When a vacancy on a California municipal utility district board is filled by appointment, does the appointed director have to step down on election day, leaving a gap, or do they keep the seat until the elected successor is officially seated?

Plain-English summary

Municipal utility districts (MUDs) are special districts created under California's Municipal Utility District Act (Pub. Util. Code section 11501 et seq.) to supply water, sewerage, and related utility services. The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), serving Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, is one of the oldest, organized in 1923. Its board of directors is elected from seven wards (Pub. Util. Code section 11801), with each ward containing roughly equal voter populations.

When a director seat opens mid-term (resignation, death, removal), Public Utilities Code section 11865 lets the remaining board members appoint someone to fill the vacancy. The appointed director is supposed to serve "until the next general district election." That language is what produced the question here: does "until the next general district election" mean the appointed director's term ends on election day itself, leaving a gap until certification, or does it mean the appointed director stays until the newly-elected successor is actually qualified and seated?

The AG read it the second way. The reason is the broader statutory architecture. Public Utilities Code section 11533 contains a general holdover rule for MUD officers, providing that an officer holds office "until his successor is elected and qualified." Government Code section 1302 echoes the same rule for state and local officers generally. Reading section 11865 in isolation as cutting off the appointed director on election day would conflict with the holdover rule and create an unnecessary vacancy. The AG concluded that the harmonious reading is: the appointed director's term continues until the elected successor takes office on certification of the election.

The opinion notes a 1978 amendment to section 11865 (subdivision (a) added by Stats. 1978, ch. 573, section 3) that the AG read as preserving the holdover principle, not displacing it. The earlier holdover language in former section 11866 was repealed in the same 1978 amendment, but the general holdover policy in section 11533 and Government Code section 1302 fills the gap.

What this means for you

If you are a Municipal Utility District board member who was appointed mid-term

You stay through certification. Do not vacate your seat on election day. Continue to attend meetings, vote, and act as a director until your successor is officially declared elected and takes the oath. The AG's reading is that doing otherwise would leave a vacancy contrary to the holdover principle.

If you are a board attorney or general counsel for a special district

This opinion is a useful template for parallel holdover questions in other special-district statutes. Many special-district codes have appointment-and-election provisions that read in isolation could suggest a gap between election day and certification. Reading them with the holdover principle in section 11533 (or its analog) and Government Code section 1302 generally avoids that gap. Cite this opinion when a similar question arises about a community services district, public utility district, water district, or other special district board.

If you are a county elections official

Certification timing matters. The appointed MUD director's term ends at certification, which under Elections Code section 15400 et seq. and the certifying body's schedule typically takes a few weeks after election day. Plan for the appointed director to continue serving through that window. Coordinate with the MUD board secretary on when to schedule the oath of office and the formal seating of the elected successor.

If you are a candidate who just won a Municipal Utility District board seat

You are not seated on election night. Plan to take office only after the certification of results. Until then, the appointed director (or an elected incumbent in a regular reelection scenario) holds the seat. Coordinate with the MUD's board secretary on the swearing-in and seating timeline.

If you are a member of the public following a contested MUD board race

Knowing the answer to this question matters when reading meeting minutes during the post-election interval. Decisions taken by the appointed director during that window are valid; the de facto officer doctrine and the holdover principle both support that.

Background and statutory framework

The Municipal Utility District Act, Public Utilities Code section 11501 et seq., authorizes the formation of MUDs to supply water, sewerage, and other utility services. EBMUD is one of California's oldest MUDs, organized under the predecessor 1921 statute and continuing under the current Act.

Public Utilities Code section 11865 governs vacancy filling on the MUD board. The current text (after the 1978 amendment in Stats. 1978, ch. 573, section 3) provides: subdivision (a) authorizes the remaining directors to fill a vacancy by appointment; subdivision (d) addresses the term of the appointed director.

Public Utilities Code section 11533 is the holdover provision: "Every officer of the district shall hold office until his successor is elected and qualified." The general state-government parallel is Government Code section 1302: "Every officer must continue to discharge the duties of his office, although his term has expired, until his successor has qualified."

