Are civilian paramedics considered firefighters for pension and Social Security purposes in Maryland?

Plain-English summary

In 1989, Baltimore City wanted to move its paramedics and paramedic assistants out of the general Employees' Retirement System ("ERS") and into the more favorable Fire and Police Employees' Retirement System ("F&P System"), which would have also removed them from Social Security coverage. To do that legally, the City first needed the paramedics to qualify as being in a "fireman's position," the term federal law used to describe which state and local employees could be excluded from Social Security. The Secretary of Personnel asked the Attorney General to decide the question. The Attorney General concluded that civilian paramedics, as a group, did not hold firemen's positions. The opinion reasoned that firefighting and paramedic work were only incidentally related: paramedics spent the overwhelming majority of their time answering ordinary medical calls, not fires, and both a 1958 AG opinion and two Baltimore City Circuit Court decisions from 1960 had already drawn the line at employees whose duties were substantially and directly tied to extinguishing fires or protecting people from fire, not general medical response. The opinion added that a paramedic who happened to be independently trained and certified as a firefighter could still qualify for the F&P System on that separate basis.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1989. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

Common questions

In 1989, were Baltimore City's civilian paramedics considered firefighters for pension and Social Security purposes?
No, according to this opinion. It concluded that civilian paramedics did not hold a "fireman's position" under the federal Social Security exclusion, because their primary duty was responding to medical emergencies generally, not fires specifically.

Why did it matter whether a paramedic counted as holding a "fireman's position"?
Because federal law let state and local governments exclude employees in "policeman's or fireman's positions" from Social Security coverage voting rights, and Baltimore's Ordinance No. 5 conditioned moving paramedics into the Fire and Police Employees' Retirement System on getting a determination that they qualified for that exclusion. Without it, the opinion found the paramedics stayed in the general Employees' Retirement System and under Social Security.

Did the opinion rely only on Maryland precedent?
No. It drew on a 1958 Maryland AG opinion and two 1960 Baltimore City Circuit Court decisions (Augustine and Merle) construing the same "fireman's position" phrase, as well as Social Security Administration regulations and an out-of-state case, Sosa v. City of Corpus Christi, involving a similar classification question under a Texas civil service law.

Could any paramedic ever qualify for the Fire and Police Employees' Retirement System?
The opinion left that door open only on a different basis: a paramedic who was independently certified as a firefighter or who received fire-suppression training and thereafter actually held a fireman's position could qualify for the F&P System on that separate ground, apart from their status as a paramedic.

Background and statutory framework

Baltimore City's Ordinance No. 5, enacted January 26, 1989, amended an earlier ordinance to move paramedics, paramedic assistants, and similar employees from the ERS into the F&P System, but conditioned that move on removing them from FICA (Social Security) coverage, and required the City to first get a state or federal opinion confirming that shift was legally permissible. Mayor Kurt Schmoke asked the State Department of Personnel whether paramedics held "fireman's positions," the term used in 42 U.S.C. §418(d) and §§418(d)(3) and (d)(5), the federal provision letting states extend Social Security coverage to public retirement-system employees by referendum while excluding policemen and firemen from that vote. The Social Security Administration told the state that the classification was a matter of state law, so the question came to the Attorney General.

The opinion traced how Maryland had construed "fireman's position" before. A 1958 AG opinion, prompted by an earlier Baltimore FICA referendum, concluded the exclusion covered only Fire Department employees "engaged primarily in the duty of extinguishing fires and protecting lives," which included both on-scene firefighters and Fire Department personnel trained and classified as firefighters even if not currently assigned to firefighting duty. Around the same time, two Baltimore City Circuit Court cases, Augustine and Merle, litigated which specific Fire Department employees (high-pressure pump tenders, a machinist, a fire alarm operator, and later two electricians) counted as holding firemen's positions; Judge Joseph Allen's rulings used a similar but slightly broader test, covering any employee "whose services bear a substantial and direct relationship to extinguishing fires or protecting lives and/or property endangered by fires," even away from the fire scene itself.

