attorney
General Richard E. Israel to the Honorable Kevin Kelly (May 19,
2000) (although anti-Hatch Act permits State police officer to run
for local Commissioner of Public Safety, municipal charter
provisions and State ethics law could bar simultaneous service in
both positions).

  A similar distinction was drawn by a legislative task force that

studied limitations on dual office-holding. See Report of the Task
Force to Study Dual Office Holding (December 15, 1995) ("Task
Force Report"). The Task Force Report stated:

        Dual office restrictions only affect an officer's
        ability to serve in another office. In fact, with
        limited exceptions, Maryland's "anti-Hatch
        Act" preserves the right of State and local
        personnel to run for office.

Task Force Report, Appendix D, p.7 (emphasis added). Thus, the
Task Force concluded that the anti-Hatch Act permitted an office-
holder to run for another office, even if there was a prohibition
against holding the two offices simultaneously.

  In other words, consistent with the anti-Hatch Act, the Town

Charter may not prohibit a Town employee from running for elective
office in the Town. However, a Charter prohibition against Town
employment of a Council member does not prevent a Town
employee from running for office. Rather, if the employee succeeds
and wins election to a position on the Council, such a Charter
provision requires that the employee choose between service on the
Town Council and continued employment with the Town. Nothing
in the anti-Hatch Act bars the Town from forcing such a choice by
forbidding its elected officials to do business with or be employed
by the Town.

  If the Town were to restore the Charter's former prohibition

against employment of Council members, a Town employee who is
currently on the Council would not be barred from continued service
on the Council. However, it would require that person to make an
election between continued employment with the Town and
continued service on the Council.

                            III

                       Conclusion

 In our opinion, the prohibition that formerly appeared in the

Town Charter against service on the Town Council by a Town
employee did not conflict with the State anti-Hatch Act. If the Town
were to readopt that provision as part of its Charter, a current
member of the Council who is employed by the Town would have
to choose between continued service on the Council and continued
employment by the Town.

                                      J. Joseph Curran, Jr.
                                      Attorney General

                                      Robert N. McDonald
                                      Chief Counsel
                                       Opinions and Advice

[1] In particular, you indicate that the Town Council does not have
the power to appoint or remove the Supervisor of Streets, does not directly
set the salary of that position, and generally does not exercise a
supervisory role with respect to the position, which largely performs
ministerial functions. Accordingly, under the reasoning of Hetrich v.
County Commissioners, 222 Md. 304, 308, 159 A.2d 642 (1960), the
positions of Council member and Supervisor of Streets do not appear to
be incompatible. However, for the same reasons set forth in the body of
this opinion, we disagree with your alternative conclusion that the
common law rule against the holding of incompatible positions has been
abrogated by the anti-Hatch Act.

[2] The 1998 amendment was apparently initiated when the
Supervisor of Streets stood for election to the Town Council. In an advice
letter requested by Delegate Edwards, this Office identified the prohibition
in the Town Charter as the primary obstacle to service on the Council by
that employee. Letter of Assistant Attorney General Robert A. Zarnoch
to Delegate George C. Edwards (July 27, 1998).

[3] Because your questions pertain to a municipal charter prohibition,
we do not discuss other provisions that may limit the ability of some
government employees to seek or to hold office. For example, the State
Constitution restricts dual office-holding. See Maryland Declaration of
Rights, Article 35. In addition, the federal Hatch Act prohibits certain
State and local government employees who work in programs financed in
whole or part by federal funds from, among other things, running for
partisan elective office. See 5 U.S.C. §1502(a)(3); Williams v U.S. Merit
Systems Protection Board, 55 F.3d 917 (4th Cir. 1995).

[4] There is no available legislative history concerning Chapter 796.

[5] A brief passage in a 1978 opinion might be read to suggest that
the anti-Hatch Act sweeps more broadly. See 63 Opinions of the Attorney
General 296 (1978) ("Maryland law seems clear that State employees are
free to hold office..."). However, that opinion actually concerned the
ability of State employees to hold party office and to run for elective office
with reference to the federal Hatch Act and in the absence of any dual
office-holding restrictions. See id. at p.304 n.1.