The AG harmonized section 11865 with sections 11533 and 1302 by reading "until the next general district election" as the term-determining event but treating the appointed director's actual exit from office as keyed to the successor's certification and qualification, not to election day itself. That reading respects all three provisions and avoids creating a vacancy in the interval.

The 1978 amendment to section 11865 also repealed former section 11866, which had separately addressed the term of an appointee. The AG concluded the repeal did not eliminate the holdover principle; it just consolidated the analysis under sections 11865 and 11533.

Common questions

What if the elected successor refuses or fails to qualify after the election?
The holdover continues. Section 11533 and Government Code section 1302 keep the appointed director in office until qualification actually occurs. If qualification ultimately does not happen and a new vacancy is declared, the board can appoint again under section 11865.

Can the appointed director vote on a measure that takes effect after election day but before certification?
Yes. The appointed director remains a full director through that interval. Their votes are valid both as a matter of statutory authority (this opinion's holdover reading) and as a matter of de facto officer doctrine.

What happens if the certification is delayed because of a recount or contest?
The appointed director continues to serve until the contest is resolved and the successor is certified and qualified. That is exactly the scenario the holdover principle is designed to handle.

Does this answer apply to other California special districts (community services districts, water districts)?
The opinion is specific to MUDs under Public Utilities Code section 11865. Other special-district statutes have their own vacancy and holdover provisions. The general principles (section 1302 holdover, harmonization with district-specific statutes) translate, but each district code needs its own analysis.

What about an elected director whose term simply ends at the regular general election (no appointment, no vacancy)?
The same holdover principle applies. The outgoing elected director continues to serve until the successor is certified and qualified, even though their formal "term" ended on election day.

Citations

• Public Utilities Code section 11865 (vacancy filling on MUD board, including 1978 amendments)
• Public Utilities Code section 11533 (MUD officer holdover until successor is elected and qualified)
• Public Utilities Code section 11801 (MUD board election by ward)
• Government Code section 1302 (general officer holdover principle)
• Stats. 1978, ch. 573, sections 3, 4 (amending section 11865 and repealing former section 11866)
• People ex rel. Stratton v. Oulton (1865) 28 Cal. 44 (early holdover authority)

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.ca.gov/opinions/yearly-index
• Original PDF: https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/opinions/pdfs/24-502_0.pdf

Original opinion text

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
ROB BONTA
Attorney General

OPINION
of
ROB BONTA
Attorney General
MANUEL M. MEDEIROS
Deputy Attorney General

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No. 24-502
April 23, 2025

The HONORABLE REBECCA BAUER-KAHAN, MEMBER OF THE STATE
ASSEMBLY, has requested an opinion on a question relating to municipal utility
districts.
QUESTION PRESENTED AND CONCLUSION
Does Public Utilities Code section 11865, a provision of the Municipal Utility
District Act, require an appointed board member to step down before election day, which
would necessarily occur before certification of the election results, thereby leaving a
vacancy in office until a successor is seated?
No. Under Public Utilities Code section 11865, an appointed board member must
step down only when an elected successor takes office upon certification of the election.
BACKGROUND
The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD or District) has been organized
under the Municipal Utility District Act (Act) since 1923. 1 The Public Utilities Code
1

East Bay Municipal Utility Dist. v. Garrison (1923) 191 Cal. 680, 683 (district
(continued…)
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authorizes a municipal utility district to provide district residents with “a panoply of
services including water, power, garbage, sewer, and transportation.” 2 The District
Board of Directors comprises seven members elected from wards within the EBMUD
service area. 3 Board members are elected to staggered four-year terms at the biennial
general election. 4
The Act allows the board of directors of a municipal utility district to fill a
vacancy on the board through appointment or election. Public Utilities Code section
11865 provides, in relevant part:
Vacancies on the board shall be filled as provided in this section:
(a) The remaining board members may fill the vacancy by
appointment until the next district general election that is scheduled 90 or
more days after the effective date of the vacancy. . . .
[¶] . . . . [¶]
(d) A person elected at an election to fill a position to which an
appointment was made pursuant to this section shall take office immediately
upon issuance of the certificate of election by the secretary of the district,
after qualifying according to law, and shall hold office for the remainder of
the term in which the vacancy occurs. 5
Under subdivision (a), if the Board fills a vacancy by appointment, the appointee
serves “until the next district general election that is scheduled 90 or more days after the
effective date of the vacancy.” 6 Our requestor suggests that this requires the appointee to
organized in 1923 pursuant to 1921 statute authorizing municipal utility districts); Stats.
1921, ch. 218, p. 245.
2

107 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 126, 126 (2024); Pub. Util. Code, § 12801.