Applying that established framework, the opinion found that Baltimore's civilian paramedics were different in kind. Fire Department statistics showed paramedic medic units responded to the fire ground on standby only 654 times in 1988, against 98,885 total calls for assistance that fiscal year, meaning fire-related responses were a small fraction of paramedics' overall work. The opinion also cited a Social Security Administration regulation, 20 C.F.R. §404.1212(a), stating that "fireman" does not include positions merely "connected with" firefighting functions if the employee does not actually function as a firefighter. It contrasted this with a different federal scheme, the Fair Labor Standards Act's overtime exemption for "fire protection activities" under 29 U.S.C. §§207(k) and 213(b)(20) and its implementing regulations (29 C.F.R. §§553.210(a), 553.211(b), and 553.215), which does reach rescue and ambulance personnel integrated into fire protection work; the opinion concluded that broader FLSA definition, serving a different statutory purpose, could not control the narrower Social Security "fireman's position" exclusion. It also found the reasoning of an out-of-state case, Sosa v. City of Corpus Christi, supportive, since that court likewise held a city's emergency medical services director was not a "fireman" under a civil service law because his duties reached well beyond fire-related emergency care.

Citations and references

Statutes and regulations:

• 42 U.S.C. §418(d) and §§418(d)(3), (d)(5), the federal provision governing Social Security coverage referenda for state and local retirement-system employees and excluding policemen and firemen
• 20 C.F.R. §404.1212(a), the Social Security Administration regulation defining "fireman's position" and excluding positions merely "connected with" firefighting
• 29 U.S.C. §207(k) and §213(b)(20), the Fair Labor Standards Act's overtime exemption for fire protection activities
• 29 C.F.R. §553.210(a), §553.211(b), and §553.215, regulations extending the FLSA fire-protection exemption to certain rescue and ambulance personnel

Cases:

• William M. Augustine, et al. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, et al., a 1960 Baltimore City Circuit Court decision finding certain non-fire-scene Fire Department employees (pump tenders, a machinist, a fire alarm operator) held firemen's positions because their duties were substantially and directly related to firefighting
• George J. W. Merle, et al. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, et al., a related 1960 Baltimore City Circuit Court decision on two electricians' classification, later corrected once their fire-ground response duties were disclosed
• Sosa v. City of Corpus Christi, 739 S.W.2d 397, 403 (Tex. App. 1987), holding an emergency medical services director was not a "fireman" under a civil service law because his duties extended well beyond fire-related emergency care

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Pages/attorney-general%E2%80%99s-opinions.aspx
• Original PDF: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Documents/pdfs/Opinions/1989/Volume74_1989.pdf (this opinion appears at printed pages 254-262 of the bound annual volume; Maryland's site does not publish a standalone PDF of this opinion)

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain, the linked PDF is authoritative.

RETIREMENT SYSTEMS

Civilian Paramedics - "Fireman's Position" - The Position Of Civilian
Paramedic Is Not A "Fireman's Position" And Therefore Is Not
Excluded From Social Security

                               May 1, 1989

The Honorable Hilda E. Ford
Secretary of Personnel

 You have requested our opinion on whether the position of civilian

paramedic in the Baltimore City Fire Department is a "fireman's
position." This term is used in a provision of federal law describing
the scope of an exclusion from Social Security. In practical terms, if
civilian paramedics hold firemen's positions, they are properly to be
included in the advantageous Fire and Police Employees' Retirement
System.

 Our task is to apply this provision of law consistently with the

cases and other pertinent materials that have construed it in the past.
It may well be that the scope of the provision is too narrow, in the
sense that it does not reflect the broadened responsibilities that the City
Fire Department has undertaken in recent years. Nevertheless, for the
reasons stated below, we are constrained to conclude that the position
of civilian paramedic is not a "fireman's position."1

 1 This conclusion addresses the position of civilian paramedic, as such. Some

paramedics, as a result of prior training or the nature of their particular job
assignments, might occupy firemen's positions. See note 8 below. We are not able
to make case-by-case determinations that might turn on particular facts. Our
conclusion is limited to the legal question presented - that a person does not hold a
fireman's position solely because the person is a civilian paramedic in the Fire
Department.

                                      I

                               Background

 On January 26, 1988, the City of Baltimore enacted Ordinance No.

5, which amended its existing Ordinance No. 1156. The objective of
this legislation was to transfer paramedics, paramedic assistants, and
persons performing substantially similar duties from the Employees'
Retirement System ("ERS") to the Fire and Police Employees'
Retirement System ("F&P System"). However, the ordinance imposed
a condition: that these employees would be removed from coverage
under the federal old age, survivors and disability insurance ("FICA")
currently provided to members of the ERS. Ordinance No. 5 obliged
the Mayor and City Council to request an opinion from the appropriate
State or federal agencies that the desired realignment of the retirement
programs was legally permissible.

