Could the DC Board of Education remove its own sitting President mid-term by a simple majority vote at a meeting, with no advance written charges and no hearing?

Plain-English summary

On July 22, 1999, the DC Board of Education voted six to five to remove its sitting President, Wilma Harvey. Ms. Harvey had received no advance written charges. The first formal allegation of wrongdoing on her part appeared at the meeting itself. Several Board members and Ms. Harvey then asked the Corporation Counsel for a formal opinion on whether the Board had the authority to remove its President this way and, if so, what procedure was required.

The Corporation Counsel concluded that the removal was procedurally defective on three independent grounds. The first was the Board's own internal rules. Board Rule 108.1 says: "Debate and proceedings of the meetings of the Board of Education and its committees shall be governed by the provisions of Roberts Rules of Order, Newly Revised, except as provided otherwise by the Board Rules." Robert's Rules § 60 covers removal of officers. Where a society's bylaws provide that officers serve "for years or until their successors are elected" (the language in Board Rule 101.1), the election can be rescinded and a successor elected for the remainder of the term. But where the term is fixed (as here, an annual term), removal can occur only "for cause," after appointment of an investigating committee, formal charges, and a trial-style proceeding. None of that happened.

The second ground was common-law tenure doctrine. When a public officer holds for a fixed term, the appointing authority cannot remove at pleasure. Removal requires cause, written charges, notice, and a reasonable opportunity to be heard.

The third ground was the Fifth Amendment. Under Roth and Loudermill, a public official has a property interest in a position when state law, contract, or settled practice creates an entitlement to the term. Ms. Harvey had several factors creating that property interest: an annual term under the statute and Board rules, an apparent practice of past Presidents serving full terms, a higher annual stipend ($16,000 versus $15,000 for other Board members), and the operational authority of the President role. Procedural due process therefore required notice and a meaningful hearing before removal.

The result: the July 22 vote could not lawfully effect removal. To remove a sitting President during the term, the Board had to appoint an investigating committee, prefer charges, give Ms. Harvey reasonable notice, and hold a trial-style proceeding.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1999. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here. The DC Board of Education's structure was substantially restructured by the Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007 (D.C. Law 17-9), which transferred most public-school authority to the Mayor and reconstituted the State Board of Education as an advisory body. Current Board officer-removal procedures should be checked against the State Board's current bylaws and the post-2007 statute.

Historical context

The 1999 dispute came in the middle of a long period of struggle over school governance in DC. The Board of Education had emerged from a 1996 federal-court intervention by the Financial Authority that stripped some Board powers, then partially recovered governance authority in 1998. Internal Board factions clashed regularly. The vote against Ms. Harvey was the latest expression of those factional fights.

The Corporation Counsel issued the opinion as a "formal opinion" under Reorganization Order No. 50, which makes such opinions "the guiding statement of law to be followed by all District officers and employees." The opinion's footnote 1 emphasized this status in response to a question from a Board member about how much weight a formal opinion carried. It bound the Board going forward, not just on Ms. Harvey's specific situation but on any future removal effort.

The opinion is also a clean example of layered grounds. The Corporation Counsel did not need due process to reach the result; Robert's Rules § 60 alone dictated the answer. But by stacking common-law tenure doctrine and Fifth Amendment due process behind the parliamentary point, the opinion insulated the result against any argument that Robert's Rules should not control or that Board Rule 108.1 should be read narrowly.

What this meant at the time for the Board

The July 22 vote did not effect removal. The Board could either reinstate Ms. Harvey, or it could initiate the formal "for cause" removal process: investigating committee, written charges with reasonable advance notice, formal trial.

What this meant for Ms. Harvey

Ms. Harvey remained President until proper removal procedures were followed. If the Board attempted to enforce the July 22 vote in spite of the opinion, she had a strong damages claim under Fifth Amendment due process and common-law tenure doctrine.

What this meant for the Mayor and Council oversight

The opinion clarified that Board internal governance was bounded by parliamentary rules and procedural due process, not by simple majority will. This had broader implications for other DC boards and commissions whose enabling statutes are silent on officer removal.

