Can Kansas legally negotiate a gaming compact with the Wyandotte Nation without violating its existing state-run casino contracts?

Plain-English summary

The Governor's chief counsel asked whether Kansas could negotiate a tribal-state gaming compact with the Wyandotte Nation, which wants to add Class III gaming (slot machines, table games, and similar casino-style games) to its existing Class II facilities on two parcels of tribal trust land, without running afoul of the Kansas Expanded Lottery Act (KELA). KELA created four state-owned casinos, one per designated gaming zone, and locks in, through both statute and the casinos' management contracts, a promise not to license more than those four state-run casinos or open new gaming zones before July 1, 2032.

The Attorney General concluded the Governor can negotiate, and could even sign a compact, without breaking that promise. Under the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), once the Wyandotte Nation asked to negotiate, the State had a federal duty to bargain in good faith, and merely negotiating is not the same as entering into any new management contract or creating a new gaming zone; there is no guarantee a compact will ever be finalized, since the Legislature must approve it and the U.S. Secretary of the Interior can still reject it. More fundamentally, the opinion found that IGRA and KELA are two separate, non-overlapping tracks to casino gaming in Kansas: KELA's restrictions are aimed at preventing the State from expanding its own lottery-owned casino system, not at blocking tribal gaming conducted under a federal compact on tribal land, which IGRA governs exclusively. Finally, the opinion concluded that any resulting compact could include sports wagering, since Kansas already permits that form of Class III gaming statewide, and IGRA requires including any form of gaming a state otherwise allows.

What this means for you

State officials and tribal negotiators involved in gaming compact talks: the opinion holds that negotiating, and even finalizing, an IGRA compact with a tribe does not violate KELA's four-casino, four-zone limits or the existing management contracts, because those restrictions are directed only at expanding State-owned lottery gaming, not tribal gaming under a separate federal compact.

Casino management companies and other stakeholders in the existing four KELA facilities: the opinion signals that a new tribal casino authorized through an IGRA compact is legally distinct from a "similar gaming facility" under KELA, so it would not trigger the contractual penalty provisions tied to the State opening additional lottery-style gaming facilities before 2032.

Anyone tracking whether a future Wyandotte Nation compact could include sports betting: the opinion concludes that because Kansas already permits sports wagering as a form of Class III gaming statewide, any compact negotiated with an eligible tribe can include it, regardless of a separate statute that specifically addresses sports-wagering negotiations with the state's four existing compact tribes.

Common questions

Does Kansas law let the State negotiate a casino deal with a tribe that doesn't already have a compact?
Yes, according to the opinion. IGRA imposes a federal duty on the State to negotiate in good faith once a federally recognized tribe like the Wyandotte Nation requests it, and Kansas's own KELA statute does not prohibit that negotiation.

Would a new tribal casino count against the State's four-casino limit under KELA?
No, the opinion concludes. KELA's cap on management contracts and gaming zones applies to State-owned lottery gaming facilities; a tribal casino created and operated under a separate IGRA compact is not a "similar gaming facility" within KELA's meaning.

Can Kansas refuse to negotiate over sports wagering with a new tribal partner?
Not under IGRA, according to the opinion, since Kansas already permits sports wagering statewide as a form of Class III gaming, so any tribe eligible to seek a compact can negotiate to include it.

Background and statutory framework

IGRA, enacted by Congress in 1988, lets tribes conduct Class III gaming, such as slot machines and table games, on eligible tribal land under a Tribal-State compact, and it obligates a state to negotiate in good faith once a tribe requests it. K.S.A. 46-2302 designates the Governor as Kansas's representative in these negotiations, subject to Legislative approval of any resulting compact and final review by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Kansas already has IGRA compacts with four other tribes dating to 1995.

KELA, enacted in 2007, took a different approach for non-tribal gaming: it divided Kansas into four geographic gaming zones and authorized the State Lottery to own one casino per zone, each run by an outside manager under a lottery gaming facility management contract. Both KELA (K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)) and the management contracts themselves bar the State, until July 1, 2032, from signing management contracts for more than those four facilities or designating additional gaming zones, backed by a contractual repayment penalty if the State breaches that promise. The opinion read these restrictions narrowly, tied to their context (the existing four zones and State-owned facilities), and concluded IGRA's field preemption over tribal gaming on tribal lands means KELA was never meant to, and legally could not, reach compacts negotiated under the separate federal framework.

