Can a Los Angeles council member who has already served three full terms be appointed to fill a temporary vacancy created when an indicted incumbent is suspended?

Question

Should the Attorney General grant leave to sue in quo warranto to challenge Herb Wesson's appointment to the Los Angeles City Council, District 10, where the appointment was made to temporarily fill the seat after Mark Ridley-Thomas's suspension following federal indictment?

Conclusion

Substantial questions of law exist as to whether Wesson's appointment was lawful, and the public interest will be served by allowing the proposed quo warranto action to proceed. Leave to sue is GRANTED.

Official Citation: 105 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 126

Plain-English summary

After Mark Ridley-Thomas was indicted on federal corruption charges in October 2021, the Los Angeles City Council suspended him from office under Charter section 211 ("Suspension Pending Trial"). In February 2022 the council appointed Herb Wesson, a former three-term council member, to hold the District 10 seat through December 31, 2022 or until Ridley-Thomas was acquitted, whichever came first.

A coalition of LA residents and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference argued the appointment was illegal on two grounds. First, Charter section 409 says that when the council fills a vacancy by appointment, "the Council may fill a vacancy by appointing a person to hold the office for the portion of the unexpired term remaining": not for some shorter, council-chosen window. Second, Charter section 206 caps council members at three terms, with an exception only "to any unexpired term to which a person is elected or appointed if the remainder of the term is less than one-half of the full term of office." Read in context, "the remainder of the term" means the remainder of Ridley-Thomas's elected term (about two years, ten months when Wesson was appointed), not the length of Wesson's appointment. Two years, ten months is more than half of a four-year term, so the exception arguably doesn't apply.

The challengers had already filed a writ-of-mandate action and won a brief temporary restraining order. The superior court eventually decided that quo warranto was the right procedural vehicle, dissolved the TRO, and pointed the challengers back to the AG. The AG found quo warranto available and concluded that both legal questions warranted judicial resolution. He granted leave to sue.

The AG did not decide whether Wesson's appointment was actually illegal. The "leave to sue" stage is a gatekeeping function: the AG asks whether the case is colorable and whether litigating it serves the public interest. Both yes here.

What this means for you

If you're a Los Angeles charter-city resident or watchdog

This opinion does not by itself remove Wesson from office or invalidate any vote he cast. It clears the way for a quo warranto action in superior court, where the underlying merits would be decided. The opinion does not report the outcome of any later lawsuit. It identifies substantial questions about how Los Angeles Charter sections 211, 409, and 206 apply to this temporary appointment, leaving their resolution to a court.

If you sit on a charter-city council facing a suspension or temporary vacancy

The opinion finds a substantial question about whether Charter section 409's appointment rule applies to the temporary vacancy created by a suspension under section 211. It notes that the charter gives no express direction for filling a temporary vacancy and leaves the issue to a court.

If you're a voter or candidate evaluating term limits

Los Angeles Charter section 206 has an exception for an unexpired term whose remainder is less than half a full term. The AG said its wording appears to refer to the remainder of Ridley-Thomas's elected term, but did not decide whether Wesson's appointment violated the term limit.

If you're a city attorney advising on appointment procedures

The two questions granted for court review concern whether section 409 applies to a section 211 temporary vacancy and whether section 206's partial-term exception permits this appointment. The AG did not resolve either charter interpretation.

Common questions

What is quo warranto and why does it require AG permission? Quo warranto (Latin for "by what authority") is the procedural way to challenge whether someone is lawfully holding a public office. Code of Civil Procedure section 803 says a private party can bring such a suit only with the AG's leave. The AG is a gatekeeper: the office screens out frivolous and harassing challenges and lets through cases with substantial legal questions and genuine public interest.

Did the AG decide Wesson's appointment was illegal? No. The AG decides only whether the case is colorable enough to proceed. The merits get decided by a court.

What's the difference between section 211 (temporary vacancy) and section 409 (vacancy)? Section 211 covers what happens when the council suspends an officer pending trial: it creates a "temporary vacancy" but doesn't say how to fill it. Section 409 covers vacancies generally and says the council fills them by appointing a person for the remainder of the term. The unresolved question is whether section 409 controls section 211 temporary vacancies, or whether the council has discretion to set a shorter term.