What this meant for parliamentary practice generally

The opinion is a useful case study in why "Robert's Rules govern" clauses in bylaws have substantive teeth. They are not just tiebreakers about agenda order; they import Robert's Rule § 60 procedural protections for officers.

Common questions

Q: Could the Board remove a President for cause?
A: Yes, but with full procedure: investigating committee, written charges, advance notice, formal trial. Misconduct or willful neglect of duty constitutes cause.

Q: What if the bylaws had said the President serves "at the pleasure of the Board"?
A: Different result. Robert's Rule § 60 lets a "pleasure" appointment be revoked at any time without cause or hearing. Here, the bylaws gave the President an annual term, not a pleasure appointment.

Q: Could the Board have removed Ms. Harvey from the Board entirely (not just from the presidency)?
A: No, not by Board action. Removal of an elected Board member from the Board requires the recall mechanism in D.C. Law 2-46, which is initiated by the electorate, not the Board itself.

Q: What was the precedent for fixed-term removal procedures in school-board contexts?
A: McQuillin Municipal Corporations § 12.230.10 (3rd ed. revised 1996) treats school-board officers like other public officials: definite charges, legal notice, opportunity to be heard, and a finding.

Q: Does this still control the State Board of Education?
A: The current State Board operates under bylaws that should be consulted directly. The post-2007 governance structure is materially different from the 1999 elected Board.

Citations

Statutes and rules
- 1906 Act to Fix and Regulate Salaries of School Officers
- DC Elected Board of Education Act, D.C. Code § 31-101(c), (e)
- 5 DCMR §§ 101.1, 101.2, 108.1, 116.1, 116.15
- DC Government Comprehensive Merit Personnel Act § 1110, D.C. Code § 1-612.10
- Robert's Rules of Order, Newly Revised §§ 42, 60 (9th ed. 1981)

Cases
- Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532 (1985) (procedural due process for tenured public employees)
- Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972) (property interest in public employment)
- Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341 (1976) (property interests in employment)
- Perry v. Sinderman, 408 U.S. 593 (1972) (implied-contract property interest)
- Dodge v. Board of Education of Chicago, 302 U.S. 74 (1937)

Source

• Index page: https://oag.dc.gov/about-oag/our-structure-divisions/legal-counsel-division/opinions-attorney-general
• Original PDF: https://oag.dc.gov/sites/default/files/2018-02/Opinion-July-2014-DC-Board-of-Education.pdf

Source

• Index page: https://oag.dc.gov/about-oag/our-structure-divisions/legal-counsel-division/opinions-attorney-general
• Original PDF: https://oag.dc.gov/sites/default/files/2018-02/Opinion-July-2014-DC-Board-of-Education.pdf

License

This opinion is published by the Office of the Attorney General for the
District of Columbia. Per the DC.gov terms of use, content is licensed
under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0,
which permits commercial use, redistribution, and modification with
attribution.

Original opinion text

(ioutttlmellt of Ute mtstrtct of <ltolumbta
OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL
JUDICIARY SQUARE
441 FOURTH ST .• N.W.
WASHINGTON. D. C.

20001

August 13, 1999

IN REPLY REFER TO:

LCD:PHG:phg
(AL-99-425-U)

OPINION OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL
SUBJECT:

What Authority, if any, Does the D.C. Board of Education Have to
Remove a Sitting President? Assuming the Board Has Authority, What
Process Must Be Followed to Effect the Removal?

All Members of the D.C. Board of Education
825 North Capital Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20002
Dear Members of the Board of Education:
This is in follow-up to the August 2, 1999, memorandum from me to you advising
that this Office would prepare a formal opinion on the abov~-noted subjects. This
responds to the July 28, 1999, memorandum from Ms. Wilma Harvey, the putatively
dismissed President, requesting a formal opinion concerning this issue and to the oral and
written requests from other Board Members for written advice on this matter. It has also
been reported in the newspapers that this Office has formed a view on the issue of the
lawfulness of Ms. Harvey's removal. In addition, it appears resolution of the issue may
be of considerable importance to this and future Boards. Therefore, this Office has
decided to issue a formal opinion 1 and to distribute it to all Members of the Board.

lIn an August 4, 1999, memorandum to me, Board Member Don Reeves inquired as to
thl? weight to be given a formal opinion from this Office. In response. I refer him to Part
11 of Reorganization Order No. 50 (June 26,1953), D.C. Code Title 1 App. at 180 (1973)
which states the following regarding formal opinions of this Office: "Such opinions, in
the absence of specific action by the Board of Commissioners [now the Mayor and the
Council] to the contrary, or until overruled by controlling court decision, shall be the
guiding statement of law. to be followed by all District officers and employees in the
performance of their official duties."