 Accordingly, Mayor Kurt Schmoke wrote William Goldsborough,

of the State Department of Personnel, and asked him to determine
whether a paramedic or similar employee could be considered to hold
a "fireman's position" and thus be properly excludable from the ERS
and includable in the F&P System. As we explain in Part II below,
this term is used in the federal law describing the scope of the
exclusion. Mr. Goldsborough relayed this request to the United States
Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security
Administration. Mr. Sandy Crank, Associate Commissioner for
Retirement and Survivors Insurance, in turn replied that the scope of
the term "fireman's position" was for the State to determine and
referred the matter back to Mr. Goldsborough.2 You then referred the
matter to this office.

                                      II

            Prior Construction of "Fireman's Position"

Prior to 1954, state and local government employees in positions

covered by retirement systems were excluded from eligibility for the

 2 Although federal officials defer to state interpretation of the term, the Social

Security Administration's own analysis is pertinent to our understanding of
congressional intent. See Part III below.

insurance provided under the Federal Old Age and Survivors' Insurance
Act. In 1954 Congress amended the law to include state and local
employees covered by a retirement system if a majority of such
employees voted in favor of inclusion. 42 U.S.C. §418(d). However,
Congress retained the exclusion for employees "in any policeman's or
fireman's position"; they could not vote in any referendum to obtain
FICA coverage. 42 U.S.C. §§418(d)(3) and (d)(5).

In 1958 the City of Baltimore Employees' Retirement System

conducted a referendum on whether its members, except those in any
policeman's or fireman's position, would be covered under FICA. In
order to determine who was eligible to vote in the referendum, the
State Division of Social Security asked the Attorney General for an
opinion defining the phrase "fireman's position."

 This office concluded that the fireman's position exclusion was

"applicable only to the employees of a fire department who are engaged
primarily in the duty of extinguishing fires and protecting lives. These
are firemen in common parlance." 43 Opinions of the Attorney
General 300, 302 (1958). Applying this understanding of the term, the
opinion concluded that two categories of employees were properly
excluded from the referendum as firefighters: "the personnel who
combat the conflagration at the scene"; and "the personnel of the Fire
Department who are trained, qualified and classified as fire fighters but
are not presently assigned to the fire fighting forces ...." 43 Opinions
of the Attorney General at 302-03. Thus, clerical and administrative
employees of the Fire Department were to be considered firefighters,
provided that they were trained, qualified, and classified as firefighters

• even if they were no longer assigned to firefighting forces.3

  At approximately the same time that this office was rendering its
  opinion, the Fire Fighters Association, the union representing
  employees of the Fire Department, was threatening legal action over
  the determinations being made by the State Employees' Retirement
  System and the City as to which Fire Department employees would be

  3 This opinion relied heavily upon an earlier opinion, 40 Opinions of the Attorney
  General 420 (1955), in which Attorney General Sybert discussed the exclusion as it
  applied to police officers. The earlier opinion analyzed the legislative history of the
  1954 amendments to the Federal Old Age and Survivor's Insurance Act and
  concluded that the phrase "in any policeman's or fireman's position" was not meant
  to embrace all persons employed by a police or fire department. 40 Opinions of the
  Attorney General at 422-23. See Part III below.

subject to the referendum. The union took the position that "everybody
under the supervision of the Fire Board" should have been considered
to have been in firemen's positions. Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1958.
The State and City took the position, on the other hand, that no
classification other than the firefighter's classification should be
excluded from the referendum.

The referendum was conducted and a majority of employees in the

ERS voted to be covered by FICA. Certain Fire Department
employees who had participated in the referendum contested their
inclusion in the ERS and exclusion from the F&P System. They
brought suit in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City seeking a judgment
that they should have been considered to be in firemen's positions.
William M. Augustine, et al. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore,
et al, Docket 1960 A, Folio A/487-58, File No. A-38147.

 In an opinion delivered on June 9, 1960, Judge Joseph Allen found

that certain Fire Department employees should have been excluded
from the referendum. Judge Allen stated that "the exclusion applies to
every employee of the Fire Department whose services bear a
substantial and direct relationship to extinguishing fires or protecting
lives and/or property endangered by fires, even though such services
are rendered away from the fire scene." Slip. op. at 6. Applying this
reading of the term "fireman's position," Judge Allen determined that
two employees engaged as high-pressure pump tenders, a machinist
who inspected automotive and other motor equipment and attended all
multiple alarm fires, and a fire alarm operator responsible for
safeguarding lines of communication could be considered to be
firefighters. However, clerical and other employees not "proximately
and substantially associated with extinguishing fires and/or saving lives
and property" were not in firemen's positions. Slip op. at 7.