EBMUD website, Board of Directors and management, https://www.ebmud.com/aboutus/board-directors (as of Apr. 23, 2025); see Pub. Util. Code, §§ 11801, 11850 (number
of directors). Ward boundaries are drawn by the county board of supervisors and are
intended to contain an approximately equal number of voters. (Pub. Util. Code,
§ 11851.)
3

Pub. Util. Code, §§ 11821, 11854, 11862; see Elec. Code, § 324, subd. (a) (defining
“general election”).

4

Pub. Util. Code, § 11865, italics added. The secretary of the District is appointed by the
board. (Id., § 11931.)

5

6

The 90-day period was included to provide time for candidates to get their names on the
(continued…)
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“step down the day before election day.” 7 She further argues that, because the person
subsequently elected does not take office until the election is certified, there will be a
“gap in representation for the ward until the elected candidate takes office following
certification.” 8 And she informs us that the Board secretary’s election certification could
take a month or more. 9
Our requestor asks whether subdivision (a) does, indeed, require an appointee to
step down “the day before election day.” We conclude that it does not, that there need
not be a gap in representation, and that the tenure of an appointed board member
continues until the elected successor takes office upon certification of the election. 10
ANALYSIS
In analyzing the terms of section 11865, we apply well-established principles of
statutory construction:
When interpreting a statute our primary task is to determine the
Legislature’s intent. To determine the intent of legislation, we first consult
the words themselves, giving them their usual and ordinary meaning. A
statute is to be interpreted by the language in which it is written, and courts
are no more at liberty to add provisions to what is therein declared in
definite language than they are to disregard any of its express provisions. A
statute must be construed in the context of the entire statutory system of
which it is a part, in order to achieve harmony among the parts. 11
ballot. (See Governor’s Off. of Planning & Research, Enrolled Bill Rep. on Assem. Bill
No. 73 (1977-1978 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 31, 1978.)
Letter from Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan to Marc J. Nolan, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, requesting opinion, May 29, 2024 (on file) (hereafter, Letter requesting
opinion).

7

8

Ibid.; see Pub. Util. Code, § 11865, subd. (d).

9

Letter requesting opinion, supra.

A term of office relates to the office itself, though the tenure of that term may be
interrupted by a vacancy and a new incumbent. (105 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 182, 185
(2022).) As previously noted, the term of office for elected District board members is
four years. (Pub. Util. Code, §§ 11854, 11862.) The question presented here concerns
the expiration of an appointed member’s tenure in an existing term of office. That term
of office ends when a successor is elected and qualified. (Ibid.)
10

79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 163, 165 (1996), internal quotation marks and citations omitted;
see also Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379,
1386-1387.

11

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If the language of the statute is ambiguous, we may look to legislative history and
to rules or maxims of construction to resolve the ambiguity. 12
As noted, section 11865(a) provides that an appointed District board member
serves “until the next district general election.” The word “election” is not
ambiguous in this context. We can find no authority for the proposition that, with
respect to the fixing of a term of office, the word “election” refers to the date of
voting alone—without consideration of the outcome. As the California Supreme
Court has long recognized, “[a]n election is the deliberate choice of a majority or
plurality of the electoral body.” 13 It is commonly understood to be “[t]he process
of selecting a person to occupy an office.” 14 Until that choice or selection is
ascertained as required by law, an “election” cannot reasonably be said to have
happened for purposes of section 11865(a). 15 Indeed, Public Utilities Code section
11533, governing municipal utility districts, mandates that: “Except as otherwise
provided in this division elections shall be held and conducted and the result
ascertained, determined, and declared in all respects as nearly as practicable in
conformity with the general election laws of the State.” 16 Nothing in the plain
terms of section 11865(a) compels a departure from this statutory norm.
Construing the term “election” to encompass the whole of the process, rather than
just balloting, furthers the apparent intent of the Legislature. The manifest purpose of
section 11865 is to provide for the filling of vacancies with a limited tenure. 17 We can
Sutter’s Place, Inc. v. California Gambling Control Com. (2024) 101 Cal.App.5th 818,
832.
12

13

Saunders v. Haynes (1859) 13 Cal. 145, 153.