BACKGROUND
On July 22, 1999, the Board voted, six to five, to remove Ms. Harvey as its
President. This Office is aware of no specific delineation of formal charges that any
member of the Board brought against Ms. Harvey before the July 22, 1999, meeting.
Indeed, the first formal allegation of wrongdoing on Ms. Harvey's part, of which we are
aware, occurred at the July 22, 1999, meeting itself. See, Transcript of the Sixteenth
(Special) Meeting of the D.C. Board of Education, July 22, 1999, pgs.13-15. Thus, we
assume for purposes of this opinion that Ms. Harvey had no advance written notice of the
charges levied against her and, consequently, that she lacked a full opportunity to prepare
and to present a formal response to these charges at the July 22, 1999, meeting.
ANALYSIS
The Legislative History of the Enabling Law and the Board Rules
In 1906, Congress exercised its plenary power to create the Board of Education by
enacting the 1906 Act to Fix and Regulate the Salaries of School Officers and Other
Employees of the Board of Education, approved June 20, 1906, Pub. L. No. 254, 34 Stat.
316, ch. 3446, §2 (1906 Act). In 1968, Congress amended the 1906 Act by enacting the
District of Columbia Elected Board of Education Act, approved April 22, 1968, Pub. L.
No. 90-292, 82 Stat. 101, 102 (Elected Board Act), now codified at D.C. Code § 31-101
(e) (1998 Replacement Volume).

The Elected Board Act amended section 2 of the 1906 Act by, among other
things, inserting a Section 2 (e) as follows:
The Board of Education shall select a President from among its
members at the first meeting of the Board of Education held on or
after the date (prescribed in paragraph (3) of subsection (b) of this
section(3)) on which members are to take office after each general
election....
Consistent with the language of the enabling legislation, Board Rules 101.1 and
101.2 (5 DCMR §§ 101.1 and 101.2 (1997)) provide:
101.1 The Board of Education shall annually elect from among its
members a President and Vice President who shall serve
Paragraph (3) of subsection (b) states: "The term of offIce of a member of the
Board of Education elected at a general election shall begin at noon on the fourth
Monday in January next following such election. A member may serve more than one
term."

3

3

until their successors are elected in accordance with this
section. (Emphasis added).
101.2 The annual election of the President and Vice President of
the Board shall be the first order of business conducted at
the first regular or special meeting held after those
memb<?rs elected in a general election take office in
accordance with D.C. Code § 31-101(c), or at the first
meeting held after the regular meeting in December in a
year when no positions on the Board are filled in the
general election. (Emphasis added).
However, these Rules do not, either explicitly or implicitly, provide guidance regarding
whether and how the Board may remove a sitting President or Vice-President during the
tenn for which they were elected. Nor does the legislative history of the Elected Board
Act shed light on the question of whether a sitting President may be removed as President
_ while nevertheless remaining a member of the Board -- prior to the conclusion of the
4
tenn for which he or she was elected.
On the other hand, sections 116.1 and 116.15 of the Board Rules concerning the
removal of the student member are instructive concerning whether the Rules contemplate
the removal of the Board President and Vice-President before the end of their full tenns.
Sections 116.1 and 116.15 provide, in pertinent part:
116.1 There shall be elected on an annual basis pursuant
to §§ 166.2 and 166.3, for ~ tenn of office to
commence as of the conclusion of the Stated Board
Meeting in June, a Student Member of the Board of
Education.
116.15 The Board of Education, by vote of a majority of
the full membership of the Board taken in public
session, after providing notice and an opportunity
for a hearing, may remove a Student Member from
office, prior to the expiration of his or her tenn for
any of the following reasons:

(b)

Failure to maintain eligibility in accordance
with § 116.2;
Misconduct in office;or

(c)

Willful neglect of duty.