Citations and references

Statutes:
- K.S.A. 46-2302 (incl. (d)); 46-2305
- K.S.A. 74-8702 (incl. (h), (r), (s)); 74-8734 (incl. (a), (d), (g), (h)(19)); 74-8772; 74-8781
- K.S.A. 74-9801, 74-9802(h)
- 25 U.S.C. § 2703; § 2710(d)(1)(B)-(C), (d)(3)(A), (d)(7)-(9)
- 25 C.F.R. § 502.4(c)

Selected cases:
- Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996)
- Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Cmty., 572 U.S. 782 (2014)
- Pueblo of Pojoaque v. New Mexico, 863 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir. 2017)
- In re Equalization Appeal of Kan. Star Casino, L.L.C., 52 Kan. App. 2d 50, 362 P.3d 1109 (2015)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.ag.ks.gov/reports-resources/ag-opinions
• Original PDF: https://www.ag.ks.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/23144/638844660735470000

Original opinion text

May 30, 2025

ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINION NO. 2025-11

Justin H. Whitten
Chief Counsel, Governor Laura Kelly
Capitol Building
Room 241, South
Topeka, Kansas 66612

Re: Legislature—State-Tribal Relations—Negotiation of Compacts;
Submission to Legislature; Approval or Rejection; Attorney General as
Legal Counsel; Compact Provisions; Report of Governor to Legislature

        Legislature—State-Tribal Relations—Negotiation of Sports Wagering
        Compacts

        State Boards, Commissions and Authorities—State Lottery—
        Definitions

        State Boards, Commissions and Authorities—State Lottery—Lottery
        Gaming Facilities; Gaming Zones; Gaming Facility Management
        Contract Requirements; Privilege Fees

Synopsis: The Wyandotte Nation, a federally recognized tribe, wants to negotiate
in good faith with the State of Kansas for a gaming compact under the
federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) that would allow it to
conduct Class III gaming on land in the State. Under the Kansas
Expanded Lottery Act (KELA), the State Lottery owns one casino in
each of the four statutorily designated geographic areas, and each
casino is managed by an outside entity. KELA and the governing
management contracts for these casinos prevent the State from
entering into additional management contracts or designating
additional areas of the State for gaming by lottery gaming facilities
and similar gaming facilities. Because KELA and the management
contracts do not prohibit efforts that further tribal gaming under
IGRA, they do not prohibit negotiating with the Wyandotte Nation
over a compact. And sports wagering is eligible to be included in any
compact with the Wyandotte Nation because Kansas currently permits
this type of Class III gaming. Cited herein: K.S.A. 46-2302; K.S.A. 46-
2305; K.S.A. 74-8702; K.S.A. 74-8734.

                           *              *               *

Dear Mr. Whitten:

As Chief Counsel to Kansas Governor Laura Kelly, you ask four questions
stemming from the Wyandotte Nation's request to negotiate in good faith with the
State of Kansas for a gaming compact under the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory
Act (IGRA).1 The Wyandotte Nation, a federally recognized Native American tribe,
has two parcels of trust land in Kansas: one in Wyandotte County commonly known
as "the Shriner Tract,"2 and one in Sedgwick County commonly known as "the Park
City Parcel."3 On each parcel, the Wyandotte Nation currently operates a facility
with Class II gaming, and it wants to offer Class III gaming at the facilities.4 Both
parcels are eligible for Class III gaming pursuant to a valid tribal-state gaming
compact.

Your questions focus on the interplay between federal law, IGRA, and state law,
the Kansas Expanded Lottery Act (KELA). As explained below, IGRA imposes on
the State (via the Governor) a duty to negotiate in good faith for a tribal-state
gaming compact, which may include sports wagering, with the Wyandotte Nation.
We conclude negotiations would not violate KELA and the relevant lottery gaming
facility management contracts.

Before turning to your specific inquiries, we provide a brief overview of IGRA and
KELA.

1 Your questions are slightly rephrased below.
2 See generally Governor of Kan. v. Norton, 430 F. Supp. 2d 1204 (D. Kan. 2006), judgment vacated,
appeal dismissed sub nom. Governor of Kan. v. Kempthorne, 516 F.3d 833 (10th Cir. 2008);
Wyandotte Nation v. Nat'l Indian Gaming Comm'n, 437 F. Supp. 2d 1193 (D. Kan. 2006).
3 See generally State ex rel. Kobach v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 72 F.4th 1107 (10th Cir. 2023).
4 Class II gaming includes games like bingo, while Class III gaming is much more expansive and

"includes such things as slot machines, casino games, banking card games, dog racing, and lotteries."
Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 48 (1996); 25 U.S.C. § 2703.