 The Fire Department subsequently requested an opinion from the

Baltimore City Solicitor classifying all of the employees of the Fire
Department as to whether or not they were to be included within FICA
coverage. The City Solicitor demurred and suggested that a suit be
filed in order to determine whether to include or exclude the remaining
employees of the Fire Department.

The result was another case in the Circuit Court for Baltimore

City, George J. W. Merle, et al. v. Mayor and City Council of
Baltimore, et al., Docket 1960 A, Folio 875, File No. A-40985. Judge
Allen, again presiding, determined that two electricians who did not
respond to the fire scene should not be considered to be in firemen's
positions. The affected employees filed a petition to correct the decree
and stated that they had neglected to point out earlier that they also
were required to respond to the fire ground in all second or greater
alarm fires. Based upon these additional facts, Judge Allen corrected
the original decree and held that the employees were within firemen's
positions.4

 Despite reaching different conclusions, Judge Allen's opinions in

Augustine and Merle and this office's opinion differed only slightly in
their interpretation of the phrase "in any ... fireman's position." Judge
Allen stated that every employee "whose services bear a substantial and
direct relationship to extinguishing fires or protecting lives and/or
property endangered by fires ..." was in a fireman's position. The
1958 Attorney General's opinion stated that employees who are
"engaged primarily in the duty of extinguishing fires and protecting
lives ..." were in firemen's positions. The major difference between
the Attorney General's opinion and Judge Allen's ruling was Judge
Allen's conclusion that some services performed away from a fire
scene, such as tending high-pressure pumps, also qualified an employee
for a fireman's position, because such services were "necessary
function[s] immediately associated with and substantially important to
'extinguishing fires.'" Augustine, slip. op. at 5.

4 In 1963 the then City Solicitor, Francis B. Burch, advised the City of

Baltimore that an employee in the position of "instrument mechanic" was not in a
fireman's position. Reviewing Judge Allen's decisions in Augustine and Merle,
Solicitor Burch found determinative the fact that an instrument mechanic's "primary
and sole duties seem to be limited to the installation, inspection, maintenance and
repair of mechanical equipment used by the Fire Department ..." and did not include
response to the scene of fire. Therefore, the position was not a "fireman's position"
and was to be covered by the ERS, not the F&P System.

All of the employees discussed in the Attorney General's and the

court's opinions apparently were exclusively devoted to the business of
fighting fires, either directly or indirectly. They performed no role
other than protecting lives and property endangered by fire. For
example, in Merle the two plaintiffs originally were thought to be
primarily engaged in the installation and repair of electrical equipment.
Had they performed no other duties, they would not have been
considered to be in firemen's positions. Because they also had to
respond to the fire scene, Judge Allen found that they were acting as
firemen. Still, all of their responsibilities, either on-the-scene or in the
engine house, were directed toward only one goal: enabling the Fire
Department to protect property and lives endangered by fire.

                                III

                Analysis of Paramedics' Position

Paramedics, at least those who are not qualified in fire suppression,

do not primarily function as firefighters. While the position of
paramedic may be "connected with" the position of firefighter, they are
separate and distinct positions.

 Statistics provided by the Fire Department show that during

calendar year 1988 the Fire Department's medic units were dispatched
to the fire ground on stand-by status on 654 occasions. During fiscal
year 1988, those medic units responded to 98,885 calls for assistance.
Thus, responses to the scene of a fire are but an extremely small
fraction of the total number of responses to calls for assistance
performed by paramedics.

 These statistics highlight the fact that paramedic services and

firefighting are only incidentally related to one another. Although
paramedics are called upon to assist persons imperiled by fire, they are
also called upon to render assistance whenever the medical need arises.
Paramedics respond to medical emergencies irrespective of the cause
of the emergency.

 In the performance of their respective duties and responsibilities,

firefighters and civilian paramedics both render services of inestimable
value to the community. In drawing distinctions between the two
positions, we do not intend to understate the importance of either.
However, the significant differences between firefighters and
paramedics lead us to the conclusion that the paramedics' positions
cannot be considered to be firemen's positions. The primary duty of
a paramedic is to respond to medical emergencies, regardless of their
source. In a vast majority of cases, paramedics render assistance to
victims of emergencies unrelated to fire.