(a)

Of course, District law does provide for removal of a sitting board member, whether or
not that person is currently serving as President, by the general electorate through the
recall process. D.C. law 2-46,24 DCR 199 (July 8, 1977), now codified at D.C. Code
§ 1-291 et~. (1999 Replacement Volume).

4

4

Based on these sections, it might be argued that the specific provision for the removal of
the student member in section 116 and the silence with respect to the removal of the
President or Vice-President in section 101 lends credence to the proposition that the
framers of the Board Rules intended for the President and Vice-President to serve their
full terms without removal. However, sections 116.1 and 116.15 concerning the removal
of the student member, while instructive, are not dispositive of the issues before us as
they were created for a different purpose. Unlike the removal of the Board President, the
removal of the student member would be a removal from the Board entirely. As
previously discussed, there is already a statutory mechanism (the recall) covering the
comparable removal of an elected member of the Board; thus, the Board Rules did not
need to address such a removal. Further, given the rule of construction cited in Robert's
Rules (see below), section 116.15 of the Board Rules was necessary to avoid an absolute
right of a student member to serve "for a term of office", whereas nothing like section
116.15 was necessary for the Board President, given the language in section 101.1 of the
Board Rules, providing that the President and Vice-President "shall serve until their
successors are elected."
It is evident, then, that the controlling statute and the Board Rules cited above are
not dispositive concerning this issue. Therefore, given the lack of relevant guidance in
the statutory and regulatory provisions that deal with election actions by the Board, we
necessarily look to Board Rule 108.1, which states that, " [dlebate and proceedings of the
meetings of the Board of Education and its committees shall be governed by the
provisions of Roberts Rules of Order, Newly Revised, except as provided otherwise by
the Board Rules". (Emphasis added). The question which must be asked, however, is
what is meant by the term, "debate and proceedings." Does the term encompass only
procedural issues, or was it intended to address substantive issues of authority? Section
42 of Robert's Ruless provides the following explanation of "debate":
Debate, rightly understood, is an essential element in the
making of rational decisions of consequence by intelligent people.
In a deliberative assembly, this term applies to discussion on the
merits of a pending question - that is, whether the proposal under
consideration should, or should not, be agreed to.
While no definition is provided for the word "proceedings", Robert's Rules does
contain the following language regarding the importance of the bylaws of a society with
respect to its proceedings:
Except for the corporate charter in an incorporated society,
the bylaws ___ comprise the highest body of rules in societies as

normally established today. Such an instrument supersedes all
other rules of the society, except the corporate charter, if there is
one ....
Henry M. Robert III, William J. Evans, Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (9 th
Ed. 1981).

S

5

The bylaws, by their nature, necessarily contain whatever
limitations are placed on the powers of the assembly ofa society ...
with respect to the society as a whole. Similarly, the provisions of
the bylaws have direct bearing on the rights of members within the
organization - whether present or absent from the assembly.
(Emphasis added.)
"Proceeding" may be defined as an action done by the authority or direction of an agency
for the regular and orderly progress in form of law, including all possible steps in an
action from its commencement to the execution ofjudgment. 6 The method, or means, by
which one would remove a sitting President certainly falls within the definition of
"proceeding". Further, during any removal process there would necessarily be
deliberations and discussions on the merits of the question before the Board (previously
defmed as "debate"). Therefore, as Board Rule 108.1 requires debate and proceedings of
the Board to be governed by Robert's Rules (unless provided otherwise in the Board
Rules) and as there is no Board Rule provision for the removal of a sitting President,
Robert's Rules should be applied to such a removal. The fact that Robert's Rules do in
fact squarely address the removal of officers confirms the appropriateness of their
application. Accordingly, we must look to Robert's Rules for further guidance.
Section 60 thereof, which is the only section pertaining to the removal of officers,
provides, in pertinent part:
Except as the bylaws may provide otherwise, any regularly
elected officer of a permanent society can be,deposed from office
for cause - that is, misconduct or neglect of duty in office - as
follows:
If the bylaws provide that officers shall serve "for _ years or until
their successors are elected," the election of the officer in question
can be rescinded and a successor can thereafter be elected for the
remainder of the term....
If however, the bylaws provide that officers shall serve only a
fixed term, such as "for two years" ... or if they provide that
officers shall serve "for _ years and until their successors are
elected," an officer can be deposed from office only by following
the procedures for dealing with offenses by members outside a
meeting; that is, an investigating committee must be appointed, it
must prefer charges, and a formal trial must be held. (Emphasis
added).