                                           IGRA

In 1988, Congress enacted IGRA, which authorizes Class III gaming on certain
tribal lands if the gaming is conducted under "a Tribal-State compact entered into
by the Indian tribe and the State" in which the lands are located.5 IGRA prescribes
the process through which the tribe may ultimately obtain a compact. To begin, the
tribe must request that the State "enter into negotiations for the purpose of
entering into a Tribal-State compact governing the conduct of gaming activities."6
And "[u]pon receiving such a request, the State shall negotiate with the Indian tribe
in good faith to enter into such a compact."7

K.S.A. 46-2302 is the primary state statute that addresses Kansas's process for
handling requests for gaming compacts, and it designates the Governor as the
State's representative in these negotiations. However, the Kansas Legislature must
approve any compact on behalf of the State,8 and the United States Secretary of the
Interior has the final say over whether to allow the compact to become effective.9
There are currently four tribes that operate casinos in Kansas pursuant to tribal-
state compacts.10

                                          KELA

In 2007, the Kansas Legislature enacted KELA, which divides the State into four
gaming zones, northeast (Wyandotte County), south central (Sedgwick and Sumner
counties), southwest (Ford County), and southeast (Crawford and Cherokee
counties), and authorizes the Kansas Lottery to own and operate one lottery
gaming facility (i.e., a casino) in each zone, with an outside party managing the
casino via a "lottery gaming facility management contract."11 Under this statutory
scheme, "the State owns the casino's gaming operations but hires a gaming facility
manager via a management contract to construct and own the casino improvements
and infrastructure as well as to manage the gaming operations."12 Although "a
resident Kansas American Indian tribe" may be a facility gaming manager, it need

5 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(C).
6 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(A).
7 Id.
8 K.S.A. 46-2302(d).
9 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(8).
10 The Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, the Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo

Reservation in Kansas, the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, and the Sac and Fox Nation of
Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska. K.S.A. 74-9802(h).
11 K.S.A. 74-8702(h); K.S.A. 74-8734(a), (d).
12 In re Equalization Appeal of Kan. Star Casino, L.L.C., 52 Kan. App. 2d 50, 52, 362 P.3d 1109

(2015).

not be.13 Each gaming zone currently has one Lottery-owned, KELA-authorized
casino, none of which is managed by a tribe.14

KELA provides certain requirements for the management contracts. Relevant here,
K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(A) requires these contracts include provisions that prohibit
the State, before July 1, 2032, from:

•   "Entering into management contracts for more than four lottery gaming
    facilities or similar gaming facilities, one located in the northeast Kansas
    gaming zone, one located in the south central Kansas gaming zone, one
    located in the southwest Kansas gaming zone and one located in the
    southeast Kansas gaming zone," and

•   "designating additional areas of the state where operation of lottery gaming
    facilities or similar gaming facilities would be authorized."15

If the State violates either provision, it must "repay to the lottery gaming facility
manager an amount equal to the privilege fee paid by such lottery gaming facility
manager, plus interest on such amount, compounded annually at the rate of 10%."16

Although all current management contracts contain these prohibitions, the
contracts use slightly different language. For example, the contract for the
operation of Kansas Star Casino in the south-central gaming zone provides:

    The Kansas Lottery, acting on behalf of the State of Kansas, agrees by
    entering into this Agreement that, until July 1, 2032:

    a) Neither the Kansas Lottery nor the State of Kansas will enter into a
    management contract for, more than four (4) lottery gaming facilities
    or similar facilities in the four gaming zones outlined in the Kansas
    Expanded Lottery Act with one Lottery Gaming Facility in each
    gaming zone; [and]

    b) Neither the Kansas Lottery nor the State of Kansas will designate
    additional areas of the state where operation of Lottery Gaming

13 K.S.A. 74-8734(g).
14 The northeast gaming zone is occupied by Hollywood Casino at Kansas Speedway, the south-

central gaming zone is occupied by Kansas Star Casino, the southwest gaming zone is occupied by
Boot Hill Casino and Resort, and the southeast gaming zone is occupied by Kansas Crossing Casino.
15 The statute also prevents the State from "operating an aggregate of more than 2,800 electronic

gaming machines at all parimutuel licensee locations." K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(iii). There is no
indication that subpart (iii) is relevant to your inquiry, so we do not analyze it.
16 K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(B).