What happens if Ridley-Thomas is acquitted while Wesson is in the seat? That is exactly the awkward overlap the city flagged in its briefing. Under section 211, the suspension ends when the criminal proceedings end. If section 409 controls, two people could each have a claim to the same seat at the moment of acquittal. The opinion does not resolve this: it says the conflict is part of why the question warrants judicial review.

Does this opinion apply outside Los Angeles?
The term-limit analysis concerns the Los Angeles Charter's particular wording. The opinion applies the AG's quo warranto leave test: available remedy, substantial question, and public interest. It states no statewide rule about reading term-limit exceptions narrowly.

Where can I read the underlying complaint?
The mandamus action is Southern Christian Leadership Conference of Southern Cal. v. City of Los Angeles, Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2022, No. 22STCP00617.

Background and statutory framework

Quo warranto authority in California:

• Code Civ. Proc. § 803 (private quo warranto requires AG leave)
• People ex rel. Pennington v. City of Richmond (1956) 141 Cal.App.2d 107 (procedure)
• International Assn. of Fire Fighters v. City of Oakland (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 687 (private-party requirement)
• Rando v. Harris (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 868 (AG's three-part test for granting leave)

Los Angeles charter provisions in dispute:

• § 100 / § 101 (council composition and structure)
• § 204(g) / § 205(a) (terms and elections)
• § 206 (three-term limit and the partial-term exception)
• § 211 (suspension pending trial; temporary vacancy)
• § 241 (organization of council)
• § 409 (vacancies, appointment for remainder of unexpired term, with special election if the cut-off has not passed)

The AG noted that the charter mentions "vacancy" in many places (§§ 204, 205, 207, 210, 243, 407, 409, 410, 502, 503, 700, 802, and § 508(c) for chief admin officer), but only section 211 mentions a "temporary vacancy," and section 211 itself cross-refers to "the Charter" for filling it. That cross-reference is the textual ambiguity that creates the substantial legal question.

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.ca.gov/opinions/yearly-index
• Original PDF: https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/opinions/pdfs/22-304.pdf

Original opinion text

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
ROB BONTA
Attorney General
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OPINION
of
ROB BONTA
Attorney General
LAWRENCE M. DANIELS
Deputy Attorney General

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No. 22-304
June 22, 2022

Proposed relators SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, PASTOR WILLIAM D. SMART, JOY ATKINSON, MARY LEE, KWAME COOPER, and HARRY MCELROY (Relators), have applied to this office for leave to sue proposed defendants the CITY OF LOS ANGELES, the LOS ANGELES CITY COUNCIL, and HERB WESSON (Defendants) in quo warranto to remove Wesson from his public office on the Los Angeles City Council, representing Council District 10. Relators assert that the city council’s appointment of Wesson violated Los Angeles City Charter provisions governing vacancy appointments and term limits. We conclude that substantial questions of law exist as to whether Wesson’s appointment to the Los Angeles City Council was lawful. Further, the public interest will be served by allowing the proposed quo warranto action to proceed. Consequently, the application for leave to sue is GRANTED.

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BACKGROUND
The City of Los Angeles is a charter city governed by a city council consisting of 15 members, each representing a geographical district. The city council members are elected for four-year, staggered terms in even-numbered years. 1 We begin by reviewing the sequence of events relevant to the application:

• November 3, 2020: Mark Ridley-Thomas was elected to a four-year term as the District 10 council member on the Los Angeles City Council. He assumed the office on December 15, 2020.
• October 13, 2021: In a 20-count indictment, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Central District of California charged Ridley-Thomas with conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and wire fraud. His trial on these charges is currently set for August 9, 2022.
• October 18, 2021: Ridley-Thomas announced he would immediately step back from participation in City Council meetings and committees, but did not resign.
• October 20, 2021: Pursuant to section 211 of the Los Angeles City Charter, entitled “Suspension Pending Trial,” the city council voted to suspend Ridley-Thomas as a result of these pending criminal proceedings.
• February 16, 2022: City Council President Nury Martinez introduced a motion to appoint Herb Wesson to temporarily fill the vacancy created by the suspension of Ridley-Thomas. Wesson had previously served three full terms as a Los Angeles City Council member for District 10, completing his third term in 2020.
• February 22, 2022: The city council voted to “appoint Herb Wesson to hold the office of Council District 10 through December 31, 2022 or until Mr. Ridley-Thomas is acquitted or the charges against him are dropped, whichever comes first.” 2 Relators challenged the city’s actions regarding the District 10 seat by filing a petition for writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief in Los 1

Los Angeles City Charter, §§ 100, 101, 204, subd. (g), 205, subd. (a), 241.

The parties’ submissions do not reflect why the council selected December 31, 2022, as the last possible date that Wesson could serve as a temporary appointee.

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Angeles County Superior Court on February 18, 2022. 3 This action sought to vacate the city council’s suspension of Ridley-Thomas, enjoin the council from making a temporary appointment for District 10, and vacate Wesson’s appointment to the District 10 seat. The Court granted Relators’ motion for a temporary restraining order (TRO) enjoining Wesson from participating as a council member until March 17, 2022, and scheduled a hearing for that date on whether a preliminary injunction should issue. 4 In so ruling, the court stated that the charter provision for filling vacancies, section 409, “doesn’t seem to allow appointment for a set period of time” and that Wesson’s “appointment conflicts with or potentially conflicts with term limits.” 5 The court then found that “there is sufficient likelihood of success on the claim that Mr. Wesson cannot be appointed, or the order appointing him should be invalidated” and that “the balance of harms also tips in favor of [Relators] as to that claim.” 6 At the March 17 hearing, however, the court determined that quo warranto (not mandate) would be the appropriate action to test the validity of Wesson’s title to office. The court therefore dissolved the TRO prohibiting Wesson from participating as a council member and denied the preliminary injunction to vacate the council’s appointment of Wesson. Relators then submitted to the Attorney General the present application to sue in quo warranto, which contends that Wesson’s appointment violated various city charter provisions, including the city’s three-term limit for council members. Defendants oppose this application, asserting that the charter authorizes this vacancy appointment and that an exception to the term-limit provision applies because Wesson was appointed to a term of less than two years. ANALYSIS Quo warranto is a civil action that may be used to challenge a public official’s eligibility to hold a given public office. 7 Where a private party seeks to pursue a quo warranto action, the party must obtain the consent of the Attorney General. 8 In deciding 3

Southern Christian Leadership Conference of Southern Cal. v. City of Los Angeles (Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2022, No. 22STCP00617).

The court denied the motion for a TRO to vacate the suspension of Ridley-Thomas and to enjoin the council from making a temporary appointment to District 10. 4

5

Relators’ Statement of Facts, Exh. A at 16.

6

Ibid.

Code Civ. Proc., § 803; People ex rel. Pennington v. City of Richmond (1956) 141 Cal.App.2d 107, 117.

7

International Assn. of Fire Fighters v. City of Oakland (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 687, 693-698.

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whether to grant consent, we do not resolve the merits of the controversy. Instead, we grant leave to sue if we find that (1) quo warranto is a proper remedy to resolve an issue presented; (2) the application presents a substantial question of law or fact warranting judicial resolution; and (3) granting the application would serve the overall public interest. 9 Here, these three requirements are met.