14

ELECTION, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024), italics added.

Cf., e.g., Brown v. Hite (1966) 64 Cal.2d 120, 124 (“When an election has been held
for the office of municipal court judge and a candidate has been elected, the elective
process is exhausted for the purposes of selecting a person to hold office for the new
term” [italics added]).
15

Pub. Util. Code, § 11533, italics added; Contra Costa County v. East Bay Municipal
Utility Dist. (1964) 229 Cal.App.2d 556, 560-561 (provisions of the Public Utilities Code
relating to elections must be read in connection with the general election laws).
16

Subdivision (a) was added in 1978. (Stats. 1978, ch. 573, § 3.) Prior to this change
appointees to fill vacancies served for the remainder of their predecessor’s four-year term
of office. (See Stats. 1951, ch. 764, p. 2218, § 11866, former Pub. Util. Code, § 11866
[“The person appointed to fill any vacancy on the board shall hold office for the
remainder of the unexpired term of his predecessor”], repealed Stats. 1978, ch. 573, § 4.)
The 1978 change thus ensured that the tenure of a vacancy appointee could be no more
than two years.
17

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discern no reason why, to accomplish that purpose, the Legislature would mandate the
creation of still another vacancy in board representation; nor has the Legislature
suggested any such reason.
Moreover, there is a longstanding policy against vacancies in public office—that
is, “having a gap between successive office holders.” 18 We may presume that the
Legislature would not expect section 11865(a) to be read as diverging from that policy by
causing an unnecessary gap in incumbency between the date of voting and the date of
election certification. 19 Instead, we will “follow the construction that ‘comports most
closely with the apparent intent of the Legislature, with a view to promoting rather than
defeating the general purpose of the statute, and avoid an interpretation that would lead to
absurd consequences.’” 20
Subdivision (d) of section 11865, which we quoted earlier, reinforces our
conclusion. Under that provision, when an election is held to fill a board seat currently
occupied by an appointee, the winner assumes office as soon as the election is certified. 21
Reading subdivisions (a) and (d) together, then, we believe the Legislature contemplated
that a vacancy appointee to the EBMUD Board of Directors would serve until his or her
elected successor takes office. 22 By “tak[ing] office immediately” upon certification, the

Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co. v. City of Tulare (1947) 30 Cal.2d 832, 836; see also
People ex rel. Stratton v. Oulton (1865) 28 Cal. 44; Gov. Code, § 1302 (“Every officer
whose term has expired shall continue to discharge the duties of his office until his
successor has qualified”).
18

Cf. In re Christian S. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 768, 782 (“We are not persuaded the Legislature
would have silently, or at best obscurely, decided so important and controversial a public
policy matter and created a significant departure from the existing law”).
19

107 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 1, 16 (2024) (construing Ralph M. Brown Act), citing Chaffee
v. San Francisco Library Com. (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 461, 468.
20

“A person elected at an election to fill a position to which an appointment was made
pursuant to this section shall take office immediately upon issuance of the certificate of
election by the secretary of the district, after qualifying according to law, and shall hold
office for the remainder of the term in which the vacancy occurs.” (Pub. Util. Code,
§ 11865, subd. (d).)
21

Rao v. Campo (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 1557, 1567 (“It is a well-settled principle of
statutory interpretation that the various parts of a statute must be considered as a whole to
avoid absurd or anomalous results by harmonizing any apparently conflicting provisions;
and thus, a particular part of a statutory enactment must be viewed in light of the
enactment in its entirety”).
22

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elected board member perforce terminates the tenure of the incumbent appointee, by
operation of law. 23
We therefore conclude that, under Public Utilities Code section 11865, an
appointed board member must step down only when an elected successor takes office
upon certification of the election.

23

See Pub. Util. Code, §§ 11854, 11865, subd. (d).
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