   Facilities or similar gaming facilities will be authorized, other than
   those set out in the Kansas Expanded Lottery Act[.]17

We now turn to your questions.

I. Would the Governor negotiating with the Wyandotte Nation over a gaming
compact violate K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19) or the management contracts?

Your first question asks whether the Governor negotiating with the Wyandotte
Nation would cause the State to violate K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(A) and, by extension,
its management contracts for the casinos that currently operate under KELA. We
believe it would not.

                                        Negotiating

As an initial matter, the State could only violate KELA and the management
contracts if it enters into other management contracts or impermissibly designates
additional areas in the State for gaming before July 1, 2032. But neither action is
the same as negotiating a compact. Thus, assuming that entering into a compact
would violate KELA and the management contracts, simply negotiating in good
faith with the Wyandotte Nation (which is all the State is obligated to do) likely
would not.

Negotiating over a potential compact is necessarily not the same as entering into a
compact.18 That is particularly true here, where there is no guarantee the State and
the Wyandotte Nation will agree on a compact that will become effective. Although
the Governor negotiates, the Legislature must approve the compact. Even then, the
Secretary of the Interior may disapprove the compact. IGRA does not force the State
to enter into a compact. Not only does the statute lack any express requirement that
a state agree to a compact, IGRA specifically contemplates situations where a state
does not agree.19

Similarly, negotiating would not amount to impermissibly "designating" additional
areas of the State for gaming. A designation requires an intentional selection by the

17 Kansas Star Casino Contract ¶ 30 (on file with the Attorney General); see also Boot Hill Casino
and Resort Contract ¶ 30 (on file with the Attorney General); Hollywood Casino at Kansas Speedway
Contract ¶ 30 (on file with the Attorney General); Kansas Crossing Casino Contract ¶ 30 (on file
with the Attorney General). There are minor discrepancies between this contract and the other
contracts (e.g., the other contracts do not include a comma in subpart (a), "Lottery Gaming Facility"
in subpart (a) is not capitalized in two other contracts), but these are not material to our analysis.
18 Cf. Albers v. Nelson, 248 Kan. 575, 578, 809 P.2d 1194 (1991).
19 See 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(7); see also New Mexico v. Dep't of Interior, 854 F.3d 1207, 1223 (10th Cir.

2017).

State.20 Simply negotiating is not intentionally selecting anything. Again, there is
no guarantee the Wyandotte Nation and the State will enter into a compact.

Assuming that entering into an IGRA compact would violate KELA and the
management contracts, negotiating with the Wyandotte Nation, even in good faith,
is neither entering into a contract nor making an impermissible designation.21
Thus, negotiating in good faith would not breach the statute or the contracts.22

                                      IGRA and KELA

Regardless, negotiating, and even entering into, a tribal-state gaming compact
would not run afoul of KELA and the management contracts because their
prohibition does not cover tribal gaming in the State pursuant to an IGRA compact.
IGRA and KELA are separate statutory tracks to casino gaming in Kansas. And the
language in KELA and the management contracts establishes that the relevant
prohibition concerns conduct that increases gaming under KELA. Thus, a compact
with the Wyandotte Nation would not fall under (and would not violate) KELA.

Congress enacted IGRA in 1988 to govern the "regulation of gaming activity that
occurs on Indian lands."23 In other words, IGRA is the (federal) pathway to tribal
gaming on tribal land; it does not govern, and is not concerned with, state
regulation of gaming on non-tribal lands.24

Long before it passed KELA, the Kansas Legislature facilitated tribal gaming under
IGRA by enacting statutes that govern the negotiation and approval of tribal-state