Under the rule of statutory construction known as "expressio unius est exclusio
alterius" (which means that the express provision of one thing should be understood as

6

Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary (5 th ed. 1979).
6

the exclusion of other related things), courts have recognized that except where there is
some strong indication of a contrary legislative intent,
[w]here a form of conduct, the manner of its performance and
operation and the persons and things to which it refers are
designated, there is an inference that all omissions should be
understood as exclusions. 'When what is expressed in a statute(7 ) is
creative, and not in a proceeding according to the common law, it
is exclusive, and the power exists only to the extent plainly
granted. Where a statute creates and regulates, and prescribes the
mode and names the parties granted right to invoke its provision,
that mode must be followed and none other, and such parties only
may act.' The method prescribed in a statute for enforcing the
rights provided in it is likewise presumed to be exclusive.
See 2A Sutherland Statutory Construction, §47.23, pp. 216-217 (5 th ed. 1992) citing, inter
alia, National Rifle Association v. Potter, 628 F. Supp. 903, 909 (D.D.C. 1986) and
McCray v. McGee, 504 A.2d 1128, 1130 (D.C. App. 1986). Here, given the fact that
Robert's Rules expressly provides only one process for the removal of a President whose
term is defined, any other process for such removal should be presumed to be excluded
and to result in unauthorized, and thus void, actions.
In summary, assuming - as I do- that Robert's Rules are applicable, the removal
of an elected officer of the Board could not occur except "for cause." Furthermore, under
Robert's Rules, even if cause exists, the removal of an officer must be accompanied by
the appropriate procedural due process. Here, under the specified process, the President
of the Board could be removed from office only following the appointment of an
investigating committee, the placing of charges, and a formal trial resulting in a decision
to effect the removal.
OTHER FACfORS RELATING TO DUE PROCESS

We would arrive at the same conclusion regarding the removal of the Board
President even in the absence of the reference to Robert's Rules in the Board Rules, as a
matter of common law and Fifth Amendment procedural due process rights. The general
proposition for addressing removal questions with respect to public officers is set forth in
43 Am. Jur. Public Officers, §§ 183 and 184 (1960):
When the term or tenure of a public officer is not
fixed by law, and the removal is not governed by
constitutional or statutory provision, the general rule is that

the power of removal is incident to the power to appoint.
In addition to statutes, this maxim of interpretation has been applied to numerous types
of legal instruments including constitutions, treaties, wills, contracts and leases. Thus, its
application to the Board Rules, which are municipal regulations, is appropriate.
Sutherland, supm, §47.24, p. 228.