In Judge Allen's phrase, a "fireman" is one who "perform[s] a

necessary function immediately associated with and substantially
important to 'extinguishing fires.'" Augustine, slip op. at 5.
Conversely, one who performs a function, however important to public
welfare, that is not "immediately associated with and substantially
important to" fire suppression is not a "fireman."5

 5 Our reasoning parallels that of the court in Sosa v. City of Corpus Christi, 739

S.W.2d 397, 403 (Tex. App. 1987), in which the Texas appellate court held that a
city's director of emergency medical services was not a "fireman," within the
meaning of that term in a civil service law, because "his duties range much further
and encompass many more responsibilities than merely fire-related emergency medical
care." (Emphasis in original.)

 This analysis comports with the apparent congressional intent. In

40 Opinions of the Attorney General 420, 422 (1955), the opinion
discussing the "policeman's" position exclusion, the Attorney General
quoted at length from Memorandum 14:F:C from the former
Department of Health, Education and Welfare (February 9, 1955). In
that memorandum, the Department discussed the legislative history of
the policeman's exclusion. In an early version of the legislation, the
exclusion was recognized as applying to "employees in positions with
functions which might include enforcement of the police power but
which were not primarily or exclusively policeman positions." Id.
However, as the memorandum noted, the provision was redrafted to
exclude services in a "policeman's position." The effect of the change
was to "narrow the positions subject to the exclusion." Id.

 Our conclusion is also bolstered by recently readopted regulations

of the Social Security Administration. See 53 Fed. Reg. 23972, 23980
(August 29, 1988). As amended, 20 C.F.R. §404.1212(a) provides as
follows:

         For Social Security coverage purposes under §218
      of the Act, a policeman's or fireman's position is any
      position so classified under State statutes or court
      decisions. Generally, these positions are in the
      organized police and fire departments of incorporated
      cities, towns, and villages. In most States, a
      policeman is a member of the "police" which is an
      organized civil force for maintaining order,
      preventing and detecting crimes, and enforcing laws.
      The terms "policeman" and "fireman" do not include
      services in positions which, although connected with
      police and firefighting functions, are not policeman or
      fireman positions.

In other words, the Social Security Administration's current view is
that a person is not a firefighter simply because the person's work is
"connected with" firefighting; the employee must actually function as
a firefighter.

 To be sure, under a different federal statutory scheme the result

would be different. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act exempts
"any employee in fire protection activities" from certain of the laws's
overtime requirements. 29 U.S.C. §§207(k) and 213(b)(20).
According to the regulations of the U.S. Department of Labor
implementing the exemption, the term "fire protection activities"
extends to "rescue and ambulance service personnel if such personnel
form an integral part of the public agency's fire protection activities."
29 C.F.R. §553.210(a). These personnel are within the exemption, the
regulations elaborate, if they "have received training in the rescue of
fire ... victims or fire fighters ... injured in the performance of their
... duties" and if they "are regularly dispatched to fires ...." 29
C.F.R. §553.215.6

The City Fire Department's civilian paramedics fit this description.

Nevertheless, we do not find it possible to say that the Labor
Department's interpretation of its statute, in furtherance of its own
specific purpose, can control the interpretation of another statute having
a wholly different purpose - particularly in light of the Social Security
Administration's recent, narrower construction of "fireman's position."

 6 If they perform comparable rescue activities in connection with crime or

accident victims or injured law enforcement officers, they would also fall within the
exemption for "law enforcement activities." 29 C.F.R. §553.211(b).

                                     IV

                                Conclusion

In summary, it is our opinion that the position of paramedic is not

a "fireman's position."7 We regret the result of this opinion, for it
means that a benefit which in fairness ought to be provided to civilian
paramedics as a group can less readily be provided.8 However, we
are convinced that the better reading of the pertinent language, as it has
consistently been construed, leads to this conclusion.

                                          J. Joseph Curran, Jr.
                                          Attorney General

                                          David R. Durfee, Jr.
                                          Assistant Attorney General

Jack Schwartz
Chief Counsel
Opinions & Advice

 7 This opinion is limited to the question of whether a paramedic position or

paramedic assistant's position now covered by the ERS comes within the definition
of a fireman's position. It does not extend to any positions that are now a part of the
F & P System.
8 A civilian paramedic who, apart from his or her status as a paramedic, has
already been certified as a firefighter or who receives appropriate training in fire
suppression and who thereafter holds a fireman's position would properly be included
in the F & P System.