20 See Designate, Black's Law Dictionary 561 (11th ed. 2019) ("To choose (someone or something) for
a particular job or purpose."); cf. Verlo v. Martinez, 820 F.3d 1113, 1141 (10th Cir. 2016) ("To create
a designated public forum, 'the government must make an affirmative choice to open up its property
for use as a public forum.'" (quoting United States v. Am. Libr. Ass'n, Inc., 539 U.S. 194, 206 (2003)).
21 See generally N.L.R.B. v Am. Nat. Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395, 404 (1952) (recognizing that an

obligation to bargain in good faith "does not compel either party to agree to a proposal or require the
making of a concession").
22 We believe any suit alleging an anticipatory breach of contract would fail because, among other

reasons, of the uncertainty over whether the State would enter into a compact before July 1, 2032.
Cf. Hefner v. Deutscher, 58 Kan. App. 2d 58, 75, 464 P.3d 367 (2020) (recognizing that an
anticipatory breach of contract "requires 'a clear and unequivocal refusal to perform' a contractual
obligation." (quoting Burcham v. Unison Bancorp, Inc., 276 Kan. 393, 408, 77 P.3d 130 (2003)).
23 Pueblo of Pojoaque v. New Mexico, 863 F.3d 1226, 1235 (10th Cir. 2017); see also id. at 1236 ("The

purpose of IGRA is to provide a statutory basis for both the operation and regulation of gaming by
Indian tribes."); Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Cmty., 572 U.S. 782, 795 (2014) ("Everything,
literally everything, in IGRA affords tools (for either state or federal officials) to regulate gaming on
Indian lands, and nowhere else."); Navajo Nation v. Dalley, 896 F.3d 1196, 1201 (10th Cir. 2018)
("Congress enacted IGRA in 1988 to create a framework for states and Indian tribes to cooperate in
regulating on-reservation tribal gaming.").
24 Cf. Pueblo of Pojoaque, 863 F.3d at 1235-36 (concluding IGRA did not preempt off-reservation

regulatory actions by New Mexico).

gaming compacts.25 There are currently four casinos that operate in Kansas
pursuant to IGRA compacts that were entered into in 1995.26 And in 1996, the
Legislature enacted the Tribal Gaming Oversight Act, in which it empowered the
Kansas State Gaming Agency to oversee Class III gaming conducted under these
compacts.27

The Kansas Legislature enacted KELA in 2007 to provide an avenue for non-tribal
casino gaming in the State. Under KELA, the State, through the Kansas Lottery,
owns and operates the casinos. In enacting KELA, the Legislature did not directly
address any interplay with IGRA, although its definition of "lottery facility games"
formerly referenced the Tribal Oversight Gaming Act.28 The Kansas Racing and
Gaming Commission oversees casinos that operate under KELA.29

KELA's reach is limited to gaming that occurs off tribal lands "[b]ecause IGRA
preempts the field of governance of gaming activities on tribal lands."30 This field
preemption means KELA could never govern gaming matters on Indian land, which
includes the Wyandotte Nation's parcels. When it enacted KELA, the Legislature
knew of IGRA and the tribal-state gaming compacts. After all, the Legislature not
only referenced the Tribal Gaming Oversight Act in a relevant definition, it also
approved the compacts. Regardless, we presume the Legislature knows the law.31
And when it enacted KELA, the law limited the Legislature to passing statutes that
governed non-tribal gaming.32

Understanding that KELA cannot govern tribal gaming and the Wyandotte
Nation's parcels, we proceed to interpret KELA, an exercise in which we are bound
by the "plain and unambiguous" meaning of the relevant statutes.33 We can neither
"speculate" nor "read into the statute language not readily found there."34 And we

25 K.S.A. 46-2301-05.
26 U.S. Dep't of Interior, Gaming Compacts: Kansas, https://perma.cc/5KX6-RP8H (last visited Apr.
30, 2025); see also K.S.A. 74-9802(h).
27 K.S.A. 74-9801-09.
28 See 2007 Kan. Sess. Laws ch. 110, § 1(j) ("'Lottery facility games' means any electronic gaming

machines and any other games which, as of January 1, 2007, are authorized to be conducted or
operated at a tribal gaming facility, as defined in K.S.A. 74- 9802, and amendments thereto, located
within the boundaries of this state."). This reference is included in the management contracts. E.g.,
Kansas Star Casino Contract ¶ 1(n).
29 K.S.A. 74-8772.
30 Pueblo of Pojoaque, 863 F.3d at 1232.
31 Application of Am. Rest. Operations, 264 Kan. 518, 524, 957 P.2d 473 (1998).
32 To be clear, as we explain below, negotiating in good faith with the Wyandotte Nation would not

violate K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19) and the management contracts, because they only limit efforts to
further additional gaming under KELA. We detail IGRA's preemptive reach because it necessarily
limits what KELA (and the management contracts) can govern and it provides important context for
interpreting KELA and the contracts.
33 In re Est. of Strader, 301 Kan. 50, 55, 339 P.3d 769 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
34 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

must consider and give effect to "the entire act," striving, "as far as practicable, to
reconcile the different provisions so as to make them consistent, harmonious, and
sensible."35 When the Legislature has expressly defined a term, we employ its
definition.36 Similar rules apply to interpreting contracts.37 Within K.S.A. 74-
8734(h)(19), there are two relevant restrictions.