1. Availability of Quo Warranto Remedy
   Quo warranto is an available and appropriate remedy here. It is a proper action to determine whether, as a result of an appointment, a public official “usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises any public office . . . .” 10 Relators’ argument, if accepted, would mean that Wesson is unlawfully holding public office on the city council due to a defective appointment. 11
2. Substantial Issues Regarding Legal Eligibility to Serve
   As discussed in more detail below, when the city council suspended RidleyThomas, it created a temporary vacancy as a matter of law pursuant to section 211 of the Los Angeles City Charter. The parties dispute whether, in making an appointment to fill that vacancy, the council (1) had the authority to select a term other than the remainder of Ridley-Thomas’s full term when they appointed Wesson and (2) whether the Wesson appointment violated the charter’s three-term limitation. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that there are substantial questions about whether the Los Angeles City Charter authorizes Wesson’s recent appointment to the Los Angeles City Council. A Substantial Question of Law Exists Regarding the Permissible Term for an Appointee Filling a Temporary Vacancy A “temporary vacancy” is mentioned only once in the charter, in section 211 titled “Suspension Pending Trial.” 12 This section states that pending trial, the council may 9

Rando v. Harris (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 868, 879; 96 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 36, 40 (2013).

See Code Civ. Proc., § 803; see 103 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 33, 35-36 (2020); 101 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 24, 24 (2018). 10

11

See Los Angeles City Charter, §§ 201, 206, 211, 409.

12

Section 211 provides in full:
Pending trial, the Council may suspend any elected officer, and the appointing power may suspend any appointed officer, against whom felony criminal proceedings, or criminal misdemeanor proceedings related to a violation of official duties as described in Section 207(c). The temporary vacancy shall be filled in accordance with the Charter. 4

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suspend an elected officer against whom felony charges have been filed, and directs that “[t]he temporary vacancy shall be filled in accordance with the charter.” 13 Nothing in the Charter provides express direction about how to fill a temporary vacancy. Charter section 409 addresses vacancies generally, and authorizes the city council to fill vacancies by appointment or special election. 14 Where a vacancy is filled by appointment as is the case here, section 409 provides that “the Council may fill a vacancy by appointing a person to hold the office for the portion of the unexpired term remaining until the next Monday in December of an even-numbered year.” 15 The parties disagree about whether section 409 applies to a temporary vacancy such as that created by RidleyThomas’s suspension, as opposed to a vacancy generally such as one created by a councilmember’s resignation, death, or incapacity. Relators argue that section 409’s reference to “vacancies” encompasses temporary vacancies and that Wesson’s appointment is invalid because he was not appointed to “hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired term,” as required by section 409 but instead only until December 31, 2022. Defendants counter that applying section 409 to temporary vacancies would be unworkable because there are situations where the original Vacancies generally are referenced in several other provisions of the charter. (See Los Angeles City Charter, §§ 204, 205, 207, 210, 243, 407, 409, 410, 502, 503, 700, 802; see also id., § 508, subd. (c) (permitting a “temporary appointment” of chief administrative officer after a vacancy). 13

Los Angeles City Charter, § 211.

14

Section 409(a) provides in full:
The Council may fill a vacancy by appointing a person to hold the office for the portion of the unexpired term remaining until the next second Monday in December of an even-numbered year. If any portion of the term remains after that date, the Council shall also call a special election or elections to fill the remainder of the term, and shall consolidate the election with the primary nominating election and general municipal election next following the appointment. If a vacancy is filled by appointment after the first date fixed by law for filing a Declaration of Intention to become a candidate at the next primary nominating election, the person appointed shall hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired term.

(Los Angeles City Charter, § 409, subd. (a).)
The parties agree that Wesson was appointed after the cut-off for calling a special election to fill the vacancy, so if section 409 applies, the appointment would be for the remainder of the term. (Los Angeles City Charter, § 409, subd. (a).) 15