7

7

Inasmuch as the tenure has not been declared by law, the
office is held during the pleasure of the authority making
the appointment, and no fonnal charges or hearings are
required in the absence of some statute on the subject. ...
But the power of removal is not incident to the
power of appointment where the extent of the tenn of office
is fixed by statute. In the absence of any provision for
summary removal, appointments to continue for life or
during good behavior -- which in contemplation of law is
for a fixed tenn -- or for a fixed tenn of years cannot be
terminated except for cause. It is the fixity of the term that
destroys the power of removal at pleasure. For the
purposes of this rule, the tenn of persons appointed to fill
vacancies in office is considered definite when it is
provided that they shall hold until the next general election
(Emphasis
and the qualification of their successors.
added).
Therefore, as the President's office is for an annual term, removal therefrom can,
under common law, be accomplished only for cause. Furthermore, public officers or
employees who can be removed for cause only are deemed to be entitled to definite
charges justifying the action against them, legal notice, a reasonable opportunity to be
heard, and a finding or judgment. 4 McQuillin Municipal Corporations § 12.230.1 0, pg.
347 (3 rd ed. revised 1996). Members of boards of education are generally treated no
differently than other public officials in this regard. McQuillin, supra, § 12.230.1 0, pg.
232. Consequently, the conunon law supports my conclusion that the President of the
D.C. Board of Education cannot be removed without adequate procedural due process.
To bring into play procedural due process under the Fifth Amendment -- which
applies to the District and provides the same procedural protections as the Fourteenth
Amendment provides to state and municipal employees - a municipal employee must
have a property interest in a particular government position that is grounded in an
independent source, such as state law, an employment contract (either express or
implied), or common practices which create an expectancy of continued employment in
the position. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U. S. 532 (1984); Bishop
v. W. H. Wood, 426 U.S. 341 (1976); Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408
U. S. 564 (1972); Dodge v. Board of Education of Chicago, 302 U. S. 74 (1937). See
also, McQuillin, supra, § 12.299.10, pg. 356. 8
Guidance concerning Fifth Amendment duc process rights based on vested property
interests is found in Roth, supra. There, the plaintiff was hired as an assistant professor at
a university for a fixed term of one academic year. After completing that tenn, the
plaintiff was informed that he would not be rehired for another term. The Court stated
that under Wisconsin state law, a tenured teacher could be dismissed only for cause upon
(continued ... )

8

r

8

..
Here, a property interest might be created in the tenn of office as President of the
D.C. Board of Education through: (1) a Board Member's election as President for a term
as provided by the governing statute and Board Rules, (2) an implied contract or practice
(such as the apparent fact that most, if not all, previous Board Presidents have been
permitted to finish their term), (3) the President's exercise of more control than other
Board members over the operation and agenda of the Board, and (4) other benefits of the
office of President. In this case, not only did Ms. Harvey enjoy the power and prestige
incident to the office of President, but she also enjoyed a modest additional stipend for
her services. See section 1110 of the District of Columbia Government Comprehensive
Merit Personnel Act of 1978, effective March 3, 1979, D.C. Law 2-139, D.C. Code 1612.10 (1999 Replacement Volume) (which provides for an annual salary of$16,000 for
the Board President compared to a salary of$15,000 annually for the other Board
members). Accordingly, it appears that Ms. Harvey had a constitutionally-cognizable
property interest in her position as President of the Board, which provides additional
support - based on the procedural due process requirements of the Fifth Amendment -for my conclusion that she lawfully could not be removed as President without
reasonable advance notice of the charges against her and a fonnal trial on such charges.
If you have any questions concerning this opinion, please do not hesitate to call
me at 724-1520 or Wayne Witkowski of my staff at 724-5524.

Sincerely,

~~~~~

Interim Corporation Counsel

written charges and pursuant to established procedures. On the other hand, a non-tenured
teacher, such as Roth, had no right to reemployment after the conclusion of his term and
thus no entitlement to the procedural protections provided by the Fourteenth Amendment
to the Constitution. The Court noted, however, that the controlling regulations provided
for a non-tenured teacher to have some opportunity for review of a dismissal which
occurred before the expiration of the specified teaching term and suggested that any
failure to provide such a review would violate the Fourteenth Amendment. 408 U.S. at
567. In addition, citing Peny v. Sinderman, 408 U. S. 593 (1972), the Court in Wood,
supra, noted that propert), interests in employment can be created by ordinance or by an
implied contract. In~, the Court held that the absence of a contractual or tenure right
to re-employment, taken alone, does not defeat a claim of entitlement to procedural due
process and that "[a] person's interest in a benefit is a 'property' interest for due process
purposes if there are such rules or mutually explicit understandings that support his claim
of entitlement to the benefit that he may invoke a hearing." 426 U.S. at 596, 601.

9

·

,

cc:

Anthony A. Williams
Mayor
Kevin P. Chavous
Councilmember
Arlene Ackerman
Superintendent
D.C. Public Schools
Veleter M.B. Mazyck
General Counsel
D.C. Public Schools

10