First, the State cannot

      enter[] into management contracts for more than four lottery gaming
      facilities or similar gaming facilities, one to be located in the northeast
      Kansas gaming zone, one to be located in the south central Kansas
      gaming zone, one to be located in the southwest Kansas gaming zone
      and one to be located in the southeast Kansas gaming zone[.]38

This prohibition does not try to prevent the State from negotiating over, or
entering into, a tribal-state gaming compact under IGRA.

Lottery gaming facility management contracts are agreements "between the state
and a lottery gaming facility manager for the management of a lottery gaming
facility, the business of which is owned and operated by the Kansas lottery[.]"39 In
other words, these are contracts that allow the State to hire someone to run its
gaming facilities. Although the prohibition uses the shortened term "management
contracts," given its reference to the four gaming zones, where the casinos are
managed under "lottery gaming facility management contracts," it is apparent that
this prohibition covers those contracts and similar management agreements. In
other words, this prohibition prevents additional agreements for outside entities to
manage State-owned gaming facilities.

By negotiating with the Wyandotte Nation for a compact, the Governor would not
be negotiating any sort of management contract, let alone entering one. The
establishment of any casino resulting from a compact would be owned by the tribe,
not the State. The State would not (and could not) be trying to contract for the
management of a casino it did not own. Thus, the first prohibition is not concerned
with a compact under IGRA.

Second, KELA prohibits the State from "designating additional areas of the state
where operation of lottery gaming facilities or similar gaming facilities would be

35 In re Marriage of Ross, 245 Kan. 591, 584, 783 P.2d 331 (1989).
36 Cf. State v. Dooley, 308 Kan. 641, 656, 423 P.3d 469 (2018) ("When our Legislature does not define
a term or phrase, we ascertain legislative intent by giving common words their ordinary meanings.").
37 See Harding v. Capitol Fed. Sav. Bank, 65 Kan. App. 2d 30, 41-42, 556 P.3d 910 (2024).
38 K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(i).
39 K.S.A. 74-8702(r); see also K.S.A. 74-8702(s) (defining "[l]ottery gaming facility manager"). IGRA

also allows tribes to enter into management contracts for their casinos. 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(9).

authorized."40 Because a tribal casino is not a "lottery gaming facility" under KELA
(because it is not owned by the State),41 the issue is whether negotiating or entering
into a compact would amount to designating an additional area of the State where a
"similar gaming facility" would be authorized. We believe it would not.

KELA prohibits "designating additional areas" for gaming, a recognition that the
State has already designated certain areas for gaming under KELA. And it has. The
Legislature designated four gaming zones, which are limited to specific counties in
those geographic regions.42 Indeed, the preceding subpart references these areas.43
And the management contracts use slightly different language that affirms the
parties understood this prohibition is confined to designations similar to the
existing ones (i.e., KELA's gaming zones): "Neither the Kansas Lottery nor the
State of Kansas will designate additional areas of the state where operation of
Lottery Gaming Facilities or similar gaming facilities will be authorized, other than
those set out in the Kansas Expanded Lottery Act."44 Given the discussion of the
existing zones, it is apparent that prohibited "additional areas" are zones created by
the State to facilitate further gaming under KELA. But entering into a compact
with the Wyandotte Nation would not amount to designating additional areas of the
State for gaming under KELA.