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officeholder and the appointee could both claim entitlement to the seat. 16 Defendants also argue that the lack of explicit direction in the charter about filling temporary vacancies means that the city council has discretion to fill those vacancies in any way not prohibited by the charter. As the parties’ arguments demonstrate, there is a potential conflict between section 211 (the council may “suspend” an officer pending trial, creating a vacancy that is only “temporary”) and section 409 (“the person appointed shall hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired term”), raising a substantial question of law about whether section 409 applies to a temporary vacancy. In keeping with our gatekeeper role, we do not purport to decide this question but simply conclude that it warrants judicial resolution. A Substantial Question of Law Exists as to Whether the Term Limit Provision Bars Wesson’s Appointment A related but distinct question of law involves whether Wesson’s appointment violates section 206 of the city charter, which prohibits a person from serving more than three terms on the council. Wesson has indisputably served three full terms and may not serve a fourth term, but Defendants argue that Wesson’s appointment is allowed under an exception in section 206 for partial terms. Charter section 206 provides that an otherwise termed-out council member may nonetheless serve when “the remainder of the term is less than one-half of the full term of office.” The maximum length of Wesson’s term of appointment is ten months. One-half of Ridley-Thomas’s full term of office—four years—is two years. Defendants contend that since ten months is less than two years, the exception is satisfied. But a closer look at the wording of the term-limit exception in section 206 suggests it may not be applicable in this situation, as Relators contend. Section 206 articulates the term-limit exception as follows: “These limitations on the number of terms of office shall not apply to any unexpired term to which a person is elected or appointed if the remainder of the term is less than one-half of the full term of office.” Read in context, the “unexpired term” appears to refer to Ridley-Thomas’s elected term, not Wesson’s appointed term. The remainder of Ridley-Thomas’s elected term at the time of Wesson’s appointment was two years and 10 months. That was not less than one-half of the full term of office (two years). Thus, as Relators contend, Wesson’s temporary For instance, Defendant’s opposition describes a hypothetical scenario where someone could be appointed under section 409 for the remainder of the term, and Ridley-Thomas could then be exonerated, with the result that two people could each claim an entitlement to the same seat—one by virtue of appointment, and the other by the lifting of the temporary suspension. 16

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appointment may not comply with section 206’s term-limit exception. Again, while it is not our province to settle the parties’ dispute, we conclude that Relators have presented a second substantial question of law warranting judicial resolution. 17

3. Public Interest in Favor of Authorizing Proposed Action
   Finally, we believe that the public interest is served by authorizing this quo warranto action. Generally, the existence of a substantial question of law or fact presents a sufficient “public purpose” to permit an action in quo warranto. 18 And here, in granting the TRO in the already-filed mandate action challenging Wesson’s appointment, the court already stated that the charter provision for filling vacancies does not appear to allow an appointment for a fixed period of time and that Wesson’s appointment may conflict with the charter’s term limit provision. 19 The court also found that a TRO was justified because Relators had demonstrated sufficient likelihood of success on their claims challenging Mr. Wesson’s appointment and because the balance of harms tipped in their favor. 20 Defendants contend, however, that the public interest would not be served by granting the application to sue because only a short time remains until December 31, 2022—the latest date on which Wesson’s temporary appointment could expire. But a court could resolve the matter before then, particularly given that there already has been some judicial consideration of the appointment in the related mandate action and the material facts of Relators’ claim appear undisputed. In any event, we normally do not reject a quo warranto application based solely on timing considerations. 21 Defendants additionally argue that because the charter does not provide specific rules for filling a temporary vacancy, the city council’s “considered approach” should be accorded deference, militating against the public interest in allowing this litigation. We take no position on whether deference is appropriate under these circumstances, and we view Defendants’ argument as one that a court could consider in determining the merits of Relators’ unlawful-appointment claim. For present purposes, however, the lack of specific direction in the charter is further reason to allow this matter to proceed to court. The superior court’s statement during the TRO proceeding, that Relators had a “sufficient likelihood of success” on the merits of both aspects of their unlawfulappointment claim, further supports our independent finding that there is at least a substantial legal question as to the validity of Wesson’s appointment. 17

18

86 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 82, 85 (2003).

19

Relators’ Statement of Facts, Exh. A at 16.

20

Ibid.

21

97 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 12, 19 (2014).
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As we recently stated in another matter, “the validity of the appointment process employed here is a question of public importance that would benefit from judicial review.” 22 For these reasons, the application for leave to sue in quo warranto is GRANTED.

105 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 65, 68 (2022) (granting leave to sue in quo warranto to challenge the appointment of a member of the Orange County Board of Education on the ground that the appointment violated the statutory and common law prohibitions against self-appointments). 22

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