And a tribal casino under IGRA is not a "similar gaming facility" within the
meaning of KELA and the management contracts. As shown by the references to
the existing gaming zones, designating an additional area where a "similar facility"
would operate means that the State would be creating a new gaming zone to host a
facility that resembles the current lottery gaming facilities in terms of their creation
and operation. For example, a facility that is owned by the State, created pursuant
to KELA, and regulated by the Kansas Racing and Gaming Commission may
qualify. But a tribal casino lacks all three characteristics. A tribal casino lacks the
relevant similarities to the lottery gaming facilities because it is created, owned,
and operated entirely outside of KELA. KELA's prohibition against designating
areas for similar gaming facilities was implemented to prevent the State from
expanding KELA; it was not implemented to prevent the State from engaging in
compact negotiations with a tribe or entering into a compact.45

The "additional areas" prohibition is only relevant for gaming under KELA. Indeed,
the four current IGRA casinos are in counties, Brown, Doniphan, and Jackson,

40 K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(ii).
41 Cf. K.S.A. 74-8734(a).
42 See K.S.A. 74-8702(h); K.S.A. 74-8734(d).
43 See K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19)(i).
44 E.g., Kansas Star Casino Contract ¶ 30 (emphasis added).
45 A previous Opinion addresses whether a new racetrack gaming facility is a similar gaming facility

that would violate KELA and the contracts, see Kan. Att'y Gen. Op. No. 2016-6 (Apr. 22, 2016), but
because this Opinion does not address IGRA, we do not find it persuasive.

that are not accounted for in the current gaming zones. Had the Legislature (or the
managers) believed gaming pursuant to IGRA would intrude upon or otherwise be
relevant to the designated gaming areas, KELA and the management contracts
almost certainly would have accounted for these existing casinos. Yet they did not.

This prohibition is concerned with efforts by the State to enable additional gaming
under KELA that would compete with the existing facilities that operate under
KELA. It is not concerned with tribal gaming under IGRA, and so neither
negotiating nor entering into a tribal-state gaming compact would violate the
prohibition.

IGRA and KELA provide parallel tracks to casino gaming in Kansas. The relevant
prohibition in KELA and the management contracts is concerned with additional
gaming enacted pursuant to KELA, not IGRA. We recognize that a significant
amount of money is at stake, and we cannot absolutely guarantee that a court
would agree with our analysis in the event of a lawsuit. However, we believe K.S.A.
74-8734(h)(19) does not cover, and is not concerned with, tribal gaming facilities
that operate under a tribal-state gaming compact. Negotiating in good faith with
the Wyandotte Nation would not violate K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19) and the management
contracts.

II. Would the Governor negotiating with the Wyandotte Nation violate any other
provision of KELA?

We do not believe that the Governor negotiating in good faith with the Wyandotte
Nation over a tribal-state gaming compact would violate any other provision of
KELA. As previously noted, KELA and IGRA are two separate tracks to gaming in
Kansas, and it is not apparent that negotiating in good faith for a compact under
IGRA would violate any provision of KELA.

III. Even if the Governor violates KELA by negotiating with the Wyandotte
Nation, does IGRA preempt KELA?

As previously noted, negotiating in good faith with the Wyandotte Nation would not
violate K.S.A. 74-8734(h)(19) and the management contracts. Regardless, because
"IGRA established a comprehensive regulatory regime for tribal gaming activities
on Indian lands,"46 it controls the State's action toward the Wyandotte Nation in
this matter. And IGRA requires the State to negotiate in good faith with the
Wyandotte Nation.47

46 State ex rel. Nixon v. Coeur D'Alene Tribe, 164 F.3d 1102, 1108 (8th Cir. 1999); see also Pueblo of
Pojoaque, 863 F.3d at 1235.
47 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(A) ("Upon receiving such a request [from a tribe], the State shall negotiate

with the Indian tribe in good faith to enter into such a compact." (emphasis added)).

To be sure, the Supreme Court severely weakened IGRA's primary mechanism for
getting states to negotiate, a lawsuit by a tribe against a state, when it held in
Seminole Tribe of Florida that IGRA does not abrogate state sovereign immunity.48
This means that if the State does not negotiate with the Wyandotte Nation, or if the
Wyandotte Nation believes the State is not negotiating in good faith, the State can
invoke its sovereign immunity against any resulting suit by the tribe.49

However, the Tenth Circuit has recognized that the availability of sovereign
immunity as a defense does not absolve states of their "obligation to negotiate in
good faith."50 And although a tribe may not be able to successfully sue a state, the
federal government "may sue on behalf of a tribe in its role as trustee, sidestepping
the sovereign immunity defense."51 The Tenth Circuit has also recognized the
possibility that "tribes may even be able to sue the United States to compel it to
bring meritorious IGRA suits against states."52 The State's sovereign immunity
does not remove all legal risk.

IGRA governs gaming on tribal lands, like the Wyandotte Nation's parcels. It
compels the State to negotiate in good faith, and it would override any state law
(including KELA) to the contrary.53

IV. May a compact with the Wyandotte Nation include sports wagering even
though K.S.A. 46-2305 only authorizes negotiating sports wagering with the
tribes with whom the State already has compacts?

Your final question focuses on whether any compact with the Wyandotte Nation
may authorize sports wagering. K.S.A. 46-2305 provides:

       If any federally recognized Indian tribe, as described in K.S.A. 74-
       9802(f), and amendments thereto, submits a request for negotiation of
       a gaming compact regarding sports wagering in accordance with K.S.A.
       46-2302, and amendments thereto, the governor or the governor's
       designated representative shall negotiate in good faith with such
       Indian tribe to enter into such gaming compact.

K.S.A. 2022 Supp. 74-9802(f), now K.S.A. 74-9802(h), is part of the Tribal Gaming
Oversight Act, and it defines "tribal-state gaming compact" as "a compact entered

48 517 U.S. at 72-73.
49 See New Mexico, 854 F.3d at 1211 ("[T]he Supreme Court, in Seminole Tribe, made clear that a
state can invoke sovereign immunity in response to such a suit, thus effectively sidestepping the
process that IGRA contemplates.").
50 Id. at 1213.
51 Id. at 1235.
52 Id.
53 See U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2.

into between the state of Kansas and" the named four tribes, each of which
currently has a compact with the State.

IGRA allows Class III gaming on eligible Indian land if the state in which the land
is located "permits such gaming for any purpose by any person, organization, or
entity."54 Sports wagering is considered Class III gaming,55 and Kansas allows
sports wagering,56 which means that sports wagering may be part of any compact
between the State and the Wyandotte Nation. And because federal law trumps state
law, to the extent there is any conflict between IGRA and K.S.A. 46-2305, IGRA
prevails. Thus, the State must negotiate with the Wyandotte Nation over sports
wagering.57

That said, we believe it is questionable whether K.S.A. 46-2305 attempts to prohibit
the State from negotiating (and entering into) a compact with the Wyandotte
Nation that includes sports wagering. Notably, K.S.A. 46-2305 only addresses "a
request for negotiation of a gaming compact regarding sports wagering." When the
compacts referenced by that statute were negotiated, sports wagering was illegal in
Kansas. K.S.A. 46-2305 is narrowly concerned with compacts over a type of gaming
that would necessarily not have been permitted by the existing compacts when
these compacts were initially negotiated. The statute's narrow focus indicates that
it is not a bar to negotiating a compact with another eligible tribe that includes
sports wagering. Rather, the statute is a means to facilitate negotiations with the
tribes that already have compacts to ensure they have the opportunity to offer
sports wagering.58

K.S.A. 46-2305 cannot (and likely does not) prevent the State from negotiating a
compact with the Wyandotte Nation that includes sports wagering.

                                             Conclusion

In sum, we believe the Governor has a federal obligation under IGRA to negotiate in
good faith with the Wyandotte Nation over a gaming compact, which may include
sports wagering, and that her negotiations will not violate KELA and the relevant
lottery gaming facility management contracts.

54 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(B).
55 25 C.F.R. § 502.4(c); cf. 25 U.S.C. § 2703(8).
56 K.S.A. 74-8781.
57 Cf. N. Arapaho Tribe v. Wyoming, 389 F.3d 1308, 1313 (10th Cir. 2004) ("When a state refuses to
negotiate beyond state law limitations concerning a game that it permits, the state cannot be said to
have negotiated in good faith under the IGRA given the plain language of the statute.").
58 See Barrett ex rel. Barrett v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 259, 272 Kan. 250, 255, 32 P.3d 1156 (2001)

("This court's duty is to uphold the statute under attack rather than defeat it, if there is any
reasonable way to construe the statute as constitutionally valid, that should be done."); Antonin
Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 66 (2012) ("An
interpretation that validates outweighs one that invalidates.").

                Sincerely,

                /s/ Kris W. Kobach

                Kris W. Kobach
                Attorney General

                /s/ Adam T. Steinhilber

                Adam T. Steinhilber
                Assistant Solicitor General